This study aims to identify common contaminants in well water linked to an increase in colorectal cancer(CRC)incidence rates in North Dakota(ND)counties.County-specific incidence rates for CRC were obtained from the N...This study aims to identify common contaminants in well water linked to an increase in colorectal cancer(CRC)incidence rates in North Dakota(ND)counties.County-specific incidence rates for CRC were obtained from the ND Statewide Cancer Registry.Corresponding demographic,agricultural,and geophysical data were obtained from population-based sources.Associations between well water contaminants and CRC incidence were examined for 16 counties in ND with complete well water profiles between 1997-2019.Data were analyzed by multiple linear regression.Iron in well water exhibited a significant positive association with CRC incidence(4.75,P=0.001),and barium exhibited a small,but significant negative association(-0.06907,P=0.01).Residents in counties in ND with prevalent well water usage contaminated with iron may be at higher risk for CRC.展开更多
This study documented brown trout (Salmo trutta) spawning locations, redd construction timing, and associated environmental variables in an 850-m long mainstem section and a 400-m long diversion channel of Spearfish C...This study documented brown trout (Salmo trutta) spawning locations, redd construction timing, and associated environmental variables in an 850-m long mainstem section and a 400-m long diversion channel of Spearfish Creek within the city limits of Spearfish, South Dakota, USA in 2019. The first redds were observed on October 15, with no new redds observed after November 12. Redd construction peaked during the first week of November, when 23 redds were observed in the mainstem section and 50 in the diversion channel. Substrate size was significantly smaller, water temperatures significantly higher, and water velocities significantly greater in redd versus non-redd locations in both the mainstem reach and the diversion channel (P ˚C), but significant, increase in water temperature from the rest of the channel locations. This is the first study to document redd locations in Spearfish Creek and will provide a baseline to evaluate future spawning activity, particularly as it may be affected by likely future anthropogenic changes potentially affecting the stream environment.展开更多
This study examined the spatial and temporal characteristics of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis and brown trout Salmo trutta redds in two sites from two creeks in the Black Hills of South Dakota, USA. Spawning began...This study examined the spatial and temporal characteristics of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis and brown trout Salmo trutta redds in two sites from two creeks in the Black Hills of South Dakota, USA. Spawning began in both streams in early October and continued through mid-November. Significant spatial clustering was only observed on both Rapid Creek sites, where-as random redd development was observed in both of the sites on Box Elder Creek. Based on visual observations, brown trout redds were more abundant in Rapid Creek, where-as brook trout redds were more abundant in Box Elder Creek. Differences in redd clustering could be due to species-specific, geological, or hydrological differences between the展开更多
North Dakota’s oil production has been rapidly increasing during the past several years. The state’s oil production in March 2013 even increased to more than twice the quantity produced in March 2011, and the estima...North Dakota’s oil production has been rapidly increasing during the past several years. The state’s oil production in March 2013 even increased to more than twice the quantity produced in March 2011, and the estimated Bakken Formation reserves were reported very large compared with those of the United Arab Emirates. It eventually makes a question to us of how much oil will be able to be actually extracted with currently available technologies. To answer this question, this paper forecasts future oil development trend in North Dakota using the Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (S-ARIMA) model. Nonstationarity derived from a stochastic trend and the abrupt structural change of oil industry was a big potential problem, but through the Quandt Likelihood Ratio test, we found break points, which allowed us to select a model fitting period suitable for the S-ARIMA method to provide accurate statistical inference for the historical period. The seven major oil producing counties were investigated to determine whether the current oil boom was consistent across all oil fields in North Dakota. Empirical estimates show that North Dakota’s oil production will be more than double in the next five years. What we can predict with great certainty is that North Dakota’s influence over domestic and global oil supply systems will increase in the near future, especially over the next five to six years. This is good news for those who are concerned about domestic energy security in the USA.展开更多
Agricultural production is highly dependent on the climatic variability of the specific regions. Differential climatic and soil conditions bring about changes in yield, quality of crops thus affecting the economy. Thi...Agricultural production is highly dependent on the climatic variability of the specific regions. Differential climatic and soil conditions bring about changes in yield, quality of crops thus affecting the economy. This study evaluated the impact of variability in different climatic factors keeping the other factors constant on spring wheat production in North Dakota from 2007 to 2011. The spring wheat yield mainly depends on the climatic changes during growing periods April to September. Average maximum air temperature was significantly different from April to September except June from 2007 to 2011. High average minimum and maximum air temperatures during planting time increase yield and planting area for 2010. In 2011, low mean soil temperature, excess rainfall in April caused low yield of spring wheat. The unmitigated climate variability will result in declines in yields. So, adoption of sustainable agriculture practices helps the farmers to develop the different practices for their farms.展开更多
White Mold of soybeans (Glycine Max), also known as Sclerotinia stem rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), is among the most important fungal diseases that affect soybean yield and represents a recurring annual threat to so...White Mold of soybeans (Glycine Max), also known as Sclerotinia stem rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), is among the most important fungal diseases that affect soybean yield and represents a recurring annual threat to soybean production in South Dakota. Accurate quantification of white mold in soybean would help understand white mold impact on production;however, this remains a challenge due to a lack of appropriate data at a county and state scales. This study used Landsat images in combination with field-based observations to detect and quantify white mold in the northeastern part of South Dakota. The Random Forest (RF) algorithm was used to classify the soybean and the occurrence of white mold from Landsat images. Results show an estimate of 132 km2, 88 km2, and 190 km2 of white mold extent, representing 31%, 22% and 29% of the total soybean area for Marshall, Codington and Day counties, respectively, in 2017. Compared with ground observations, it was found that soybean and white mold in soybean fields were respectively classified with an overall accuracy of 95% and 99%. These results highlight the utility of freely available remotely sensed satellite images such as Landsat 8 images in estimating diseased crop extents, and suggest that further exploration of consistent high spatial resolution images such as Sentinel, and Rapid-Eye during the growing season will provide more details in the quantification of the diseased soybean.展开更多
Zebra mussels <em>Dreissena polymorpha </em>are a native bivalve from eastern Europe. They were first detected in North America in Lake St. Clair in 1988 and were presumably introduced via infested ballast...Zebra mussels <em>Dreissena polymorpha </em>are a native bivalve from eastern Europe. They were first detected in North America in Lake St. Clair in 1988 and were presumably introduced via infested ballast water. Zebra mussels have spread rapidly across the United States, with 31 states reporting infestations as of 2019. Zebra mussels were first detected in South Dakota, USA, in 2015 in Lewis and Clark Lake and McCook Lake, with subsequent infestations occurring in Lake Yankton in 2017, Lakes Francis Case and Sharpe in 2019, and Pickerel Lake, Kampeska Lake, and Lake Cochrane in 2020. This review paper presents information on zebra mussel biology and control, with specific information on the waters of South Dakota, USA.展开更多
The spread of Aquatic Invasive Species (AIS) is a constant threat for western US waters. The state of South Dakota detected zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) for the first time at Lewis and Clark Reservoir in 2014....The spread of Aquatic Invasive Species (AIS) is a constant threat for western US waters. The state of South Dakota detected zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) for the first time at Lewis and Clark Reservoir in 2014. Since then, efforts have been towards preventing their further expansion. To determine possible avenues of infestation westward, we used ArcGIS to map the home zip codes of boaters using four western reservoirs (Belle Fourche Reservoir, Pactola Reservoir, Sheridan Lake and Angostura Reservoir). A 60-mile buffer was used to determine spatial relationships of boater zip codes to establish zebra mussel populations and was considered areas of high risk. We found that there were three instances where a boater came from a high-risk area during the study period. Our results show possible pathways for Dreissena expansion into western South Dakota reservoirs. Most notably is that exposure can occur from either an inter- or intra-state vector. This information confirmed that there is a risk of additional water bodies in South Dakota becoming infected. Based on past studies, prevention is the best method in slowing the expansion of zebra mussels in South Dakota. We suggest three actions, strategically placed decontamination stations, continued public awareness efforts and differentiating boat registration tags on watercraft that are near infested water bodies.展开更多
<span style="font-family:Verdana;">Salmonid fish are known to reproduce throughout the Black Hills in South Dakota, however</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span>...<span style="font-family:Verdana;">Salmonid fish are known to reproduce throughout the Black Hills in South Dakota, however</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> it is not known when or where they are spawning or how successful their spawning is. This study documented for the first-time brown trout (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Salmo trutta</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) redd locations and redd construction timing in a 1.6 km reach of Spearfish Creek, within the northern most part of the city of Spearfish, South Dakota, USA in 2020</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Redds were first observed on October 13, 2020, with observations continuing until November 17 when no new redds were spotted. Redd construction peaked during the first week of November, with 52 observed. A total of 146 redds was recorded over the course of the study, resulting in a density of 91 redds/km. This is the first study to document redds in this section of Spearfish Creek. These observations will allow for comparisons to future spawning activity which may be impacted by the increased urbanization likely along this section of </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">creek. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Hopefully, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">This study can also guide future research and habitat projects throughout this section of Spearfish Creek, and potentially throughout this region.展开更多
Located in the cold and very cold semiarid steppe climate zone, North Dakota boasts not only long cold winters but also hot summers, which significantly increases the energy consumption of buildings. In fact, North Da...Located in the cold and very cold semiarid steppe climate zone, North Dakota boasts not only long cold winters but also hot summers, which significantly increases the energy consumption of buildings. In fact, North Dakota has the highest energy consumption per capita in residential buildings （101 MM Btu in 2013）, and its energy consumption per capita in commercial buildings ranks the second （l 18 MM Btu in 2013） in the nation. When humans spend a long time indoors to escape the inclement weather, their health will be more susceptible to the indoor environment. In addition, North Dakota has the 3rd least number of green buildings certified by LEED （Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design） in the nation. This paper aims to investigate the status quo of buildings with respect to energy, health and sustainability in North Dakota, and attempts to propose strategies regarding research and higher education to rectify the current issues. These strategies include but not limited to forming the architectural engineering program, a comprehensive and interdisciplinary program in buildings.展开更多
基金Supported by The National Institute of General Medical Sciences(NIGMS),No.1P20GM155890-01 to GGS.
文摘This study aims to identify common contaminants in well water linked to an increase in colorectal cancer(CRC)incidence rates in North Dakota(ND)counties.County-specific incidence rates for CRC were obtained from the ND Statewide Cancer Registry.Corresponding demographic,agricultural,and geophysical data were obtained from population-based sources.Associations between well water contaminants and CRC incidence were examined for 16 counties in ND with complete well water profiles between 1997-2019.Data were analyzed by multiple linear regression.Iron in well water exhibited a significant positive association with CRC incidence(4.75,P=0.001),and barium exhibited a small,but significant negative association(-0.06907,P=0.01).Residents in counties in ND with prevalent well water usage contaminated with iron may be at higher risk for CRC.
文摘This study documented brown trout (Salmo trutta) spawning locations, redd construction timing, and associated environmental variables in an 850-m long mainstem section and a 400-m long diversion channel of Spearfish Creek within the city limits of Spearfish, South Dakota, USA in 2019. The first redds were observed on October 15, with no new redds observed after November 12. Redd construction peaked during the first week of November, when 23 redds were observed in the mainstem section and 50 in the diversion channel. Substrate size was significantly smaller, water temperatures significantly higher, and water velocities significantly greater in redd versus non-redd locations in both the mainstem reach and the diversion channel (P ˚C), but significant, increase in water temperature from the rest of the channel locations. This is the first study to document redd locations in Spearfish Creek and will provide a baseline to evaluate future spawning activity, particularly as it may be affected by likely future anthropogenic changes potentially affecting the stream environment.
文摘This study examined the spatial and temporal characteristics of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis and brown trout Salmo trutta redds in two sites from two creeks in the Black Hills of South Dakota, USA. Spawning began in both streams in early October and continued through mid-November. Significant spatial clustering was only observed on both Rapid Creek sites, where-as random redd development was observed in both of the sites on Box Elder Creek. Based on visual observations, brown trout redds were more abundant in Rapid Creek, where-as brook trout redds were more abundant in Box Elder Creek. Differences in redd clustering could be due to species-specific, geological, or hydrological differences between the
文摘North Dakota’s oil production has been rapidly increasing during the past several years. The state’s oil production in March 2013 even increased to more than twice the quantity produced in March 2011, and the estimated Bakken Formation reserves were reported very large compared with those of the United Arab Emirates. It eventually makes a question to us of how much oil will be able to be actually extracted with currently available technologies. To answer this question, this paper forecasts future oil development trend in North Dakota using the Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (S-ARIMA) model. Nonstationarity derived from a stochastic trend and the abrupt structural change of oil industry was a big potential problem, but through the Quandt Likelihood Ratio test, we found break points, which allowed us to select a model fitting period suitable for the S-ARIMA method to provide accurate statistical inference for the historical period. The seven major oil producing counties were investigated to determine whether the current oil boom was consistent across all oil fields in North Dakota. Empirical estimates show that North Dakota’s oil production will be more than double in the next five years. What we can predict with great certainty is that North Dakota’s influence over domestic and global oil supply systems will increase in the near future, especially over the next five to six years. This is good news for those who are concerned about domestic energy security in the USA.
文摘Agricultural production is highly dependent on the climatic variability of the specific regions. Differential climatic and soil conditions bring about changes in yield, quality of crops thus affecting the economy. This study evaluated the impact of variability in different climatic factors keeping the other factors constant on spring wheat production in North Dakota from 2007 to 2011. The spring wheat yield mainly depends on the climatic changes during growing periods April to September. Average maximum air temperature was significantly different from April to September except June from 2007 to 2011. High average minimum and maximum air temperatures during planting time increase yield and planting area for 2010. In 2011, low mean soil temperature, excess rainfall in April caused low yield of spring wheat. The unmitigated climate variability will result in declines in yields. So, adoption of sustainable agriculture practices helps the farmers to develop the different practices for their farms.
文摘White Mold of soybeans (Glycine Max), also known as Sclerotinia stem rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), is among the most important fungal diseases that affect soybean yield and represents a recurring annual threat to soybean production in South Dakota. Accurate quantification of white mold in soybean would help understand white mold impact on production;however, this remains a challenge due to a lack of appropriate data at a county and state scales. This study used Landsat images in combination with field-based observations to detect and quantify white mold in the northeastern part of South Dakota. The Random Forest (RF) algorithm was used to classify the soybean and the occurrence of white mold from Landsat images. Results show an estimate of 132 km2, 88 km2, and 190 km2 of white mold extent, representing 31%, 22% and 29% of the total soybean area for Marshall, Codington and Day counties, respectively, in 2017. Compared with ground observations, it was found that soybean and white mold in soybean fields were respectively classified with an overall accuracy of 95% and 99%. These results highlight the utility of freely available remotely sensed satellite images such as Landsat 8 images in estimating diseased crop extents, and suggest that further exploration of consistent high spatial resolution images such as Sentinel, and Rapid-Eye during the growing season will provide more details in the quantification of the diseased soybean.
文摘Zebra mussels <em>Dreissena polymorpha </em>are a native bivalve from eastern Europe. They were first detected in North America in Lake St. Clair in 1988 and were presumably introduced via infested ballast water. Zebra mussels have spread rapidly across the United States, with 31 states reporting infestations as of 2019. Zebra mussels were first detected in South Dakota, USA, in 2015 in Lewis and Clark Lake and McCook Lake, with subsequent infestations occurring in Lake Yankton in 2017, Lakes Francis Case and Sharpe in 2019, and Pickerel Lake, Kampeska Lake, and Lake Cochrane in 2020. This review paper presents information on zebra mussel biology and control, with specific information on the waters of South Dakota, USA.
文摘The spread of Aquatic Invasive Species (AIS) is a constant threat for western US waters. The state of South Dakota detected zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) for the first time at Lewis and Clark Reservoir in 2014. Since then, efforts have been towards preventing their further expansion. To determine possible avenues of infestation westward, we used ArcGIS to map the home zip codes of boaters using four western reservoirs (Belle Fourche Reservoir, Pactola Reservoir, Sheridan Lake and Angostura Reservoir). A 60-mile buffer was used to determine spatial relationships of boater zip codes to establish zebra mussel populations and was considered areas of high risk. We found that there were three instances where a boater came from a high-risk area during the study period. Our results show possible pathways for Dreissena expansion into western South Dakota reservoirs. Most notably is that exposure can occur from either an inter- or intra-state vector. This information confirmed that there is a risk of additional water bodies in South Dakota becoming infected. Based on past studies, prevention is the best method in slowing the expansion of zebra mussels in South Dakota. We suggest three actions, strategically placed decontamination stations, continued public awareness efforts and differentiating boat registration tags on watercraft that are near infested water bodies.
文摘<span style="font-family:Verdana;">Salmonid fish are known to reproduce throughout the Black Hills in South Dakota, however</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> it is not known when or where they are spawning or how successful their spawning is. This study documented for the first-time brown trout (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Salmo trutta</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) redd locations and redd construction timing in a 1.6 km reach of Spearfish Creek, within the northern most part of the city of Spearfish, South Dakota, USA in 2020</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Redds were first observed on October 13, 2020, with observations continuing until November 17 when no new redds were spotted. Redd construction peaked during the first week of November, with 52 observed. A total of 146 redds was recorded over the course of the study, resulting in a density of 91 redds/km. This is the first study to document redds in this section of Spearfish Creek. These observations will allow for comparisons to future spawning activity which may be impacted by the increased urbanization likely along this section of </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">creek. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Hopefully, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">This study can also guide future research and habitat projects throughout this section of Spearfish Creek, and potentially throughout this region.
文摘Located in the cold and very cold semiarid steppe climate zone, North Dakota boasts not only long cold winters but also hot summers, which significantly increases the energy consumption of buildings. In fact, North Dakota has the highest energy consumption per capita in residential buildings （101 MM Btu in 2013）, and its energy consumption per capita in commercial buildings ranks the second （l 18 MM Btu in 2013） in the nation. When humans spend a long time indoors to escape the inclement weather, their health will be more susceptible to the indoor environment. In addition, North Dakota has the 3rd least number of green buildings certified by LEED （Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design） in the nation. This paper aims to investigate the status quo of buildings with respect to energy, health and sustainability in North Dakota, and attempts to propose strategies regarding research and higher education to rectify the current issues. These strategies include but not limited to forming the architectural engineering program, a comprehensive and interdisciplinary program in buildings.
