Quantitative damage imaging using Lamb wave diffraction tomography

In this paper, we investigate the diffraction tomography for quantitative imaging damages of partly through-thickness holes with various shapes in isotropic plates by using converted and non-converted scattered Lamb waves generated nu- merically. Finite element simulations are carried out to provide the scattered wave data. The validity of the finite element model is confirmed by the comparison of scattering directivity pattern （SDP） of circle blind hole damage between the finite element simulations and the analytical results. The imaging method is based on a theoretical relation between the one-dimensional （1D） Fourier transform of the scattered projection and two-dimensional （2D） spatial Fourier transform of the scattering object. A quantitative image of the damage is obtained by carrying out the 2D inverse Fourier transform of the scattering object. The proposed approach employs a circle transducer network containing forward and backward projections, which lead to so-called transmission mode （TMDT） and reflection mode diffraction tomography （RMDT）, respectively. The reconstructed results of the two projections for a non-converted SO scattered mode are investigated to illuminate the influence of the scattering field data. The results show that Lamb wave diffraction tomography using the combination of TMDT and RMDT improves the imaging effect compared with by using only the TMDT or RMDT. The scattered data of the converted A0 mode are also used to assess the performance of the diffraction tomography method. It is found that the circle and elliptical shaped damages can still be reasonably identified from the reconstructed images while the reconstructed results of other complex shaped damages like crisscross rectangles and racecourse are relatively poor.

Tracking the phase transformation and microstructural evolution of Sn anode using operando synchrotron X-ray energy-dispersive diffraction and X-ray tomography

Tin(Sn)holds great promise as an anode material for next-generation lithium(Li)ion batteries but suffers from massive volume change and poor cycling performance.To clarify the dynamic chemical and microstructural evolution of Sn anode during lithiation and delithiation,synchrotron X-ray energydispersive diffraction and X-ray tomography are simultaneously employed during Li/Sn cell operation.The intermediate Li-Sn alloy phases during de/lithiation are identified,and their dynamic phase transformation is unraveled which is further correlated with the volume variation of the Sn at particle-and electrode-level.Moreover,we find that the Sn particle expansion/shrinkage induced particle displacement is anisotropic:the displacement perpendicular to the electrode surface(z-axis)is more pronounced compared to the directions(x-and y-axis)along the electrode surface.This anisotropic particle displacement leads to an anisotropic volume variation at the electrode level and eventually generates a net electrode expansion towards the separator after cycling,which could be one of the root causes of mechanical detachment and delamination of electrodes during long-term operation.The unraveled chemical evolution of Li-Sn and deep insights into the microstructural evolution of Sn anode provided here could guide future design and engineering of Sn and other alloy anodes for high energy density Li-and Na-ion batteries.

Principle of diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI) and computed tomography based on DEI method

In the first part of this article a more general DEI equation was derived using simple concepts. Not only does the new DEI equation explain all the problems that can be done by the DEI equation proposed by Chapman, but also explains the problem that can not be explained with the old DEI equation, such as the noise background caused by the small angle scattering reflected by the analyzer. In the second part, a DEI-PI-CT formula has been proposed and the contour contrast caused by the extinction of refraction beam has been qualitatively explained, and then based on the work of Ando's group two formulae of refraction CT with DEI method has been proposed. Combining one refraction CT formula proposed by Dilmanian with the two refraction CT formulae proposed by us, the whole framework of CT algorithm can be made to reconstruct three components of the gradient of refractive index.

Non-Linear Phase Tomography Based on Fréchet Derivative

Phase imaging coupled to micro-tomography acquisition has emerged as a powerful tool to investigate specimens in a non-destructive manner. While the intensity data can be acquired and recorded, the phase information of the signal has to be “retrieved” from the data modulus only. Phase retrieval is an ill-posed non-linear problem and regularization techniques including a priori knowledge are necessary to obtain stable solutions. Several linear phase recovery methods have been proposed and it is expected that some limitations resulting from the linearization of the direct problem will be overcome by taking into account the non-linearity of the phase problem. To achieve this goal, we propose and evaluate a non-linear algorithm for in-line phase micro-tomography based on an iterative Landweber method with an analytic calculation of the Fréchet derivative of the phase-intensity relationship and of its adjoint. The algorithm was applied in the projection space using as initialization the linear mixed solution. The efficacy of the regularization scheme was evaluated on simulated objects with a slowly and a strongly varying phase. Experimental data were also acquired at ESRF using a propagation-based X-ray imaging technique for the given pixel size 0.68 μm. Two regularization scheme were considered: first the initialization was obtained without any prior on the ratio of the real and imaginary parts of the complex refractive index and secondly a constant a priori value was assumed on ?. The tomographic central slices of the refractive index decrement were compared and numerical evaluation was performed. The non-linear method globally decreases the reconstruction errors compared to the linear algorithm and is achieving better reconstruction results if no prior is introduced in the initialization solution. For in-line phase micro-tomography, this non-linear approach is a new and interesting method in biomedical studies where the exact value of the a priori ratio is not known.

Cosine fitting radiography and computed tomography

A new method in diffraction-enhanced imaging computed tomography （DEI-CT） that follows the idea developed by Chapman et al. [Chapman D, Thomlinson W, Johnston R E, Washburn D, Pisano E, Gmur N, Zhong Z, Menk R, Arfelli F and Sayers D 1997 Phys. Med. BioL 42 2015] in 1997 is proposed in this paper. Merged with a ＂reverse projections＂ algorithm, only two sets of projection datasets at two defined orientations of the analyzer crystal are needed to reconstruct the linear absorption coefficient, the decrement of the real part of the refractive index and the linear scattering coefficient of the sample. Not only does this method reduce the delivered dose to the sample without degrading the image quality, but, compared with the existing DEI-CT approaches, it simplifies data-acquisition procedures. Experimental results confirm the reliability of this new method for DEI-CT applications.

Physics-informed neural networks for diffraction tomography

We propose a physics-informed neural network(PINN)as the forward model for tomographic reconstructions of biological samples.We demonstrate that by training this network with the Helmholtz equation as a physical loss,we can predict the scattered field accurately.It will be shown that a pretrained network can be fine-tuned for different samples and used for solving the scattering problem much faster than other numerical solutions.We evaluate our methodology with numerical and experimental results.Our PINNs can be generalized for any forward and inverse scattering problem.

High-speed in vitro intensity diffraction tomography

We demonstrate a label-free,scan-free intensity diffraction tomography technique utilizing annular illumination(aIDT)to rapidly characterize large-volume three-dimensional(3-D)refractive index distributions in vitro.By optimally matching the illumination geometry to the microscope pupil,our technique reduces the data requirement by 60 times to achieve high-speed 10-Hz volume rates.Using eight intensity images,we recover volumes of∼350μm×100μm×20μm,with near diffraction-limited lateral resolution of∼487 nm and axial resolution of∼3.4μm.The attained large volume rate and high-resolution enable 3-D quantitative phase imaging of complex living biological samples across multiple length scales.We demonstrate aIDT’s capabilities on unicellular diatom microalgae,epithelial buccal cell clusters with native bacteria,and live Caenorhabditis elegans specimens.Within these samples,we recover macroscale cellular structures,subcellular organelles,and dynamic micro-organism tissues with minimal motion artifacts.Quantifying such features has significant utility in oncology,immunology,and cellular pathophysiology,where these morphological features are evaluated for changes in the presence of disease,parasites,and new drug treatments.Finally,we simulate the aIDT system to highlight the accuracy and sensitivity of the proposed technique.aIDT shows promise as a powerful high-speed,label-free computational microscopy approach for applications where natural imaging is required to evaluate environmental effects on a sample in real time.

Simultaneous dual-contrast three-dimensional imaging in live cells via optical diffraction tomography and fluorescence

We report a dual-contrast method of simultaneously measuring and visualizing the volumetric structural information in live biological samples in three-dimensional(3D) space. By introducing a direct way of deriving the 3D scattering potential of the object from the synthesized angular spectra, we obtain the quantitative subcellular morphology in refractive indices(RIs) side-by-side with its fluorescence signals. The additional contrast in RI complements the fluorescent signal, providing additional information of the targeted zones. The simultaneous dual-contrast 3D mechanism unveiled interesting information inaccessible with previous methods, as we demonstrated in the human immune cell(T cell) experiment. Further validation has been demonstrated using a Monte Carlo model.

Continuous-wave terahertz diffraction tomography for measuring three-dimensional refractive index maps

Three-dimensional(3D)refractive index(RI)distribution is important to reveal the object’s inner structure.We implemented terahertz(THz)diffraction tomography with a continuous-wave single-frequency THz source for measuring 3D RI maps.The off-axis holographic interference configuration was employed to obtain the quantitative scattered field of the object under each rotation angle.The 3D reconstruction algorithm adopted the filtered backpropagation method,which can theoretically calculate the exact scattering potential from the measured scattered field.Based on the Rytov approximation,the 3D RI distribution of polystyrene foam spheres was achieved with high fidelity,which verified the feasibility of the proposed method.

云南思茅—中甸地震剖面的地壳结构

云南思茅-中甸宽角反射／折射地震剖面切割松潘-甘孜、扬子和华南三个构造单元的部分区域．我们利用初至波和壳内反射波走时层析成像获得地壳纵波速度结构．在获得新的地壳速度结构模型基础上，利用地震散射成像思想和低叠加次数的叠前深度偏移方法重建了研究区的地壳、上地幔反射结构．综合分析研究区地壳P波速度模型和壳内地震反射剖面发现：沿测线从北至南地壳厚度从约50km减薄至35km左右，地壳厚度的减薄量主要体现在下地壳，剖面北段下地壳厚度约为30km，剖面南段下地壳厚度仅为15km左右；上地幔顶部局部位置P波速度值偏低，一般为7．6～7．8km／s，反映出云南地区是典型的构造活动区的特点．剖面沿线地壳内地震反射发育，其中莫霍强反射出现在景云桥下方；在景云桥弧形断裂带8～10km深处出现宽约50km的强反射带．

基于整体变分降噪算法下的多频率超声衍射层析成像

根据傅立叶衍射投影定理,不同频率超声波得到的投影数据的傅立叶变换分布在复平面为不同半径的圆弧,提出了多频率超声衍射层析成像思想,并进行了实验研究,重建的时间比单频率法短约70%.由于多频率投影数据傅立叶变换比单频率法在复平面上分布更加不均匀,故重建的噪声也更大,整体变分法将图像恢复的数学模型转化为带有整体变分正则化项的能量泛函问题,采用变分原理将其中的最小化问题转为偏微分方程的求解.降噪后的多频率超声图像的误差比降噪前的图像小约50%.

同步辐射X射线衍射增强CT方法研究

本文将同步辐射硬X射线衍射增强成像方法应用于材料无损检测CT方法中(简称衍射增强CT法),并对自制样品进行投影成像重建,获得了非常清晰的样品内部结构图像,并与样品的单晶吸收成像CT重建结果进行对比.结果表明,对于吸收系数相近的结构材料,衍射增强CT法可得到更好的物质内部边界.

地震波衍射层析成像

本文讨论了声波及弹性波层析成像技术,导出了由观测波场提取介质参数的公式。在含有变密度的波动方程中,利用反传算法,在不同的空间频率上均可提取速度及密度参数。对于弹性波,我们可以利用四种散射场,即P—P、P—S、S—P、S—S波场恢复弹性参数。

用数字全息层析成像技术测量毛细管的内径及壁厚

研究了用数字全息层析成像技术测量微毛细管结构的可行性。考虑毛细管具有理想的柱对称结构,因此采用单幅全息图获取到的物光波复振幅数据来模拟不同角度下的投影数据。分别运用滤波反投影重建算法和傅里叶衍射重建算法对微毛细管进行折射率三维重构;根据重构的折射率切片图,进一步运用相关的边缘提取算法处理得到毛细管的内径及壁厚尺寸。实验结果表明,在合理的光路环境设置下,满足Rytov近似条件下的傅里叶衍射重建算法比滤波反投影重建算法更能够正确反映物体的结构尺寸,更适合用于微小弱散射物体的几何参数测量。实验结果验证了用数字全息方法实现衍射层析重建的可行性,从而为具有柱对称结构的弱散射物体的无损测量提供了一种新的途径。

弹性波衍射CT

本文直接从等价于弹性动力学Navier方程的耦合齐次与非齐次矢量波动方程组出发，围绕弹性波衍射CT展开了理论研究。尤其是其非齐次方程合有震源项，同时适合P波和S波，考虑爆炸震源，引进塑性半径，运用张量运算，推导了Born近似下散射波港与目标函数的关系。得到二种数据采集方式下的层析成像FBP公式，可同时适用于P波和S波，尽管与以往不涉及震源项的结果相似，但本结果更符合地震勘探情况。

差分相衬显微成像技术发展综述

差分相衬(Differential phase contrast,DPC)成像是一种基于部分相干照明调控的无标记非干涉相位成像方法,它为未染色透明样品提供了一种快速、有效且高分辨率的可视化手段。DPC通过多次非对称照明调控或非对称孔径调制使不可见的样品相位信息转换为成像器件可直接探测的强度信号,从而为定性相衬成像甚至定量相位重建提供了可能。近年来,随着该领域研究的逐步深入,成像的相位传递函数得以明确推导,DPC已经逐步从定性观察走向了定量研究。另一方面,得益于全孔径照明调控和高效相位反卷积算法,DPC定量相位成像的空间分辨率可达到非相干衍射极限,并能够获得低噪声、高精度的定量相位重构结果。通过与三维光学传递函数理论交融借鉴,DPC最近已被进一步拓展到了三维衍射层析领域,实现了厚样品三维折射率的定量成像。文中从DPC成像方法的基本原理、成像系统与算法优化等几个方面对其历史发展、研究现状和最新进展进行了详细综述,并讨论了该方法现存的一些关键问题以及今后可能的研究方向。

衍射CT技术和多源全息成象技术的比较研究

在本文中,我们从理论上比较研究了衍射CT技术和多源全息成象技术,讨论了在弱不均匀介质中多源全息成象技术失真的根源,推导出二维多源全息图象重建的快速算法,利用这些算法和计算机产生的非Born近似的正演数据,系统地研究了异常体的尺寸、异常程度的大小和数据采集方式对重建图象的影响.并且把它与衍射CT重建图象作了数值上的比较,所得到的许多结果(见正文结论部分)对于衍射地震CT技术和多源全息成象技术在生产中的应用有着指导意义.

超声衍射层析成像的高精度核卷积插值重建算法

针对超声衍射层析成像传统采用的双线性插值法重建精度不高的问题,提出一种高精度的核卷积插值重建算法.首先,根据标准的sheep and Logan体模算出重建数据点的值,再选用最小二乘非均匀快速傅里叶变换(LS-NUFFT)算法里的核矩阵作为卷积核,并用此核矩阵将非笛卡儿分布的重建数据点插值到笛卡儿网格内,最后用二维的傅里叶逆变换完成图像的重建.与双线性插值法和高斯核卷积法相比较,LS-NUFFT核矩阵法所得重建图像的2-范数误差比双线性法减少了40%以上,重建时间比高斯核卷积法减少约50%.

广义散射层析成像反演

本文详细地给出了基于非均匀介质的体散射广义散射层析成像反演的基本理论.广义散射层析成像反演可以描述为波场的反向传播和对成像场进行局部波数域滤波的过程.在数值算例中,利用背景速度沿深度方向均匀变化的v(z)介质中的简单的方块作为速度异常体的模型,通过对该模型产生的低频的Born数据和声波的正演数据的测试,在对采集系统进行有限频率带宽和空间孔径的校正来进行局部成像矩阵谱的恢复中,可以看出模型中各点的谱在恢复后的质量无论从覆盖的面积范围还是幅值的均一性上都有着明显的提高;在对速度模型的重建中,广义散射层析成像反演能够很好地恢复速度模型的低频分量,即便是方块速度异常体相对于背景速度的平均速度扰动是23%也能很好地重建模型中的速度,且对于不同的背景速度模型基本上都能很好地恢复Marmousi速度模型的低频分量.所以该方法将基于Born模型的层析成像反演适应范围进行了一定程度的扩展.

声衍射层析成像研究进展

在计算机层析成像中用声波或电磁波取代X射线照射目标时波长不能再看作无限小,需要将Fourier切片定理修改为Fourier衍射投影定理,基于射线的CT相应地推广为衍射CT。概述了近年来衍射CT的发展,特别是声衍射CT。在理论和算法方面讨论了非均匀Fourier变换算法及其实现、仅根据强度信息的图像重建方法、多频率入射的情况、不完整测量数据条件下的图像重建等问题。此外还扼要介绍了不同领域中衍射CT的研究和应用情况。