Endoscopic ultrasonography-related diagnostic accuracy and clinical significance on small rectal neuroendocrine neoplasms

This research aimed to examine the diagnostic accuracy and clinical significance of endoscopic ultrasonography(EUS)in the context of small rectal neuroendocrine neoplasms(NENs).A total of 108 patients with rectal subepithelial lesions(SELs)with a diameter of<20 mm were included in the analysis.The diagnosis and depth assessment of EUS was compared to the histology findings.The prevalence of NENs in rectal SELs was 78.7%(85/108).The sensitivity of EUS in detecting rectal NENs was 98.9%(84/85),while the specificity was 52.2%(12/23).Overall,the diagnostic accuracy of EUS in identifying rectal NENs was 88.9%(96/108).The overall accuracy rate for EUS in assessing the depth of invasion in rectal NENs was 92.9%(78/84).Therefore,EUS demonstrates reasonable diagnostic accuracy in detecting small rectal NENs,with good sensitivity but inferior specificity.EUS may also assist physicians in assessing the depth of invasion in small rectal NENs before endoscopic excision.

Diagnosis and treatment of biliary mucinous cystic neoplasms: A single-center experience

Background: Biliary mucinous cystic neoplasms(BMCNs) are rare hepatobiliary cystic tumors, which can be divided into noninvasive and invasive types. This study aimed to investigate the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of BMCNs in a large single center. Methods: We analyzed 49 patients with BMCNs confirmed by postoperative pathology at the First Afflliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine between January 2007 and December 2021. Results: Among the 49 patients, 37 were female(75.5%), and the average age was 57.04 years. Common symptoms included abdominal discomfort, jaundice and fever, while 22 patients(44.9%) had no symptoms. Serum carbohydrate antigen(CA) 19-9 and CA125 concentrations were elevated in 34.8% and 19.6% of patients, respectively. Forty-eight patients had tumors in the intrahepatic bile ducts and only one had a tumor in the extrahepatic bile duct. Forty-eight patients with noninvasive intrahepatic BMCNs were further analyzed in terms of pathological features: 34(70.8%) had low-grade intraepithelial neoplasms(LGINs), and 14(29.2%) had high-grade intraepithelial neoplasms(HGINs). The potential immunohistochemical markers of BMCNs were cytokeratin(CK) 19, CK7, estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor. Follow-up data for 37 patients with intrahepatic BMCNs were obtained. The median overall survival(OS) of BMCNs was not reached. The longest survival time was 137 months.The 5-and 10-year OS rates were 100% and 85.4%, respectively. The 5-and 10-year recurrence-free survival(RFS) rates were 93.9% and 80.2%, respectively. Conclusions: BMCNs are rare cystic neoplasms that commonly occur in middle-aged females. BMCNs can only be diagnosed and classified by postoperative pathology, as there are no specific clinical presentations, serological indicators or imaging modalities for preoperative diagnosis. Complete surgical resection is necessary for BMCNs, and the postoperative prognosis is favorable.

Colonoscopy plays an important role in detecting colorectal neoplasms in patients with gastric neoplasms

BACKGROUND Gastric cancer(GC)and colorectal cancer(CRC)are the fifth and third most common cancer worldwide,respectively.Nowadays,GC is reported to have a potential predictive value for CRC,especially for advanced CRC.AIM To evaluate the necessity of colonoscopy for gastric neoplasm(GN)patients.METHODS Four databases,including PubMed,EMBASE,the Cochrane Library,and Ovid,were used to perform the search strategy on May 2,2023.The prevalence of colorectal neoplasms(CRN)and baseline characteristics were compared between the neoplasm group and the control group.Continuous variables are expressed as the mean difference and standard deviation.Relationships of categorical variables in the two groups are expressed as odds ratios(OR)and 95%confidence intervals(95%CIs).Subgroup analysis according to different kinds of GNs was conducted for more in-depth analysis.The results of this study are represented by forest plots.Publication bias was evaluated by a funnel plot.All data analyses were performed by STATA SE 16.0 software.RESULTS A total of 3018 patients with GNs and 3905 healthy controls(age and sex matched)were enrolled for analysis.After comparing the prevalence of CRNs between the two groups,CRNs were detected significantly more frequently in GN patients than in controls(OR=1.69,95%CI=1.28 to 2.23,I^(2)=85.12%,P=0.00),especially in patients with GC(OR=1.80,95%CI=1.49 to 2.18,I^(2)=25.55%,P<0.1).Moreover,other risk factors including age(OR=1.08,95%CI=1.00 to 1.17,I^(2)=90.13%,P=0.00)and male sex(OR=2.31,95%CI=1.26 to 4.22,I^(2)=87.35%,P=0.00),were related to the prevalence of CRNs.For patients in the GN group,body mass index(BMI,OR=0.88,95%CI=0.80 to 0.98,I^(2)=0.00%,P=0.92)and smoking(OR=1.03,95%CI=1.01 to 1.05,I^(2)=0.00%,P=0.57)were protective and risk factors for CRNs,respectively.CONCLUSION Patients are recommended to undergo colonoscopy when diagnosed with GNs,especially GC patients with a low BMI and a history of smoking.

Current considerations on intraductal papillary neoplasms of the bile duct and pancreatic duct

Pancreatobiliary intraductal papillary neoplasms(IPNs)represent precursors of pancreatic cancer or bile duct cholangiocarcinoma that can be detected and treated.Despite advances in diagnostic methods,identifying these premalignant lesions is still challenging for treatment providers.Modern imaging,biomarkers and molecular tests for genomic alterations can be used for diagnosis and follow-up.Surgical intervention in combination with new chemotherapeutic agents is considered the optimal treatment for malignant cases.The balance between the risk of malignancy and any risk of resection guides management policy;therefore,treatment should be individualized based on a meticulous preoperative assessment of high-risk stigmata.IPN of the bile duct is more aggressive;thus,early diagnosis and surgery are crucial.The conservative management of low-risk pancreatic branch-duct lesions is safe and effective.

GATIS score for predicting the prognosis of rectal neuroendocrine neoplasms:A Chinese multicenter study of 12-year experience

BACKGROUND There is currently a shortage of accurate,efficient,and precise predictive instruments for rectal neuroendocrine neoplasms(NENs).AIM To develop a predictive model for individuals with rectal NENs(R-NENs)using data from a large cohort.METHODS Data from patients with primary R-NENs were retrospectively collected from 17 large-scale referral medical centers in China.Random forest and Cox proportional hazard models were used to identify the risk factors for overall survival and progression-free survival,and two nomograms were constructed.RESULTS A total of 1408 patients with R-NENs were included.Tumor grade,T stage,tumor size,age,and a prognostic nutritional index were important risk factors for prognosis.The GATIS score was calculated based on these five indicators.For overall survival prediction,the respective C-indexes in the training set were 0.915(95%confidence interval:0.866-0.964)for overall survival prediction and 0.908(95%confidence interval:0.872-0.944)for progression-free survival prediction.According to decision curve analysis,net benefit of the GATIS score was higher than that of a single factor.The time-dependent area under the receiver operating characteristic curve showed that the predictive power of the GATIS score was higher than that of the TNM stage and pathological grade at all time periods.CONCLUSION The GATIS score had a good predictive effect on the prognosis of patients with R-NENs,with efficacy superior to that of the World Health Organization grade and TNM stage.

Trends and hotspots in gastrointestinal neoplasms risk assessment: A bibliometric analysis from 1984 to 2022

BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal neoplasm(GN)significantly impact the global cancer burden and mortality,necessitating early detection and treatment.Understanding the evolution and current state of research in this field is vital.AIM To conducts a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of publications from 1984 to 2022 to elucidate the trends and hotspots in the GN risk assessment research,focusing on key contributors,institutions,and thematic evolution.METHODS This study conducted a bibliometric analysis of data from the Web of Science Core Collection database using the"bibliometrix"R package,VOSviewer,and CiteSpace.The analysis focused on the distribution of publications,contributions by institutions and countries,and trends in keywords.The methods included data synthesis,network analysis,and visualization of international collaboration networks.RESULTS This analysis of 1371 articles on GN risk assessment revealed a notable evolution in terms of research focus and collaboration.It highlights the United States'critical role in advancing this field,with significant contributions from institutions such as Brigham and Women's Hospital and the National Cancer Institute.The last five years,substantial advancements have been made,representing nearly 45%of the examined literature.Publication rates have dramatically increased,from 20 articles in 2002 to 112 in 2022,reflecting intensified research efforts.This study underscores a growing trend toward interdisciplinary and international collaboration,with the Journal of Clinical Oncology standing out as a key publication outlet.This shift toward more comprehensive and collaborative research methods marks a significant step in addressing GN risks.CONCLUSION This study underscores advancements in GN risk assessment through genetic analyses and machine learning and reveals significant geographical disparities in research emphasis.This calls for enhanced global collaboration and integration of artificial intelligence to improve cancer prevention and treatment accuracy,ultimately enhancing worldwide patient care.

Mixed neuroendocrine non-neuroendocrine neoplasms in gastroenteropancreatic tract

Mixed neuroendocrine non-neuroendocrine neoplasms(MiNENs)are a hetero-geneous group of malignant neoplasms that can settle in the gastroenteropan-creatic tract.They are composed of a neuroendocrine(NE)and a non-NE compo-nent in at least 30%of each tumour.The non-NE component can include different histological combinations of glandular,squamous,mucinous and sarcomatoid phenotypes,and one or both of the components can be low-or high grade malignant.Recent changes in the nomenclature of these neoplasms might lead to great deal of confusion,and the lack of specific clinical trials is the main reason why their management is difficult.The review aims to clarify the definition of MiNEN and analyze available evidence about their diagnosis and treatment options according to their location and extension through careful analysis of the available data.It would be important to reach a general consensus on their diagnosis in order to construct a classification that remains stable over time and facilitates the design of clinical trials that,due to their low incidence,will require long recruitment periods.

Different lymph node staging systems for predicting the prognosis of colorectal neuroendocrine neoplasms

BACKGROUND Colorectal neuroendocrine neoplasms(NENs)are a rare malignancy that primarily arises from the diffuse distribution of neuroendocrine cells in the colon and rectum.Previous studies have pointed out that the status of lymph node may be used to predict the prognosis.AIM To investigate the predictive values of lymph node ratio(LNR),positive lymph node(PLN),and log odds of PLNs(LODDS)staging systems on the prognosis of colorectal NENs treated surgically,and compare their predictive values.METHODS This cohort study included 895 patients with colorectal NENs treated surgically from the Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results database.The endpoint was mortality of patients with colorectal NENs treated surgically.X-tile software was utilized to identify most suitable thresholds for categorizing the LNR,PLN,and LODDS.Participants were selected in a random manner to form training and testing sets.The prognosis of surgically treating colorectal NENs was examined using multivariate cox analysis to assess the associations of LNR,PLN,and LODDS with the prognosis of colorectal NENs.C-index was used for assessing the predictive effectiveness.We conducted a subgroup analysis to explore the different lymph node staging systems’predictive values.RESULTS After adjusting all confounding factors,PLN,LNR and LODDS staging systems were linked with mortality in patients with colorectal NENs treated surgically(P<0.05).We found that LODDS staging had a higher prognostic value for patients with colorectal NENs treated surgically than PLN and LNR staging systems.Similar results were obtained in the different G staging subgroup analyses.Furthermore,the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values for LODDS staging system remained consistently higher than those of PLN or LNR,even at the 1-,2-,3-,4-,5-and 6-year follow-up periods.CONCLUSION LNR,PLN,and LODDS were found to significantly predict the prognosis of patients with colorectal NENs treated surgically.

HBsAg ELISA+/HBV DNA NAT-献血者血清学与分子生物学特征分析

目的 了解西安地区无偿献血人群HBsAg ELISA检测结果与HBV DNA检测结果不一致的标本相关血清学标志物的分布情况。方法 收集2022年11月1日—2023年4月30日陕西省血液中心HBsAg ELISA+/HBV DNA NAT-(ELISA+/NAT-)标本共计71份,对其采用电化学发光法检测乙肝血清学标志物,同时复检巢式PCR扩增HBV S区和C区基因片段。结果 双ELISA+/NAT-标本(n=30)巢式PCR检测阳性率远高于单ELISA+/NAT-标本(n=41)(60%vs 24.40%,P<0.05)。前者献血者100%为初次献血者,血清抗-HBc阳性率100%,血清学模式以1、4、5此3项阳性(80%)为主;后者献血者中31.7%为重复献血者,血清抗-HBc阳性率仅为19.51%,血清学模式以单2项阳性(43.90%)和全阴(36.58%)为主。结论 单ELISA+结果存在较多假阳性,导致不必要的血液报废;而NAT-标本可能存在低水平的HBV DNA,产生漏检风险。建议针对单HBsAg ELISA+/NAT-献血者,采用多套系统多种方法追溯检测,提高献血者HBV筛查的准确度,减少不必要的血液浪费。

不同运动方式对人体DNA损伤、DNA甲基化和端粒长度的影响

背景:运动不仅是改善身体健康和心理健康的有效手段,还对代谢性和心脑血管等疾病的发生、发展具有良好的干预效果,其原因与表观遗传因素有关。目的:总结不同运动方式对人体DNA损伤、DNA甲基化和端粒长度的影响,并分析运动调控表观遗传修饰的可能机制,以期为运动改善机体功能提供参考。方法:以“运动,有氧训练,急性运动,无氧训练,抗阻训练,DNA损伤,DNA甲基化,端粒”为中文检索词,以“exercise,sport,aerobic exercise,anaerobic exercise,resistance training,acute exercise,DNA methylation,DNA damage,telomere”为英文检索词。在PubMed、Embase、Web of Science、中国知网数据库中进行检索,并根据纳入与排除标准筛选文献,最终纳入70篇文献。结果与结论:①长期有氧、抗阻和无氧运动均能改善DNA损伤,其原因与运动可以提高机体的抗氧化能力有关。而急性运动则会通过上调活性氧和活性氮氧化物的表达进而加剧DNA损伤程度;②急性运动、长期抗阻运动和无氧运动在降低DNA甲基化方面具有积极作用,其关键机制可能是运动诱导的活性氧使氧化型谷胱甘肽/还原型谷胱甘肽比值和DNA甲基化转移酶、10-11易位酶的表达发生了改变,进而对DNA甲基化产生调控作用;③与其他运动形式相比,长时间有氧运动可能更具有增加端粒长度的潜在价值,其中的生物学机制涉及炎症、氧化应激、DNA甲基化和微小RNA的表达调控;④基于当前文献可知,有氧运动持续2年以上可以增加端粒长度,未来的研究也应进一步明确最佳的运动持续时间。

基于混沌理论与DNA动态编码的卫星图像加密算法

针对卫星图像在传输、存储过程中涉及的信息安全问题,该文提出一种新型的基于混沌理论与DNA动态编码的卫星图像加密算法。首先,提出一种改进型无限折叠混沌映射,拓宽了原有无限折叠混沌映射的混沌区间。之后,结合改进型Chebyshev混沌映射与SHA-256哈希算法,生成加密算法的密钥流,提升算法的明文敏感性。然后,利用混沌系统的状态值对Hilbert局部置乱后的像素进行DNA编码,实现DNA动态编码,解决了DNA编码规则较少所带来的容易受到暴力攻击的弱点。最后,使用混沌序列完成进一步混沌加密,从而彻底混淆原始像素信息,增加加密算法的随机性与复杂性,得到密文图像。实验结果表明,该算法具有较好的加密效果和应对各种攻击的能力。

环境DNA技术发展及其在长江流域水生生态学领域的应用研究进展

长江流域鱼类资源丰富、生物多样性高。近年来,受人为干扰、环境变化等因素影响,鱼类资源急剧衰退,全面了解该流域水生生态学信息、进行长江大保护迫在眉睫。随着分子生物学技术的发展,环境DNA技术应运而生,其相比于传统调查方式更加高效、灵敏,应用领域更广;该技术的灵敏性使其非常适合于检测濒危物种、低密度物种入侵、瞬时和隐秘物种的存在,特别是当检测低密度物种的采样工作难以控制时,其敏感性、简便性和降低危害性的优势愈加显现出来。因此,该技术已被广泛应用于食品微生物、生物监测、群落生态学、古环境、保护生物学和生物入侵等领域的研究。介绍了环境DNA定义、发展史、研究方法与优劣势,在此基础上概述了其在长江流域水生生态学领域的应用研究进展,最后展望了环境DNA技术与环境RNA技术相结合的技术革新以及新一代测序手段、大数据及机器智能技术多技术结合助力该领域研究的前景,以期为长江流域持续性生态学监测提供借鉴和参考。

DNA条形码技术在蛇类鉴别中的应用

从NCBI中GenBank数据库下载蛇类细胞色素b基因(Cytb)序列7329条,以MT765098.1序列为标准进行对比和修剪,获得蛇类Cytb序列4665条。对蛇类Cytb序列进行核苷酸饱和度、遗传多样性、种内和种间遗传距离计算,构建系统发育树。结果表明,基于Kimura–2–Parameter模型,蛇类平均种内遗传距离为3.3%,普遍小于6.7%,而平均种间遗传距离为19.96%,普遍高于9.3%,说明蛇类物种间遗传距离存在较大差异。根据蛇类物种间遗传距离,识别出蛇类23个物种的亚种,Pareas和Hydrophis属物种含有复合体,Atractus dunni、A.iridescen和A.occidentali互为姐妹物种。

围绕FFPE样本特性的DNA纯化纳米磁珠优化

目的 探讨围绕福尔马林固定石蜡包埋(formalin fixed paraffin embedded, FFPE)样本特性获取更高质量/得率的纳米磁珠核酸提取方案,改进分子病理技术。方法 合成4大类15个小类的备选磁珠,以FFPE样本为中心,筛选高质量/得率磁珠。模拟常规组织、粗针穿刺(肝脏)、纤维支气管镜样本(肺),装管相同张数连片。采用筛选的最佳磁珠与市场出售的常见磁珠试剂提取核酸,横向对比纯化总量、片段大小等质量参数。应用PCR和Sanger验证核酸的下游应用。结果 以FFPE样本DNA为中心筛选自制纳米磁珠,获得最佳性能纳米磁珠总回收率为58.5%±1.58%,5种市售商品化磁珠和3种国产磁珠总回收率为18.68%~40.71%。相同组织量(连片)提取的DNA总量,在模拟常规组织、粗针穿刺和纤维支气管镜样本核酸得率比市售试剂盒提高39.49%~181.72%(P<0.05)。模拟纤维支气管镜样本1张(4μm)总量可达100 ng以上、5张总量可达400 ng以上。结论 以FFPE样本DNA为中心筛选的DNA纯化纳米磁珠,与商品化磁珠相比有较大提升,为临床分子病理检测的质量保证、自动化检测和项目拓展提供空间。

Taq DNA聚合酶的分子改造及其在探针法qPCR直扩体系中的应用

Taq DNA聚合酶作为实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(qPCR)技术的核心组分,其性能优劣直接影响qPCR技术的进一步发展。然而,野生型Taq DNA聚合酶的耐抑制剂性能差、延伸性能不足。为获得具有高性能的Taq DNA聚合酶,采用基因工程技术将双链DNA结合蛋白Sso7d或Sto7d融合在野生型Taq DNA聚合酶的N端或C端,构建了4个均可溶表达的改造体,再经过耐受性测试筛选较优的改造体,结果显示:改造体Taq-Sto的耐受性最高,其热稳定性不受影响,且在1 s/kbp的延伸条件下能成功扩增靶标,表明Taq-Sto具有增强的延伸性能,在TaqMan探针法qPCR体系中对腐殖酸、单宁酸、全血等抑制剂同样表现出良好的耐受性。EMSA实验发现:Taq-Sto对DNA模板的结合亲和力有所提高,有利于增强Taq-Sto对模板的竞争力;将Taq-Sto应用于非洲猪瘟病毒(ASFV)的TaqMan探针法qPCR检测,与商品化试剂相比,Taq-Sto具有更低的ASFV检出限,且在体积分数为2%~6%的猪粪便样本或猪肉样本中的检测灵敏度分别为100.0%和85.4%,说明Taq-Sto在直扩qPCR检测领域更具有优势。

基于环境DNA技术的珠江中下游鱼类多样性初步研究

通过环境DNA技术(Environmental DNA,eDNA)检测珠江中下游鱼类生物多样性,探索珠江中下鱼类多样性监测和保护的新途径。2023年2月在珠江中下游设置了桂平、藤县、封开、德庆、肇庆和九江共6个采样点,通过水样采集及过滤、eDNA提取、遗传标记扩增及测序和数据库比对分析等流程检测鱼类多样性。结果表明,6个采样点共检测出30种鱼类,隶属于4目10科27属,其中土著鱼类26种,外来种4种。较已有传统调查数据新检出2种鱼类:美丽沙鳅(Botia pulchra)和齐氏罗非鱼(Oceochromis zillii)。鱼类优势种为子陵吻鰕虎鱼(Rhinogobius giurinus)、瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachellii)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、尼罗罗非鱼(O.nilotica)、齐氏罗非鱼、南方波鱼(Rasbora steineri)和鲤(Cyprinus carpio)。根据Shannon指数和Simpson指数显示,eDNA检测九江和桂平站点的鱼类多样性最高,藤县的最低。作为一种新的检测方法,eDNA技术可用于快速检测珠江中下游鱼类的多样性及分布,在实际应用中可将eDNA技术与传统的监测方法相结合,以提供更全面的鱼类生物多样性数据信息。

DNA损伤修复相关通路的合成致死靶点研究及其在卵巢癌中的应用和前景

DNA损伤引发细胞启动一系列DNA损伤应答(DNA damage response,DDR),包括DNA损伤修复、细胞周期检查点激活、细胞周期阻滞、各种细胞内信号转导途径的活化和细胞凋亡等。DNA损伤修复(DNA damage repair)是细胞维持基因组稳定性的重要机制,于2015年获得诺贝尔化学奖。DNA损伤修复途径主要包括:碱基切除修复(base-excision repair,BER)、核苷酸切除修复(nucleotide excision repair,NER)、错配修复(mismatch repair,MMR)、同源重组(homologous recombination,HR)和非同源末端连接(non-homologous end joining,NHEJ)等,分别在DNA单链断裂(single-strand break,SSB)或双链断裂(double-strand break,DSB)等损伤修复中发挥重要作用。DNA损伤修复缺陷与肿瘤发生发展密切相关,同时也是肿瘤治疗的重要靶点。DNA损伤修复通路的多聚ADP核糖聚合酶(poly-ADP-ribose polymerase,PARP)与乳腺癌易感基因BRCA 1/2等存在合成致死(synthetic lethality)作用,使PARP抑制剂(PARP inhibitor,PARPi)成为第一个也是目前唯一上市的肿瘤治疗合成致死靶药。PARPi在卵巢癌及多种实体瘤治疗中疗效良好,使DNA损伤修复及相关DDR通路的合成致死靶药研发成为热点,其他在研靶点主要包括:共济失调毛细血管扩张突变蛋白(ataxia telangiectasia-mutated protein,ATM)、共济失调毛细血管扩张与RAD3相关蛋白(ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related protein,ATR)、DNA依赖性蛋白质激酶催化亚单位(DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit,DNA-PKcs)、细胞周期检测点激酶1(checkpoint kinase1,CHK1)、细胞周期检测点激酶2(checkpoint kinase 2,CHK2)、阻止有丝分裂的蛋白质激酶WEE1等。PARPi与其他DDR靶药、抗血管生成药物及免疫检查点抑制剂的联用,有可能成为克服PARPi耐药、提高疗效的有效手段和发展前景。本文针对DNA损伤修复及相关DDR通路的关键分子和潜在肿瘤治疗靶点进行综述,阐述了DNA损伤修复相关通路的合成致死靶点研究及在卵巢癌的应用和前景,为基础研究及临床应用提供指导。

安徽新安江水牛mtDNA D-Loop区遗传多样性与系统进化研究

试验旨在分析安徽省黄山市新安江流域上游地区新安江水牛群体的分子遗传特性,探究其母系起源与遗传多样性。利用PCR扩增和测序技术测定28头新安江水牛的mtDNA D-Loop序列,下载GenBank数据库中24个中国水牛群体的693条D-Loop序列,利用生物信息学分析其遗传多样性,构建Neighbor-joining系统发生树和Media-joining网络,探索不同水牛群体的遗传距离。结果显示,28头新安江水牛的mtDNA D-Loop序列共有117个变异位点,构成25种单倍型,其核苷酸多样性为0.02602±0.00303,单倍型多样性为0.989±0.014。新安江水牛群体的变异性水平与中国其他水牛群体接近。N-J系统进化树显示,新安江水牛25个单倍型分为A、B两个支系,具有A支系和B支系2个母系来源,其中A支系占据主导地位。Media-joining进化网络显示,中国水牛主要为沼泽型水牛,分为沼泽型水牛A支系和B支系,B支系又分为b1亚支系和b2亚支系。综上,新安江水牛群体变异水平与中国其他地方水牛群体接近,群体遗传多样性丰富;且新安江水牛属于沼泽型水牛,具有2个线粒体母系来源,与我国其他地方水牛群体具有一定的遗传距离。

硒对云南白灵芝生长、品质及DNA甲基化特征的影响

采用田间覆土栽培试验,设置6个Se浓度(0、50、100、200、300、400μg/g)处理,分别记为CK、Se50、Se100、Se200、Se300、Se400,研究外源硒对云南白灵芝生长发育、重金属积累、生物活性成分含量及其DNA甲基化特征的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,外源Se对子实体柄长和菌盖大小(横径、纵径)无显著影响,但能显著降低菌盖厚度;随着Se施用水平提高,菌丝生长速率和子实体硒含量均呈先增后降的趋势,生物量呈先降后增再降的趋势。子实体重金属含量(As、Cd、Pb、Hg)随Se浓度增加呈持续降低趋势,线性分析也表明,重金属含量与Se施用浓度均呈显著负相关。施Se增加了子实体多糖、粗蛋白、黄酮及总氨基酸含量,其中,多糖、黄酮含量在Se400处理下最高,总氨基酸、粗蛋白含量分别在Se200、Se300处理下最高。HPLC测定分析表明,与CK相比,Se300提高了灵芝酸A、灵芝酸DM、灵芝酸F及灵芝酮三醇为主的三萜酸组分,其总三萜酸含量较其他处理提高2.93%~25.54%。敏感扩增多态性分析(MSAP)结果显示,Se300较CK、Se400相比具有较高的未甲基化位点比例和较低的甲基化位点比例。综上,施用外源硒可促进早期菌丝生长,提高子实体生物量累积,改善子实体重金属安全性能和生物活性成分品质,改变DNA甲基化比例,且以300μg/g施用浓度的整体效果最佳,其子实体产量较对照显著提高11.36%。

一种适用于实验教学的果蝇DNA提取新方法

南开大学遗传学实验课程组将科研中常用的动物组织DNA提取方法改造后用于实验教学,获得了1种适用于实验教学的果蝇DNA提取新方法。该方法由碱裂解、酸中和、离心3个步骤组成,具有操作简单、时间短、成本低、效果稳定等特点,获得的DNA无论是浓度还是纯度均可满足后续PCR扩增的需要,符合实验教学的要求。该方法简化了果蝇DNA的提取流程,为与果蝇基因表达分析相关实验项目的改革奠定了基础,有助于提升实验教学效果,推动课程建设。