我国西部地区树皮中类二噁英多氯联苯的水平及来源

本研究通过分析采集自我国西部地区树皮样品中类二英多氯联苯(DL-PCBs)的含量及分布,研究了该区域环境中DL-PCBs的污染水平及来源,同时通过数学模型评估了该区域大气中DL-PCBs的水平.结果表明,我国西部地区树皮中DL-PCBs的浓度范围为nd—1.81 ng·g^(-1).PCB-118是含量最高的DL-PCBs同族体,约占总浓度的70%.主成分分析结果显示西部地区树皮中DL-PCBs主要来自于大气的远距离传输.同时,本研究利用POPs的树皮-大气分配模型对我国西部地区大气中的DL-PCBs进行了估算,大气中的DL-PCBs的水平范围为0—0.79 pg·m^(-3).与国内外的研究相比较,我国西部地区大气中DL-PCBs的浓度处于较低水平.

太湖沉积物中多溴联苯醚和类二英多氯联苯的水平垂直分布

分析了太湖竺山湾、梅梁湾、南太湖的3个柱状沉积物样品中8种溴代阻燃剂(PBDEs)和12种类二英多氯联苯(DL-PCBs).结果表明太湖PBDEs污染水平为竺山湾最高,其余依次为梅梁湾、南太湖;DL-PCB污染水平梅梁湾最高,其次则为竺山湾、南太湖.沉积物中PBDEs的水平垂直分布显示:近年来在太湖PBDEs污染呈现指数式增长趋势,BDE-209为最主要的PBDEs同族体;沉积物中DL-PCBs的水平垂直分布显示:DL-PCBs污染近年仍有增加,说明在太湖地区存在PCBs的释放源.太湖梅梁湾不同深度的沉积物中PBDEs同族体组成差异明显,具体原因需要进一步研究证实.PCBs在垂直分布模式显示:在0～15 cm的上层沉积物中PCB-77、-118、-105水平随深度增加而明显降低,下层则无明显变化.

Determination of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in food and feed using gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry

A method was developed on a gas chromatograph coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer(GC-MS/MS) for trace level determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls(DL-PCBs) in food and feed. The results demonstrated good sensitivity and repeatability for PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs at an extremely low level(10 pg mL^(-1) for 2,3,7,8-TCDD/F), as well as wide linear response of over 3 or 4 orders of magnitude in concentration ranges; 0.5–200 ng mL^(-1) for PeCDD/F and 0.2–2000 ng mL^(-1) for DL-PCBs. The method detection limits for PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs were in the range from 0.018–0.17 pg g^(-1) to 0.13–0.36 pg g^(-1), respectively. The performance of the GC-MS/MS for food and feed sample analysis showed high precision and accuracy compared to the high resolution gas chromatograph/high resolution mass spectrometer. The results indicated the feasibility of GC-MS/MS as a confirmatory method for the measurement of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs in food and feed as required by European Union legislation.

Monitoring dioxins and PCBs in eggs as sensitive indicators for environmental pollution and global contaminated sites and recommendations for reducing and controlling releases and exposure

This review compiles information on PCDD/F-and PCB-contaminated eggs from 20 years of global egg monitoring around emission sources in four continents conducted by the International Pollutants Elimination Network(IPEN)and Arnika as well as a compilation of data from scientific literature.IPEN monitored 127 pooled egg samples including samples from 113 chicken flocks at potential PCDD/F-and PCB-contaminated sites around priority sources listed in the Stockholm Convention(e.g.waste incinerators,metal industries,cement plants,and open burning).99(88%)of pooled egg samples were above the EU maximum limits for PCDD/Fs(2.5 pg PCDD/F-TEQ/g fat)or the sum of PCDD/Fs and dioxinlike PCBs(5 pg PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ/g fat).Children consuming such eggs exceed the tolerable weekly intake(TWI).This demonstrates that close to 90%of these areas were not safe for the production of free-range eggs.Sixteen out of the 113 egg samples(14%)were contaminated above 50 pg TEQ/g fat and exceeded the EU maximum limit more than 10 times.From the 26 pooled egg samples around incinerators 24(92%)exceeded the limit with a mean of 43.1 pg TEQ/g fat(2.6e234 pg TEQ/g).All 21 egg samples around metal industries(4.4e112.6 pg TEQ/g fat)were above limits with mean concentration of 26.0 pg TEQ/g fat.Also all 7 egg samples measured at e-waste recycling sites were above limits(mean 308 pg TEQ/g fat).In 58(51%)pooled egg samples the PCB-TEQ was above 5 pg TEQ/g fat exceeding the EU maximum limit with dioxin-like PCBs alone.This highlights the role of commercial PCBs for global contamination with dioxin-like compounds.It was discovered that around metal industries,shredder plants,open burning sites of e-waste and dump sites,a high share of contamination was caused by dl-PCBs.This clearly shows severe PCB release from the end-of-life management of PCB-containing equipment in developing countries.Also highly contaminated eggs were found at many sites where plastic was incinerated.The highest contaminated egg sample ever measured came from an e-waste site in Ghana and had 856 pg TEQ/g fat plus 300 pg TEQ from brominated dioxins(PBDD/Fs).Other extreme PCDD/F contaminations of eggs were found at a chlor-alkali site(514 pg TEQ/g fat),Agent Orange contaminated areas in Vietnam(490,249 and 246 pg TEQ/g fat)and e-waste sites(568 and 520 pg TEQ/g fat).Where DR CALUX®bioassay revealed higher TEQ compared to measured PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ in IPEN studies,polybrominated PBDD/F were also measured and detected up to 300 pg TEQ/g fat at e-waste sites.One positive outcome from the IPEN studies is that all 10 pooled supermarket eggs in developing countries were below regulatory limit.Policy recommendations are made including:a systematic assessment of areas around PCDD/Fs and PCBs sources;measures for reduction of exposures of populations;urgent control of emission sources including PCB equipment,the open burning of plastic,and the use of plastic as fuel in boilers/incinerators in developing countries without air pollution control.Furthermore,soil limits need to be re-assessed and lowered for free-range poultry.

二恶英类活性在成人体内相对效应潜能的估计

[背景]毒性当量因子(TEF)是二恶英类物质人体暴露风险评估的重要组成部分。目前,这一概念主要基于使用口服制剂的动物体内实验。因此,目前来自哺乳动物实验的人类TEF仅适用于在口服情况下发生的暴露。然而,这些"摄入量"的TEF通常——但非正确——被监管部门用于计算"系统性"毒性当量(TEQs),这些计算是基于人体血液和组织中的浓度,它们被作为暴露或效应的生物标志物。[目的]试图使用甲状腺体积或血清游离甲状腺素(FT4)浓度作为研究结果,来确定二恶英类混合物组分人体系统浓度的相对效应潜能(REP)。[方法]使用基准浓度和基于回归的方法,比较居住在斯洛伐克东部被一种有机氯污染的地区内320名成人体内各二恶英类化合物和甲状腺终点之间的关联强度。[结果]基于甲状腺体积和FT4计算的REP相似。从甲状腺体积和FT4水平得到的REP数据的回归系数(β)与世界卫生组织(WHO)的TEF值的呈正相关(Spearman相关分析,r=0.69,P=0.01和r=0.62,P=0.03)。计算的REP大多介于其他研究者体内试验REP的最小值和最大值之间。[结论]基于甲状腺终点计算的REP真实地反映了人体暴露场景,因为它们是基于慢性、低剂量的人体暴露和反映身体负担的生物标志物。与先前的结果相比,本文的REP显示出对二恶英类化合物效应有较高的灵敏度。