Fargesia,the largest genus within the temperate bamboo tribe Arundinarieae,has more than 90 species mainly distributed in the mountains of Southwest China.The Fargesia bamboos are important components of the subalpine...Fargesia,the largest genus within the temperate bamboo tribe Arundinarieae,has more than 90 species mainly distributed in the mountains of Southwest China.The Fargesia bamboos are important components of the subalpine forest ecosystems that provide food and habitat for many endangered animals,including the giant panda.However,species-level identification of Fargesia is difficult.Moreover,the rapid radiation and slow molecular evolutionary rate of Fargesia pose a significant challenge to using DNA barcoding with standard plant barcodes(rbcL,matK,and ITS) in bamboos.With progress in the sequencing technologies,complete plastid genomes(plastomes) and nuclear ribosomal DNA(nrDNA)sequences have been proposed as organelle barcodes for species identification;however,these have not been tested in bamboos.We collected 196 individuals representing 62 species of Fargesia to comprehensively evaluate the discriminatory power of plastomes and nrDNA sequences compared to standard barcodes.Our analysis indicates that complete plastomes have substantially higher discriminatory power(28.6%) than standard barcodes(5.7%),whereas nrDNA sequences show a moderate improvement(65.4%) compared to ITS(47.2%).We also found that nuclear markers performed better than plastid markers,and ITS alone had higher discriminatory power than complete plastomes.The study also demonstrated that plastomes and nrDNA sequences can contribute to intrageneric phylogenetic resolution in Fargesia.However,neither of these sequences were able to discriminate all the sampled species,and therefore,more nuclear markers need to be identified.展开更多
Filamentous Bangia,which are distributed extensively throughout the world,have simple and similar morphological characteristics.Scientists can classify these organisms using molecular markers in combination with morph...Filamentous Bangia,which are distributed extensively throughout the world,have simple and similar morphological characteristics.Scientists can classify these organisms using molecular markers in combination with morphology.We successfully sequenced the complete nuclear ribosomal DNA.approximately 13 kb in length,from a marine Bangia population.We further analyzed the small subunit ribosomal DNA gene(nrSSU) and the internal transcribed spacer(ITS) sequence regions along with nine other marine,and two freshwater Bangia samples from China.Pairwise distances of the nrSSU and 5.8S ribosomal DNA gene sequences show the marine samples grouping together with low divergences(0-0.003;0-0.006,respectively) from each other,but high divergences(0.123-0.126;0.198,respectively) from freshwater samples.An exception is the marine sample collected from Weihai,which shows high divergence from both other marine samples(0.063-0.065;0.129,respectively) and the freshwater samples(0.097;0.120,respectively).A maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on a combined SSU-ITS dataset with maximum likelihood method shows the samples divided into three clades,with the two marine sample clades containing Bangia spp.from North America,Europe,Asia,and Australia;and one freshwater clade,containing Bangia atropurpurea from North America and China.展开更多
The phylogeny of Ptychostomum was first spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear ribosomal (nr) DNA DNA rps4 sequences. Maximum parsimony, maximum undertaken based on analysis of the internal transcribed and by combinin...The phylogeny of Ptychostomum was first spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear ribosomal (nr) DNA DNA rps4 sequences. Maximum parsimony, maximum undertaken based on analysis of the internal transcribed and by combining data from nrDNA ITS and chloroplast likelihood, and Bayesian analyses all support the conclusion that the reinstated genus Ptychostomum is not monophyletic. Ptychostomum funkii (Schwagr.) J. R. Spence (≡ Bryum funkii Schwaigr.) is placed within a clade containing the type species of Bryum, B. argenteum Hedw. The remaining members of Ptychostomum investigated in the present study constitute another well-supported clade. The results are congruent with previous molecular analyses. On the basis of phylogenetic evidence, we agree with transferring B. amblyodon Mull. Hal. (≡ B. inclinatum (Brid.) Turton≡ Bryum archangelicum Bruch & Schimp.), Bryum lonchocaulon Mull. Hal., Bryum pallescens Schleich. ex Schwaigr., and Bryum pallens Sw. to Ptychostomum.展开更多
A cytogenetic analysis of Paralichthys olivaceus was carried out using the flow cytometry method for DNA content, silver staining for the nucleolus organizer region (AgNORs) identification and one-color fluorescence...A cytogenetic analysis of Paralichthys olivaceus was carried out using the flow cytometry method for DNA content, silver staining for the nucleolus organizer region (AgNORs) identification and one-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for chromosomal mapping of major ribosomal genes. Nuclear DNA content was estimated by flow cytometry method using Gallus domesticus erythrocytes as the internal reference standard. The C-value of this species was (0.737±0.024) pg, and the DNA contents of each chromosome were estimated to be 16.51 Mb to 39.50 Mb after paired according to the average relative length. The FISH probe was made by PCR amplification of a DNA fragment containing internal transcribed spacers ITS1 between 18S and 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene, and labeled by PCR incorporation of bio-16-dUTP. FISH signals and AgNORs were both located on the secondary constrictions of chromosome 1. These results will provide a better understanding of the cytogenetic information of this species and would help for further research of the karyotype evolution in the order Pleuronectiformes.展开更多
Molecular markers provide a useful method for genotype characterization and allow a high precision determination of the genetic relationship between cultivars and varieties. A system based on DNA sequences—which is k...Molecular markers provide a useful method for genotype characterization and allow a high precision determination of the genetic relationship between cultivars and varieties. A system based on DNA sequences—which is known as DNA barcoding—will choose one or several standard loci which can be sequenced and compared to differentiate between species. In this research, the ITS, matK, and trnH-psbA sequences were evaluated for the molecular identification of seven F. carica genotypes, generating complete sequences for the first two loci, but unable to produce bidirectional sequences by using the trnH-psbA sequence. The ITS sequence presented the highest variation rates, while the phylogeny constructed with the matK sequence obtained the highest percentage of solved monophyletic groups. Through Pearson’s correlation analysis, it was possible to determine the existence of a significant correlation between the ITS region and psbA-trnH, and the matK and psbA-trnH sequences, but not between ITS and matK. The phylogenies constructed with the ITS + matK barcodes and ITS + matK + psbA-trnH presented the highest percentage for resolution. However, considering the cost efficiency and the facilitated recovery by using PCR, the matK + ITS combination is recommended.展开更多
The ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region is a useful genomic region for understanding evolutionary and genetic relationships. In the current study, the molecular phylogenetic analysis of Pectinidae...The ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region is a useful genomic region for understanding evolutionary and genetic relationships. In the current study, the molecular phylogenetic analysis of Pectinidae ( Mollusca: Bivalvia) was performed using the nucleotide sequences of the nuclear ITS region in nine species of this family. The sequences were obtained from the scallop species Argopecten irradians, Mizuhopecten yessoensis, Amusium pleuronectes and Mimachlamys nobilis, and compared with the published sequences of Aequipecten opercularis, Chlamys farreri, C. distorta, M. varia, Pecten maximus, and an outgroup species Perna viridis. The molecular phylogenetic tree was constructed by the neighbor-joining and maximum parsimony methods. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS1, ITS2, or their combination always yielded trees of similar topology. The results support the morphological classifications of bivalve and are nearly consistent with classification of two subfamilies (Chlamydinae and Pectininae) formulated by Waller. However, A. irradians, together with A. opercularis made up of genera Amusium, evidences that they may belong to the subfamily Pectinidae. The data are incompatible with the conclusion of Waller who placed them in Chlamydinae by morphological characteristics. These results provide new insights into the evolutionary relationships among scallop species and contribute to the improvement of existing classification systems.展开更多
Sequence variation of the first internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA ( ITS - 1 ) was examined and its application to the study of genetic variation was explored in four populations of farter' s scallop Chla...Sequence variation of the first internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA ( ITS - 1 ) was examined and its application to the study of genetic variation was explored in four populations of farter' s scallop Chlamys farreri. ITS - 1 fragments, with a length of about 300 bp,of 78 individuals collected from Dalian, Qingdao, Yantai in China and Korea respectively were amplified via PCR, cloned and sequenced. Intra-genomic variation was examined by sequencing several clones of single individuals. Alignment and polymorphism analysis detected 44 haplotypes and 50 polymorphic sites which consist of 30 substitutions and 20 indels, indicating a high level of polymorphisms. Sequence analysis also showed a very low level of intra-individual variation. All these features validated the feasibility of application of ITS - 1 fragment to population analysis. Polymorphism analysis showed that the Korea sample has the richest genetic variation, followed by Yantai and Qingdao samples. AMOVA (analysis of molecular variance) showed that the majority (96.26%) of genetic variation was distributed within populations and 3.74% resulted from among populations, but with P 〈 0.05 ( = 0.042), indicating that the populations in this study have significant divergence. This output was basically concordant with the result arising from RAPD data and different from that from mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequence data. Discussion on this inconsistency was made accordingly.展开更多
Genetic divergence and phylogenetic relationships of four species of the genus Crepidostomum Braun, 1900 sensu Caira, Bogea (2005) were revealed using partial sequences of 28S ribosomal RNA gene. Genetic divergence be...Genetic divergence and phylogenetic relationships of four species of the genus Crepidostomum Braun, 1900 sensu Caira, Bogea (2005) were revealed using partial sequences of 28S ribosomal RNA gene. Genetic divergence between C. cf. farionis (Muller, 1784) and C. nemachilus Krotov, 1959 was 3.1%, which corresponds to the mean value of interspecific divergence between Crepidostomum species. These two species, therefore, can be recognized as bonafide species. However, we found no genetic differences between 28S rRNA gene sequences of C. nemachilus and C. cf. metoecus Braun,1900 inspite of considerable morphological and ecological differences. Maximal values of genetic p-distances were revealed between C. cf. auriculatum Wedl, 1857 and C. cf. farionis. Phylogenetic relationships of Crepidostomum spp. for which sequence data are available, along with species in other related genera (Bunodera Railliet, 1896 and Allocreadium Loss, 1900) showed a paraphyly of the genus Crepidostomum. Considerable differentiation of C. cf. auriculatum from other Crepidostomum species was revealed, which may reflect the original description of this species in a separate genus Acrolichanus Ward, 1917. Our results are consistent with the conventional systematics that places the four genera (Crepidostomum, Bunodera, Megalogonia and Allocreadium) within the same family.展开更多
Identification of powdery mildew pathogens on melon(Cucumis melo) is important for melon breeding and diseaseresistant germplasm selection. In this study, a powdery mildew pathogen that infected melon plants in Heil...Identification of powdery mildew pathogens on melon(Cucumis melo) is important for melon breeding and diseaseresistant germplasm selection. In this study, a powdery mildew pathogen that infected melon plants in Heilongjiang Province, China, was investigated in terms of host identification, morphological characteristics and phylogenetic relationships. The morphological characteristics of the pathogen were observed at five phases in the life cycle: germinating conidia, primary germ tube, hyphae, conidiophores, and colonization. The conidia were elliptical, colorless, catenulate, and the average length was 29.07 μm and average width was 17.82 μm. One ascus and eight ascospores were produced. DNA was extracted from 0.01 g conidiophores from a strain of powdery mildew pathogen that infected melon. ITS ribosomal DNA region(524 bp) was amplified with the universal ITS1 and ITS4 primers. The nucleotide sequence showed 100% similarity with ITS sequences for three Podosphaera fusca strains obtained from the GenBank database. The identity of the pathogen was confirmed as Sphaerotheca fuliginea. International standard differential hosts were used to identify S. fuliginea strain as 2F race. These results supported the notion that Podosphaera fusca was a synonym of S. fuliginea.展开更多
The rRNA genetic locus is found in all prokaryotic organisms, and is highly conservative, although its relatively stable variations are found frequently in different bacteria. The utility of this locus as a taxonomic ...The rRNA genetic locus is found in all prokaryotic organisms, and is highly conservative, although its relatively stable variations are found frequently in different bacteria. The utility of this locus as a taxonomic and phylogenetic tool has been reported widely. This study, aimed at 16S rRNA gene (16S rDNA) and with the help of biomolecular methods, attempted to achieve the goal of rapid identification of common pathogens. In this study, 333 clinical isolated pathogenic bacteria were collected. Two pairs of primers were chosen and labeled with different fluorescent dyes and then used to amplify the genomic DNA extracted from bacteria. The PCR products were then detected by capillary electrophoresis-single strand conformation polymorphism (CE-SSCP). In order to pursue higher resolution and peak-separation effect, a high efficient separating medium, liner polyacrylamidedel (LPA), was put to use in this study. Finally, every bacteria colony generated distinct patterns from each other, which were easily to be used for identification. These results indicated that PCR-CE-SSCP was a rapid identification method for bacterial identification, with the aspects of high efficiency and high precision. Compared with traditional method, this technology is of great utility for clinical use especially for its high sensitivity.展开更多
基金supported by grants from CAS' Largescale Scientific Facilities (Grant No.2017-LSF-GBOWS-02)the Key R & D Program of Yunnan Province,China (Grant No.20210 3AC100003)Ten Thousand Talent Program of Yunnan Province (Grant No.YNWR-QNBJ-2020-297)。
文摘Fargesia,the largest genus within the temperate bamboo tribe Arundinarieae,has more than 90 species mainly distributed in the mountains of Southwest China.The Fargesia bamboos are important components of the subalpine forest ecosystems that provide food and habitat for many endangered animals,including the giant panda.However,species-level identification of Fargesia is difficult.Moreover,the rapid radiation and slow molecular evolutionary rate of Fargesia pose a significant challenge to using DNA barcoding with standard plant barcodes(rbcL,matK,and ITS) in bamboos.With progress in the sequencing technologies,complete plastid genomes(plastomes) and nuclear ribosomal DNA(nrDNA)sequences have been proposed as organelle barcodes for species identification;however,these have not been tested in bamboos.We collected 196 individuals representing 62 species of Fargesia to comprehensively evaluate the discriminatory power of plastomes and nrDNA sequences compared to standard barcodes.Our analysis indicates that complete plastomes have substantially higher discriminatory power(28.6%) than standard barcodes(5.7%),whereas nrDNA sequences show a moderate improvement(65.4%) compared to ITS(47.2%).We also found that nuclear markers performed better than plastid markers,and ITS alone had higher discriminatory power than complete plastomes.The study also demonstrated that plastomes and nrDNA sequences can contribute to intrageneric phylogenetic resolution in Fargesia.However,neither of these sequences were able to discriminate all the sampled species,and therefore,more nuclear markers need to be identified.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31270256,41276134)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program)(No.2012AA10A406-6)
文摘Filamentous Bangia,which are distributed extensively throughout the world,have simple and similar morphological characteristics.Scientists can classify these organisms using molecular markers in combination with morphology.We successfully sequenced the complete nuclear ribosomal DNA.approximately 13 kb in length,from a marine Bangia population.We further analyzed the small subunit ribosomal DNA gene(nrSSU) and the internal transcribed spacer(ITS) sequence regions along with nine other marine,and two freshwater Bangia samples from China.Pairwise distances of the nrSSU and 5.8S ribosomal DNA gene sequences show the marine samples grouping together with low divergences(0-0.003;0-0.006,respectively) from each other,but high divergences(0.123-0.126;0.198,respectively) from freshwater samples.An exception is the marine sample collected from Weihai,which shows high divergence from both other marine samples(0.063-0.065;0.129,respectively) and the freshwater samples(0.097;0.120,respectively).A maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on a combined SSU-ITS dataset with maximum likelihood method shows the samples divided into three clades,with the two marine sample clades containing Bangia spp.from North America,Europe,Asia,and Australia;and one freshwater clade,containing Bangia atropurpurea from North America and China.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grantno.30670152)the National Infrastructure of Natural Resources for Science and Technology(grant no.2005DKA21403)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province,China(no.C2008000158)
文摘The phylogeny of Ptychostomum was first spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear ribosomal (nr) DNA DNA rps4 sequences. Maximum parsimony, maximum undertaken based on analysis of the internal transcribed and by combining data from nrDNA ITS and chloroplast likelihood, and Bayesian analyses all support the conclusion that the reinstated genus Ptychostomum is not monophyletic. Ptychostomum funkii (Schwagr.) J. R. Spence (≡ Bryum funkii Schwaigr.) is placed within a clade containing the type species of Bryum, B. argenteum Hedw. The remaining members of Ptychostomum investigated in the present study constitute another well-supported clade. The results are congruent with previous molecular analyses. On the basis of phylogenetic evidence, we agree with transferring B. amblyodon Mull. Hal. (≡ B. inclinatum (Brid.) Turton≡ Bryum archangelicum Bruch & Schimp.), Bryum lonchocaulon Mull. Hal., Bryum pallescens Schleich. ex Schwaigr., and Bryum pallens Sw. to Ptychostomum.
基金The "863" Hi-Tech Research and Development Program of China under contract No 2006AA10A404
文摘A cytogenetic analysis of Paralichthys olivaceus was carried out using the flow cytometry method for DNA content, silver staining for the nucleolus organizer region (AgNORs) identification and one-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for chromosomal mapping of major ribosomal genes. Nuclear DNA content was estimated by flow cytometry method using Gallus domesticus erythrocytes as the internal reference standard. The C-value of this species was (0.737±0.024) pg, and the DNA contents of each chromosome were estimated to be 16.51 Mb to 39.50 Mb after paired according to the average relative length. The FISH probe was made by PCR amplification of a DNA fragment containing internal transcribed spacers ITS1 between 18S and 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene, and labeled by PCR incorporation of bio-16-dUTP. FISH signals and AgNORs were both located on the secondary constrictions of chromosome 1. These results will provide a better understanding of the cytogenetic information of this species and would help for further research of the karyotype evolution in the order Pleuronectiformes.
文摘Molecular markers provide a useful method for genotype characterization and allow a high precision determination of the genetic relationship between cultivars and varieties. A system based on DNA sequences—which is known as DNA barcoding—will choose one or several standard loci which can be sequenced and compared to differentiate between species. In this research, the ITS, matK, and trnH-psbA sequences were evaluated for the molecular identification of seven F. carica genotypes, generating complete sequences for the first two loci, but unable to produce bidirectional sequences by using the trnH-psbA sequence. The ITS sequence presented the highest variation rates, while the phylogeny constructed with the matK sequence obtained the highest percentage of solved monophyletic groups. Through Pearson’s correlation analysis, it was possible to determine the existence of a significant correlation between the ITS region and psbA-trnH, and the matK and psbA-trnH sequences, but not between ITS and matK. The phylogenies constructed with the ITS + matK barcodes and ITS + matK + psbA-trnH presented the highest percentage for resolution. However, considering the cost efficiency and the facilitated recovery by using PCR, the matK + ITS combination is recommended.
文摘The ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region is a useful genomic region for understanding evolutionary and genetic relationships. In the current study, the molecular phylogenetic analysis of Pectinidae ( Mollusca: Bivalvia) was performed using the nucleotide sequences of the nuclear ITS region in nine species of this family. The sequences were obtained from the scallop species Argopecten irradians, Mizuhopecten yessoensis, Amusium pleuronectes and Mimachlamys nobilis, and compared with the published sequences of Aequipecten opercularis, Chlamys farreri, C. distorta, M. varia, Pecten maximus, and an outgroup species Perna viridis. The molecular phylogenetic tree was constructed by the neighbor-joining and maximum parsimony methods. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS1, ITS2, or their combination always yielded trees of similar topology. The results support the morphological classifications of bivalve and are nearly consistent with classification of two subfamilies (Chlamydinae and Pectininae) formulated by Waller. However, A. irradians, together with A. opercularis made up of genera Amusium, evidences that they may belong to the subfamily Pectinidae. The data are incompatible with the conclusion of Waller who placed them in Chlamydinae by morphological characteristics. These results provide new insights into the evolutionary relationships among scallop species and contribute to the improvement of existing classification systems.
基金This work was financially supported by the"863"Project of China under contract No.2002AA626020the National Nalural Science Foundation of China under contract No.30570242.
文摘Sequence variation of the first internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA ( ITS - 1 ) was examined and its application to the study of genetic variation was explored in four populations of farter' s scallop Chlamys farreri. ITS - 1 fragments, with a length of about 300 bp,of 78 individuals collected from Dalian, Qingdao, Yantai in China and Korea respectively were amplified via PCR, cloned and sequenced. Intra-genomic variation was examined by sequencing several clones of single individuals. Alignment and polymorphism analysis detected 44 haplotypes and 50 polymorphic sites which consist of 30 substitutions and 20 indels, indicating a high level of polymorphisms. Sequence analysis also showed a very low level of intra-individual variation. All these features validated the feasibility of application of ITS - 1 fragment to population analysis. Polymorphism analysis showed that the Korea sample has the richest genetic variation, followed by Yantai and Qingdao samples. AMOVA (analysis of molecular variance) showed that the majority (96.26%) of genetic variation was distributed within populations and 3.74% resulted from among populations, but with P 〈 0.05 ( = 0.042), indicating that the populations in this study have significant divergence. This output was basically concordant with the result arising from RAPD data and different from that from mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequence data. Discussion on this inconsistency was made accordingly.
文摘Genetic divergence and phylogenetic relationships of four species of the genus Crepidostomum Braun, 1900 sensu Caira, Bogea (2005) were revealed using partial sequences of 28S ribosomal RNA gene. Genetic divergence between C. cf. farionis (Muller, 1784) and C. nemachilus Krotov, 1959 was 3.1%, which corresponds to the mean value of interspecific divergence between Crepidostomum species. These two species, therefore, can be recognized as bonafide species. However, we found no genetic differences between 28S rRNA gene sequences of C. nemachilus and C. cf. metoecus Braun,1900 inspite of considerable morphological and ecological differences. Maximal values of genetic p-distances were revealed between C. cf. auriculatum Wedl, 1857 and C. cf. farionis. Phylogenetic relationships of Crepidostomum spp. for which sequence data are available, along with species in other related genera (Bunodera Railliet, 1896 and Allocreadium Loss, 1900) showed a paraphyly of the genus Crepidostomum. Considerable differentiation of C. cf. auriculatum from other Crepidostomum species was revealed, which may reflect the original description of this species in a separate genus Acrolichanus Ward, 1917. Our results are consistent with the conventional systematics that places the four genera (Crepidostomum, Bunodera, Megalogonia and Allocreadium) within the same family.
基金Supported by the Earmarked Fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System(CARS-26-02)the National Natural Science Foundation(31000917)Heilongjiang Excellent Young Funding(JC200712)
文摘Identification of powdery mildew pathogens on melon(Cucumis melo) is important for melon breeding and diseaseresistant germplasm selection. In this study, a powdery mildew pathogen that infected melon plants in Heilongjiang Province, China, was investigated in terms of host identification, morphological characteristics and phylogenetic relationships. The morphological characteristics of the pathogen were observed at five phases in the life cycle: germinating conidia, primary germ tube, hyphae, conidiophores, and colonization. The conidia were elliptical, colorless, catenulate, and the average length was 29.07 μm and average width was 17.82 μm. One ascus and eight ascospores were produced. DNA was extracted from 0.01 g conidiophores from a strain of powdery mildew pathogen that infected melon. ITS ribosomal DNA region(524 bp) was amplified with the universal ITS1 and ITS4 primers. The nucleotide sequence showed 100% similarity with ITS sequences for three Podosphaera fusca strains obtained from the GenBank database. The identity of the pathogen was confirmed as Sphaerotheca fuliginea. International standard differential hosts were used to identify S. fuliginea strain as 2F race. These results supported the notion that Podosphaera fusca was a synonym of S. fuliginea.
文摘The rRNA genetic locus is found in all prokaryotic organisms, and is highly conservative, although its relatively stable variations are found frequently in different bacteria. The utility of this locus as a taxonomic and phylogenetic tool has been reported widely. This study, aimed at 16S rRNA gene (16S rDNA) and with the help of biomolecular methods, attempted to achieve the goal of rapid identification of common pathogens. In this study, 333 clinical isolated pathogenic bacteria were collected. Two pairs of primers were chosen and labeled with different fluorescent dyes and then used to amplify the genomic DNA extracted from bacteria. The PCR products were then detected by capillary electrophoresis-single strand conformation polymorphism (CE-SSCP). In order to pursue higher resolution and peak-separation effect, a high efficient separating medium, liner polyacrylamidedel (LPA), was put to use in this study. Finally, every bacteria colony generated distinct patterns from each other, which were easily to be used for identification. These results indicated that PCR-CE-SSCP was a rapid identification method for bacterial identification, with the aspects of high efficiency and high precision. Compared with traditional method, this technology is of great utility for clinical use especially for its high sensitivity.