Development and evaluation of specific PCR primers targeting the ribosomal DNA-internal transcribed spacer(ITS)region of peritrich ciliates in environmental samples

Peritrich ciliates are highly diverse and can be important bacterial grazers in aquatic ecosystems. Morphological identifi cations of peritrich species and assemblages in the environment are time-consuming and expertise-demanding. In this study, two peritrich-specifi c PCR primers were newly designed to amplify a fragment including the internal transcribed spacer(ITS) region of ribosomal rDNA from environmental samples. The primers showed high specifi city in silico, and in tests with peritrich isolates and environmental DNA. Application of these primers in clone library construction and sequencing yielded exclusively sequences of peritrichs for water and sediment samples. We also found the ITS1, ITS2, ITS, D1 region of 28 S rDNA, and ITS+D1 region co-varied with, and generally more variable than, the V9 region of 18 S rDNA in peritrichs. The newly designed specifi c primers thus provide additional tools to study the molecular diversity, community composition, and phylogeography of these ecologically important protists in dif ferent systems.

Phylogeny of Ptychostomum (Bryaceae,Musci) inferred from sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and chloroplast rps4

The phylogeny of Ptychostomum was first spacer （ITS） region of the nuclear ribosomal （nr） DNA DNA rps4 sequences. Maximum parsimony, maximum undertaken based on analysis of the internal transcribed and by combining data from nrDNA ITS and chloroplast likelihood, and Bayesian analyses all support the conclusion that the reinstated genus Ptychostomum is not monophyletic. Ptychostomum funkii （Schwagr.） J. R. Spence （≡ Bryum funkii Schwaigr.） is placed within a clade containing the type species of Bryum, B. argenteum Hedw. The remaining members of Ptychostomum investigated in the present study constitute another well-supported clade. The results are congruent with previous molecular analyses. On the basis of phylogenetic evidence, we agree with transferring B. amblyodon Mull. Hal. （≡ B. inclinatum （Brid.） Turton≡ Bryum archangelicum Bruch ＆ Schimp.）, Bryum lonchocaulon Mull. Hal., Bryum pallescens Schleich. ex Schwaigr., and Bryum pallens Sw. to Ptychostomum.

Application of the first internal transcribed spacer(ITS-1)of ribosomal DNA as a molecular marker to population analysis in farrer's scallop Chlamys farreri

Sequence variation of the first internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA （ ITS - 1 ） was examined and its application to the study of genetic variation was explored in four populations of farter＇ s scallop Chlamys farreri. ITS - 1 fragments, with a length of about 300 bp,of 78 individuals collected from Dalian, Qingdao, Yantai in China and Korea respectively were amplified via PCR, cloned and sequenced. Intra-genomic variation was examined by sequencing several clones of single individuals. Alignment and polymorphism analysis detected 44 haplotypes and 50 polymorphic sites which consist of 30 substitutions and 20 indels, indicating a high level of polymorphisms. Sequence analysis also showed a very low level of intra-individual variation. All these features validated the feasibility of application of ITS - 1 fragment to population analysis. Polymorphism analysis showed that the Korea sample has the richest genetic variation, followed by Yantai and Qingdao samples. AMOVA （analysis of molecular variance） showed that the majority （96.26%） of genetic variation was distributed within populations and 3.74% resulted from among populations, but with P 〈 0.05 （ = 0.042）, indicating that the populations in this study have significant divergence. This output was basically concordant with the result arising from RAPD data and different from that from mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequence data. Discussion on this inconsistency was made accordingly.

Phylogenetic Relationships of <i>Termitomyces aurantiacus</i>Inferred from Internal Transcribed Spacers DNA Sequences

Fungus-growing termites cultivate species of the mutualistic basidiomycete genus Termitomyces on a substrate called the fungal comb. Identification of fungal species based on morphological features is complicated, tedious, and prone to errors. As an alternative, nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences consisting of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5.8S rDNA were used to identify Malaysian isolates of Termitomyces sp. The morphological characteristics and molecular data indicate that Malaysian Termitomyces isolated is clearly monophyletic and belongs to the Tricholomataceae family. The Malaysian isolates analyzed in this study represent the termite fungus species called T. aurantiacus.

DNA Barcoding of <i>Ricinus communis</i>from Different Geographical Origin by Using Chloroplast <i>matK</i>and Internal Transcribed Spacers

Ricinus communis have attracted considerable attention because of its specific industrial and pharmacological activities. DNA barcodes can be used as reliable tools to facilitate the identification of medicinal plants for the safe use, quality control and forensic investigation. In this study, the differential identification of eight accessions of R. com-munis was investigated through DNA sequence analysis of two candidate DNA barcodes. The nucleotide sequence of internal transcribed spacers (ITS2) and chloroplast maturase gene (matK) have been determined to construct the phylogenetic tree. The phylogenetic relationships of accessions based on the nrITS2 region and partial matK region showed that all accessions in this study were related to three geographical origins. Based on sequence align-ment and phylogenetic analyses we concluded that the ITS2 sequences can distinguish R. communis accessions from different geographical distributions.

Characterization of Fusarium Oxysporum Isolates Obtained from Wax Gourd and Chieh-qua in China by Pathogenicity, RAMs and Sequence Analysis of the rDNA Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS1 and ITS2)

Wax gourd (Benincasa hispida Thumb. Cogn) is called white gourd, winter melon, Chinese preserving melon, Chinese squash, and don kwa. It has been cultivated in China for over 2 300 years. It probably

The homology analysis of internal transcribed spacer sequence of ribosomal DNA in common dermatophytes

In order to analyze the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer （ITS） including the 5.8 S ribosomal DNA （rDNA） of common dermatophytes, so as to obtain a rapid and accurate method to identify the species of dermatophytes and to establish the phylogenetic tree of these species to understand their relationship, 16 strains of dermatophytes were collected and preliminarily identified by morphological characteristics. General primers for fungi ITS1 and ITS4 were used to amplify the ITS rDNA of each strains with PCR. The PCR products after purification were sequenced directly and were analyzed through internet. In the results, 11 strains were identified by means of morphological features, among which 5 strains were Trichophyton, 5 strains were Microsporum and 1 was Epidermophytoa, which was consistent with the results by molecular biology. In the 5 unidentifiable strains, 1 strain was proved to be Chrysosporium by molecular biology. These strains studied could be divided into 3 different classes as indicated in the analysis of the phylogenetic tree of the sequences in ITS, which were quite different from those of morphological classification. It is evident from the above observations that the molecular method of analysis on the ITS sequences is a rapid, highly sensitive and accurate approach for the detection of dematophyte species, however, it still exhibits some limitations needing the supplementation with morphological identification.

A preliminary analysis of phylogenetic relationships of Arundinaria and related genera based on nucleotide sequences of nrDNA （ITS region） and cpDNA （trnL-F intergenic spacer）

Phylogenetic relationships of Arundinaria and related genera (Pleioblastus, Pseudosasa, Oligostachyum, Bashania, Clavinodum, etc.) were assessed by analyzing the sequences of the nrDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the cpDNA trnL-F intergenic spacer (IGS). Comparison with trnL-F IGS sequence, the ITS region provided the higher number of parsimony informative characters, and the interspecific variation of the ITS sequence was higher than that of the trnL-F IGS sequence.The tree obtained by combining both sets of data showed that the species sampled in Arundinaria and the related genera were monophyletic and divided into two clades. The relationships and positioning of all the taxa surveryed (including A. oleosa, A. hsienchuensis, A. chino, A. amara, A. yixingensis, A. amabilis, A. fortunei, A. pygmaea, A. gramineus, A. fargesii, A. faberi, A. hupehense, Pseudosasa japonica cv. Tsutsumiana, P. japonica and Brachystachyum densiflorum) were also discussed. The results from the sequences were broadly consistent with morphological characters, appearing all these taxa sampled belong to the genus of Arundinaria. The topologies of the trees generated from individual data and the combined data were similar.

云南蚕区家蚕微孢子虫遗传多样性分析

家蚕微孢子虫(Nosema bombycis)是蚕业生产上一种重要病害——微粒子病的病原体。探讨家蚕微孢子虫种内的遗传多样性,可为云南蚕区家蚕微粒子病的防控提供参考依据。从云南省不同养蚕地区收集了感染微孢子虫的病蚕样品,分离纯化家蚕微孢子虫并提取基因组,克隆SSU rDNA(small subunit ribosomal DNA)和ITS(internal transcribed spacer)序列并进行生物信息学分析。结果发现,云南蚕区Nosema bombycis分离株SSU rDNA序列同源性高达99%以上,遗传距离小于0.006,它们在长度和多个位点存在差异,呈现不同程度的多态性;ITS遗传差异较为显著,序列中存在多碱基的插入或缺失、单碱基的转换和颠换。基于SSU rDNA和rDNA-ITS序列构建系统发生树,结果显示,云南蚕区家蚕微孢子虫分离株系间存在遗传分化,种群间亲缘关系与地理位置无直接联系。研究结果丰富了云南蚕区家蚕微孢子虫的种内遗传多样性。

黑龙江省扶余市麦穗鱼舌状绦虫裂头蚴的分子鉴定和系统发育分析

为鉴定从黑龙江省扶余市麦穗鱼腹腔内收集的绦虫裂头蚴的种类,本试验采用PCR方法分别对其核糖体内转录间隔区(ITS)和线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅰ(COⅠ)基因进行扩增和序列测定。运用DNASTAR软件的MegAlign程序分析核苷酸同源性,采用邻接法构建基于ITS和COⅠ基因序列的系统进化树,以此分析分离虫株种内与种间的系统发育关系。结果显示,各分离虫株的ITS1和ITS2基因与舌状绦虫(AY121751)的核苷酸序列同源性最高,分别为98.8%~100%和99.6%~99.7%;各分离虫株的COⅠ基因与肠舌状绦虫(EU241273)的核苷酸序列同源性最高,为91.2%~94.7%。基于ITS序列构建的系统进化树显示,舌状绦虫和双线绦虫的ITS序列具有高度的保守性,ITS区域可能不适宜作为区分舌状绦虫属内部种类的可靠分子标记。基于COⅠ基因构建的系统进化树显示,分离虫株与土耳其、俄罗斯和欧洲的肠舌状绦虫分离株进化关系最近。根据序列同源性和COⅠ基因进化树结果,初步将本试验所分离虫株鉴定为肠舌状绦虫。结果表明,COⅠ基因更适合于舌状绦虫属种类的鉴别。本试验为舌状绦虫的分子流行病学调查提供了参考。

基于SCAR标记和DNA条形码技术的苍术基原鉴别研究

目的开发出能同时鉴别北苍术和关苍术的分子标记方法,并探究不同种质资源苍术的遗传进化关系。方法对不同地区北苍术Atractylodes chinensis(Bunge)Koidz及关苍术A.japonica Koidz.ex Kitam基因组DNA的差异片段进行测序,结合SRAP、ISSR、DAMD分子标记方法,优化PCR反应体系,筛选并转换成特异性标记,同时,采用条形码方法分析种间序列差异。结果通过SRAP、ISSR、DAMD三种分子标记方法的PCR扩增,共筛选出198对能稳定扩增且重现性好的引物,转换出7对能稳定、快速鉴别北苍术和关苍术的SCAR引物。条形码方法检测出北苍术ITS2序列长度为454 bp,关苍术ITS2序列长度为453 bp,与其他苍术属植物之间遗传距离较远。NJ树结果显示,北苍术、关苍术及其他苍术属植物均各自聚为一支,表现出良好的单系性。依据ITS2二级结构,4种苍术属植物在螺旋区的茎环数目、大小、位置均有明显差异,可以直观地进行区分。结论所开发的特异性SCAR标记为苍术属植物优良品种的筛选提供了新方法,DNA条形码能稳定、准确鉴别北苍术。

Molecular phylogeny of Pneumocystis based on 5.8S rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacers of rRNA gene sequences

To clarify the phylogenetic relationships and species status of Pneumocystis, the 5.8S rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacers (ITS, 1 and 2) of Pneumocystis rRNA derived from rat, gerbil and human were amplified, cloned and sequenced. The genetic distance matrix of six Pneumocystis species compared with other fungi like Taphrina and Saccharomyces indicated that the Pneumocystis genus contained multiple species including Pneumocystis from gerbil. The phylogenetic tree also showed that Pneumocystis from human and monkey formed one group and four rodent Pneumocystis formed another group. Among the four members, Pneumocystis wakefieldiae was most closely related to Pneumocystis murina and Pneumocystis carinii, and was least related to gerbil Pneumocystis.

Metataxonomics of Internal Transcribed Spacer amplicons in cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosing and genotyping of cryptococcal meningitis

Background:Cryptococcal meningitis is a severe infectious disease associated with high morbidity and mortality.Rapidity and accuracy of diagnosis contribute to better prognosis,but readily available tools,such as microscopy,culture,and antigens do not perform well all the time.Our study attempted to diagnose and genotype cryptococcus in the cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)samples from patients with cryptococcal meningitis using the approach of metataxonomics of Internal Transcribed Spacer(ITS)amplicons.Methods:The CSF samples were collected from 11 clinically suspected cryptococcal meningitis patients and four non-infectious controls.Samples were recruited from the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Hospital,Fuzhou Fourth Hospital and the 476th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army from December 2017 to December 2018.ITS1 ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid(rDNA)genes of 15 whole samples were amplified by universal forward primer ITS1(CTTGGTCATTTAGAGGAAGTAA)and reverse primer ITS2(GCTGCGTTCTTCATCGATGC),sequenced by Illumina MiSeq Benchtop Sequencer.The results were confirmed by sanger sequencing of ITS1 region and partial CAP59 gene of microbial isolates from 11 meningitic samples.Pair-wise comparison between infectious group and control group was conducted through permutational multivariate analysis(PERMANOVA)in R software.Results:The 30,000 to 340,000 high-quality clean reads were obtained from each of the positively stained or cultured CSF samples and 8 to 60 reads from each control.The samples from 11 infected patients yielded detectable cryptococcal-specific ITS1 DNA with top abundance(from 95.90%to 99.97%),followed by many other fungal groups(each<1.41%).ITS genotype was defined in 11 CSF samples,corresponding to ITS type 1,and confirmed by Sanger sequencing.A statistically significant difference(r2=0.65869,P=0.0014)between infectious group and control group was observed.Conclusions:The metataxonomics of ITS amplicons facilitates the diagnosis and genotype of cryptococcus in CSF samples,which may provide a better diagnostic approach of cryptococcal infection.

基于ITS和ISSR标记的灵芝遗传多样性和群体结构分析

以来自不同地理区域的48个灵芝种质资源为试材,采用ITS和ISSR分子标记的方法,研究了灵芝遗传多样性,以期利用遗传信息数据较理想地显示出不同灵芝菌株的遗传多样性。结果表明:通过进行ITS序列扩增测序,将48个灵芝菌株分为赤芝(35个)、无柄灵芝(11个)、四川灵芝(1个)、古巴栓孔菌(1个)。5条ISSR引物共扩增得到53条条带,多态性条带比率为96.23%,Nei′s基因多样性为0.27,Shannon′s信息指数为0.43。ISSR标记遗传相似系数约为0.70,将48个灵芝菌株分为3组,其中第1组为11个无柄灵芝,第2组为菌株29“盆景1”,其他菌株为第3组,说明2种标记结合分析能够更加准确分析不同菌株间的亲缘关系。菌株16和17同为赤芝,且ISSR分子标记遗传相似系数达0.98,推测可能为同一品种,为生产中出现的同物异名现象。该研究选取的用于PCR扩增的ISSR引物,多态性较好、稳定性较高,能有效鉴别出无柄灵芝与其他灵芝,并揭示种质的遗传多样性和群体遗传结构,可为灵芝种质资源保护及优质种质材料选育提供参考依据,以期更好地推动灵芝产业健康发展。

Internal transcribed spacer guided multiplex PCR for species identification of Convolvulus prostratus and Evolvulus alsinoides

Shankhpushpi is a reputed drug from an Indian system of medicine for treating mental disorders and enhancing memory. Two herbs, namely Convolvulus prostratus Forssk. and Evolvulus alsinoides(L.) L., are commonly known as Shankhpushpi. Ambiguous vernacular identity can affect the scientific validity of the Shankpushpi-based herbal drug therapy. In the present investigation, a novel and sensitive multiplex PCR method based on polymorphism in the internal transcribed spacer(ITS) region was developed to establish the molecular identity of C. prostratus and E. alsinoides. DNA was isolated and the ITS region was amplified, sequenced and assembled. Sequences were aligned to identify variable nucleotides in order to develop plant-specific primers. Primers were validated in singleplex reactions and eventually a multiplex assay was developed. This assay was tested for sensitivity and validated by amplifying DNA isolated from the simulated blended powdered plant material. Primers developed for C. prostratus resulted into a 200 bp amplicon and 596 bp for E. alsinoides. The assay was found to be sensitive enough for amplification of low quantities of DNA. The method can detect 10% of the mixing of plants with each other in blended material. This PCR assay can be used for rapid botanical identification of Shankhpushpi plant materials and will improve evidence-based herbal drug therapy.

腐烂茎线虫不同地理种群ITS区序列比对及系统发育

为弄清我国腐烂茎线虫(Ditylenchus destructor)不同地理种群ITS(Internal transcribed spacer)区之间的碱基差异及系统发育关系,本研究通过网络软件Clustalw1.83对腐烂茎线虫的核糖体ITS区核酸序列进行了比对,结果发现腐烂茎线虫的8个种群中,DEll、DEly、DEAY987007三个种群(I组)内部之间的碱基差异在1%以内,其它的5个种群(II组)之间的差异为0～1%,而I组与II组种群之间的差异达到了15%(根据ITS1+5.8s+ITS2序列)或20%(根据ITS1+ITS2序列)。这说明我国腐烂茎线虫很可能是1个复合种。根据ITS区核酸序列构建的系统发育图同样显示,我国腐烂茎线虫的7个地理种群明显分为2个分支A和B。

中国不同地区蛇床的rDNA ITS序列分析

目的：探讨不同分布区的蛇床Ｃｎｉｄｉｕｍ ｍｏｎｎｉｅｒｉ 的ＩＴＳ序列变异与其地理分布和化学成分的相关性。方法：设计２ 对引物，Ｐｆ＋ Ｐｂ 及Ｐ５－８ＳＩＴＳ１＋ Ｐ５－８ＳＩＴＳ２ ，ＰＣＲ扩增产物纯化后用银染法或ＡＢＩ３１０ 测序。结果：得到核糖体ＤＮＡ中的ＩＴＳ及５－８ＳｒＤＮＡ 完全序列，１８Ｓ和２６ＳｒＤＮＡ 部分序列，共约７００ ｂｐ 。５ 个地点样品的ＩＴＳ１及ＩＴＳ２ 的序列大小分别为２１０～２１７ ｂｐ 和２１９ ～２２４ ｂｐ。ＩＴＳ１ 碱基序列的遗传距离０－００ ～１－９３％ ，ＩＴＳ２ 碱基序列的遗传距离０－４６ ～２－３４％ ，ＩＴＳ１ 较为保守。以ＮＪ法根据ＩＴＳ２ 序列数据重建系统发生树。哈尔滨样品聚为一组，衡水与德州样品和郑州与高淳样品各自聚为一组。结论：ＩＴＳ２ 序列的变异与中国产蛇床的纬度分布相关，而其与蛇床化学型的关系尚需作进一步研究。

中国香菇自然种质的rDNA遗传多样性分析

测定了全国范围内的59个野生香菇菌株rDNA的ITS区域的序列。所得序列的总长度在723-727个碱基之间,G+C含量也基本稳定在57.5%左右。用Phylip3.6软件包对59个ITS序列进行DNA数据分析。结果表明59个菌株被划分到3个不同的谱系中,其中谱系Ⅰ包括11个菌株,分布较为均衡,涉及东北、西北、西南和东部沿海等地区的8个省份;谱系Ⅱ包括14菌株,以西北、西南的4个省份为主;谱系Ⅲ包括34个菌株,覆盖范围最广,除东北和西北高原地区外,其它均有涉及。地缘关系分析表明以陕、甘为主的西北高原地区的菌株涉及Ⅰ、Ⅱ两个谱系;以闽、浙、赣和台湾为主的东部沿海地区的菌株涉及Ⅰ、Ⅲ两个谱系;而以云、贵、川为主的西南地区的菌株则覆盖到了所有的3个谱系。这三个地区的香菇遗传多样性最丰富,西南地区尤为突出,是香菇种质资源保护与利用的重点区域。

小麦纹枯病菌核糖体基因内转录区序列比较

对 7个从江苏省小麦纹枯病样本分离到的丝核菌菌株,进行形态学鉴定、融合群分类和致病性测定,提取病菌的DNA,采用通用引物ITS1(TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG)和ITS4 (TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC),扩增病菌的rDNA内转录区(ITS),并对扩增产物进行了测序。用这些序列在NCBI中进行BLAST分析,得到与这些菌株亲缘关系最近的菌株序列,并明确了这些菌株的分类地位。对以上的菌株序列进行Alignment分析,结果表明,病菌的 5. 8SrDNA序列高度保守,而ITS区的可变性则相对较高,在双核和多核丝核菌、双核丝核菌CAG1融合群和非CAG1融合群菌株间存在差异,可用于反映菌株间的进化关系和双核丝核菌种下分类。

新疆石竹属野生种核糖体DNA的ITS序列与亲缘关系

新疆是我国石竹属植物分布和分化中心 ,种质资源丰富。通过采用PCR直接测序法 ,对新疆石竹属 (Di anthus)植物野生种共 8个种及外类群 (LychniscoronataThunb)rDNA的ITS区 (包括ITS 1、5 .8SrDNA和ITS 2 )进行序列测定。研究结果说明 ,新疆石竹属植物的ITS序列总长度为 6 17～ 6 2 1bp ,长度变异较小 ,仅相差 4bp ,种间序列同源性很高 ,达 97.6 %～ 99.8% ,外类群的序列同源性为 80 %左右。ITS区序列在石竹属内是相当保守的。石竹属物种间序列变异位点基本上是转换多于颠换 ,且转换率较高 ,转换 /颠换率为 1.0～ 3.0。系统地位和亲缘关系分析表明分布于中国的石竹属植物 3个组即齿瓣组 (sect.BarbulatumWilliams)与石竹组 (sect.Dianthus)、瓣组 (sect.Fim briatumWilliams)的亲缘关系较远 ,而sect.Dianthus与sect.FimbriatumWilliams的亲缘关系较近。ITS系统发育树揭示了石竹组起源早于瓣组和齿瓣组 。