Metastasis of primary gallbladder carcinoma in lymph node and liver

AIM: To evaluate the patterns with metastasis of gallbladder carcinoma in lymph nodes and liver. METHODS: A total of 45 patients who had radical surgery were selected. The patterns with metastasis of primary gallbladder carcinoma in lymph nodes and liver were examined histopathologically and classified as TNM staging of the American Joint Committee on Cancer. RESULTS: Of the 45 patients, 29 (64.4%) had a lymph node positive disease and 20 (44.4%) had a direct invasion of the liver. The frequency of involvement of lymph nodes was strongly influenced by the depth of the primary tumor (P= 0.0001). The postoperative survival rate of patients with negative lymph node metastasis was significantly higher than that of patients with positive lymph node metastasis (P= 0.004), but the postoperative survival rate of patients with Nl lymph node metastasis was not significantly different from that of patients with N2 lymph node metastasis (P= 0.3874). The postoperative survival rate of patients without hepatic invasion was significantly better than that of patients with hepatic invasion (P= 0.0177). CONCLUSION: Complete resection of the regional lymph nodes is important in advanced primary gallbladder carcinoma (PGC). The initial sites of liver spread are located mostly in segments IV and V. It is necessary to achieve negative surgical margins 2 cm from the tumor. In patients with hepatic hilum invasion, extended right hepatectomy with or without bile duct resection or portal vein resection is necessary for curative resection.

Fatty liver is an independent risk factor for gallbladder polyps

BACKGROUND Gallbladder polyps(GBPs)are known to be associated with obesity and metabolic diseases.However,to date,the relationship between GBPs and abnormal body fat distribution,such as fatty liver,visceral obesity,or sarcopenia,has not yet been established.AIM To evaluate whether GBPs are associated with fatty liver,visceral obesity,or sarcopenia.METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of subjects who underwent various laboratory tests,body composition measurement with a non-invasive body composition analyzer,and abdominal ultrasonography during health checkups.A total of 1405 subjects with GBPs were compared with 2810 age-and sex-matched controls.RESULTS The mean age of the subjects was 46.8±11.7 years,and 63.8%were male.According to multiple logistic regression analysis,the presence of fatty liver[odds ratio(OR)1.413;95%confidence interval(CI)1.218-1.638;P<0.001]was an independent risk factor for GBP,together with low levels of alanine aminotransferase(OR 0.993;95%CI 0.989-0.996;P<0.001).Additionally,fatty liver showed both independent(OR 1.629;95%CI,1.335-1.988;P<0.001)and dosedependent(moderate to severe fatty liver;OR 2.137;95%CI,1.662-2.749;P<0.001)relationship with large GBPs(≥5 mm).The presence of sarcopenia and high visceral fat area were not significantly associated with GBPs.CONCLUSION Fatty liver was found to be closely associated with GBPs irrespective of sarcopenia and visceral obesity.

Ectopic liver tissue (choristoma) on the gallbladder: Acomprehensive literature review

BACKGROUND Liver tissue situated outside the liver with a hepatic connection is usually calledan accessory liver, and that without a connection to the mother liver, is calledectopic liver tissue.AIM To identify studies in the literature on ectopic liver tissue located on thegallbladder surface or mesentery.METHODS We present two patients and review published articles on ectopic liver tissuelocated on the gallbladder surface accessed via PubMed, MEDLINE, GoogleScholar, and Google databases. Keywords used included accessory liver lobe,aberrant liver tissue, ectopic liver tissue, ectopic liver nodule, heterotopic livertissue, hepatic choristoma, heterotopic liver tissue on the gallbladder, and ectopicliver tissue on the gallbladder. The search included articles published before June2020 with no language restriction. Letters to the editor, case reports, reviewarticles, original articles, and meeting presentations were included in the search.Articles or abstracts containing adequate information on age, sex, history of liverdisease, preliminary diagnosis, radiologic tools, lesion size, surgical indication,surgical procedure, and histopathological features of ectopic liver tissue wereincluded in the study.RESULTS A total of 72 articles involving 91 cases of ectopic liver tissue located on the gallbladder surface or mesentery were analyzed. Of these 91 patients, 62 werefemale and 25 were male (no gender available for 4 patients), and the age rangewas 5 d to 91 years. Forty-nine patients underwent surgery for chroniccholecystitis or cholelithiasis, and 14 patients underwent surgery for acutecholecystitis. The remaining 28 patients underwent laparotomy for other reasons.Cholecystectomy was laparoscopic in 69 patients and open in 11 patients. Theremaining 19 patients underwent various other surgical procedures such asautopsy, liver transplantation, living donor hepatectomy, Whipple procedure, andliver segment V resection. Histopathologically, hepatocellular carcinoma wasdetected in the ectopic liver tissue of one patient.CONCLUSION Ectopic liver tissue is a rare developmental anomaly which is usually detectedincidentally. Although most studies suggest that ectopic liver located outside thegallbladder has a high risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, this is not reflected instatistical analysis.

Gallbladder polyp as a manifestation of hemobilia caused by arterial-portal fistula after percutaneous liver biopsy: A case report

Outpatient percutaneous liver biopsy is a common practice in the differential diagnosis and treatment of chronic liver disease. The major complication and mortality rate were about 2-4% and 0.01-0.33% respectively. Arterio-portal fistula as a complication of percutaneous liver biopsy was infrequently seen and normally asymptomatic. Hemobilia, which accounted for about 3% of overall major percutaneous liver biopsy complications, resulted rarely from arterio-portal fistula We report a hemobilia case of 68 years old woman who was admitted for abdominal pain after liver biopsy. The initial ultrasonography revealed a gallbladder polypoid tumor and common bile duct (CBD) dilatation. Blood clot was extracted as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) showed hemobilia. The patient was shortly readmitted because of recurrence of symptoms. A celiac angiography showed an intrahepatic arterio-portal fistula. After superselective embolization of the feeding artery, the patient was discharged uneventfully. Most cases of hemobilia caused by percutaneous liver biopsy resolved spontaneously. Selective angiography embolization or surgical intervention is reserved for patients who failed to respond to conservative treatment.

PRIMARY NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS OF THE LIVER AND GALLBLADDER

To study Clinico-pathological characters of the neuroendocrine tumors of the liver and gallbladder.MethodsUsing histology, immunohistochemistry and electron microscope, 3 cases of liver and gallbladder were investigated. The primary antibodies including anti-chromogranin A, gastrin, serotonin, insulin, somatostatin, gastrin, pancreatic polypeptide, adreno- corticotropic hormone (ACTH), calcitonin, bombesin, β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG) were employed to identify the property of tumors.ResultsIn one cases tumor of neuroendocrine carcinoma. In the other two cases tumor were typical carcinoid. In immunohistochemistry study, the tumor cells showed positive reaction to chromagranin A and contained positive cells of gastrin, serotonin, insulin and pancreatic polypaptide. Electronmicroscopy showed the cytoplasm contained dense round granules.ConclusionThe Nuroendocrine tumor of liver and gallbladder is a special type neoplasm with character of histology, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Subject headings neuroendocrine tumor gallbladder liver immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for a left-sided gallbladder

Cholecystectomy is a common procedure.Abnormalities in the anatomy of the biliary system are common but an abnormal location of the gallbladder is much rarer.Despite frequent pre-operative imaging,the aberrant location of the gallbladder is commonly discovered at surgery.This article presents a case of a patient with the gallbladder located to the left of the falciform ligament in the absence of situs inversus totalis that presented with right upper quadrant pain.A laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed and it was noted that the cystic duct originated from the right side.The presence of a left sided gall bladder is often associated with various biliary,portal venous and other anomalies that might lead to intra-operative injuries.The spectrum of unusual positions and anatomical gallbladder abnormalities is reviewed in order to facilitate elective and emergent cholecystectomy as well as other hepatobiliary procedures.With proper identification of the anatomy,minimally invasive approaches are still considered safe.

Unexpected gallbladder cancer:Surgical strategies and prognostic factors

Gallbladder cancer is the most common tumor of the biliary tract and it is associated with a poor prognosis.Unexpected gallbladder cancer is a cancer incidentally discovered,as a surprise,at the histological examination after cholecystectomy for gallstones or other indications.It is a potentially curable disease,with an intermediate or good prognosis in most cases.An adequate surgical strategy is mandatory to improve the prognosis and an adjunctive radical resection may be required depending on the depth of invasion.If the cancer discovered after cholecystectomy is a pTis or a pT1a,a second surgical procedure is not mandatory.In the other cases(pT1b,pT2 and pT3 cancer) a re-resection(4b + 5 liver segmentectomy,lymphadenectomy and port-sites excision in some cases) is required to obtain a radical excision of the tumor and an accurate disease staging.The operative specimens of re-resection should be examined by the pathologist to find any "residual" tumor.The "residual disease" is the most important prognostic factor,significantly reducing median disease-free survival and disease-specific survival.The other factors include depth of parietal invasion,metastatic nodal disease,surgical margin status,cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis,histological differentiation,lymphatic,vascular and perineural invasion and overall TNM-stage.

Endoscopic transcystic stent placement for an intrahepatic abscess due to gallbladder perforation

Perforation of the gallbladder with cholecystohepatic communication is a rare cause of liver abscess. Because it is a rare entity, the treatment modality has not been fully established. We report for the first time a patient with an intrahepatic abscess due to gallbladder perforation successfully treated by endoscopic stent placement into the gallbladder who had a poor response to continuous percutaneous drainage.

Hepatectomy for gallbladder-cancer with unclassified anomaly of right-sided ligamentum teres: A case report and review of the literature

Right-sided ligamentum teres(RSLT) is a congenital anomaly in which the right umbilical ligament becomes dominant and anomalous ramifications of the hepatic vessels and biliary system are present. A male patient in his 70 s was diagnosed with advanced gallbladder cancer directly infiltrating the right hepatic duct(RHD), together with RSLT. Preoperative three-dimensional simulation of the liver based on multiple detector computed tomography images after cholangiography revealed ramifications of all segmental portal veins from the portal trunk and discordance of the arterial and biliary branching patterns of segment 8. Fusion analysis of the biliary architecture and segmental volumetry showed that the RHD drained segments 1 r, 5, 6, and 7. We successfully performed a modified right-sided hepatectomy sparing segment 8(i.e., resection of the RHD drainage territory), with negative surgical margins. This report is the first to describe major hepatectomy for advanced gallbladder cancer with RSLT.

Sinistroposition of the gallbladder and common bile duct

BACKGROUND: Despite its rare incidence, few cases of left-side gallbladder have been already published. METHODS: We reported herein the case of a 29-year-old man with a left liver tumor in whom left lateral bisegmen- tectomy was mandatory. It represents the first description of a sinistroposition of both gallbladder and common bile duct. RESULTS: Surgical exploration revealed a left-side gall- bladder , located under the left lobe of the liver. During he- patic parenchyma dissection at the left side of the round liga- ment and the Rex recessus, the common bile duct was in- jured. Complete separation of hepatic pedicle structures showed that the upper biliary convergence passed on the left side of the Rex recessus before reaching the hepatoduo- denal ligament. CONCLUSION: Only careful dissection of the hepatoduo- denal ligament up to Rex recessus level prior to liver paren- chyma resection could avoid biliary tract injury during left lobectomy.

Primary liposarcoma of gallbladder diagnosed by preoperative imagings: A case report and review of literature

A 49-year-old Japanese woman was referred to our department because of high fever and a huge abdominal mass. Computed tomography （CT） and magnetic resonance （MR） imagings revealed a tumor, about 30 cm in diameter, occupied the right hepatic lobe and the peritoneal cavity. Abdominal angiography showed that the tumor was fed mainly by the cystic artery. We preoperatively diagnosed angiosarcoma of the gallbladder and performed tumor resection with cholecystectomy because the tumor was almost casplated, however the posterior wall of the gallbladder attached to the tumor firmly. Histologically, the tumor was composed of spindle cells including lipoblasts with cellular pleomorphism, which were also detected in the muscular layer of the gallbladder. We finally diagnosed pleomorphic liposarcoma of the gallbladder. At 10 mo and 29 mo after the first operation, she underwent two more operations because of recurrence. Now she has a good quality of life 3 years and 6 mo after the first operation.

Radical cholecystectomy without liver resection for peritoneal side early incidental gallbladder cancer

Gallbladder cancer(GBC)is a rare disease with a poor prognosis.Simple cholecystectomy may be an adequate treatment only for very early disease(Tis,T1a),whereas reoperation is recommended for more advanced disease(T1b and T2).Radical cholecystectomy should have two fundamental objectives:To radically resect the liver parenchyma and to achieve adequate clearance of the lymph nodes.However,recent studies have shown that compared with lymph node dissection alone,liver resection does not improve survival outcomes.The oncological roles of lymphadenectomy and liver resection is distinct.Therefore,for patients with incidental GBC without liver invasion,hepatic resection is not always mandatory.

自拟利胆经验方治疗慢性胆囊炎临床观察

目的观察孙晓生教授自拟利胆1号方治疗慢性胆囊炎的临床疗效和安全性。方法选取108例慢性胆囊炎患者为研究对象,利用随机数字表法分为2组,各54例。对照组采取常规西医治疗,观察组加用自拟利胆1号方治疗,4周后对比2组临床疗效。结果治疗前2组患者的中医症状积分、肝胆功能指标、免疫指标、炎性细胞因子相比,组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗4周后均较治疗前改善且观察组改善效果优于对照组(P<0.05);观察组不良反应发生率与对照组相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论自拟利胆1号方对慢性胆囊炎有效,不良反应发生率低,使用前景广阔。

肝胃不和胃脘痛辨治经验

胃脘痛包括现代医学的各种急慢性胃炎和消化性溃疡,是消化系统常见病、多发病。在中医学藏象学说和病因病机理论中,肝胃不和是导致胃脘痛发作的主要病机之一,若肝的疏泄功能失职,导致气滞、气郁、化火、克脾等皆可直接或间接影响胃之通降,形成肝病及胃或肝胃同病,均可导致胃脘痛。笔者根据肝胃不和的临床表现将肝胃不和病机归纳总结为肝气郁结、胃失和降,肝郁化火、肝胃郁热,肝郁气滞、肝胃阴虚,肝胃气滞、气滞血瘀,肝郁脾虚、胃失和降,胆胃不和、气逆不降,胆胃郁热、痰湿中阻7个证型。现就肝胃不和辨证和治法方药进行梳理分析,以期对临床辨治胃脘痛有一定的借鉴。

胎儿期Ⅰ型先天性胆总管囊肿的MRI影像特征和肝胆发育的参数测量

目的观察胎儿期Ⅰ型先天性胆总管囊肿(congenital choledochal cyst,CCC)的MRI表现,分析CCC胎儿肺肝比值、肝脏、脾脏、胆囊以及门静脉测量参数与正常胎儿的差异。材料与方法随访分析31例出生后经手术证实的CCC患儿的临床资料以及胎儿期的MRI表现,观察CCC病灶的形态、走行方向、是否与胆管或胆囊相连、病灶下缘与肝脏下缘的关系,并测量计算胆总管囊肿的体积。以90例健康胎儿为对照组,比较两组胎儿肺肝比值、肝脏(左右径、上下径、最大截面面积、肝实质表观弥散系数)、脾脏(长径、厚度、最大截面面积)、胆囊(长径、短径、长径与短径比值、最大截面面积)以及门静脉直径的差异。并分析CCC胎儿胆总管囊肿体积与MRI测量指标的相关性。结果31例CCC患儿中,男9例,女22例,男女比率约为1∶2.4;其中26例胆总管囊肿病灶为椭圆形,5例为类圆形;31例病灶上端均可见尖角征;29例胆总管囊肿病灶的下缘未及肝脏下缘,2例病灶下缘超过了肝脏下缘;26例病灶的走行方向为右上-左下。CCC组与对照组胎儿的肺肝比值、肝脏(左右径、上下径、最大截面面积、表观弥散系数)、脾脏(长径、厚度)、胆囊(长径、短径、最大截面面积)的差异没有统计学意义(P>0.05);CCC组与对照组胎儿脾脏的最大截面面积、门静脉直径以及胆囊长径与短径的比值差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);进一步统计分析CCC组胆总管囊肿体积与胎儿脾脏最大截面面积、胆囊长径与短径比值以及门静脉直径的相关性,结果表明病灶体积与胎儿脾脏的最大截面面积、胆囊长径与短径的比值以及门静脉直径没有相关性(P>0.05)。结论CCC多见于女性,胎儿期的MRI表现为:病灶多呈椭圆形,一般不超过肝脏下缘,病灶的走行方向多为右上-左下,病变上端可见尖角征。患儿脾脏增大,门静脉增宽,胆囊长径与短径的比值增大。但病灶体积与胎儿脾脏的最大截面面积、门静脉直径、胆囊长径与短径的比值无相关性。

清肝利胆法配合胆囊穿刺引流治疗高龄重症急性胆囊炎临床研究

目的:探讨给予高龄重症急性胆囊炎患者胆囊穿刺引流+清肝利胆法治疗的效果。方法:选取医院收治的60例高龄重症急性胆囊炎患者,经随机数表法分为两组。对照组(30例)患者进行超声引导下经皮肝胆囊穿刺置管引流术(PTGBD)治疗,治疗组(30例)患者进行PTGBD+清肝利胆法治疗。观察患者相关血清指标、炎性因子水平变化情况及临床症状体征改善、总疗效。结果:两组经过治疗后,治疗组患者WBC、ALT及GGT水平相比治疗前、对照组均明显更低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗组患者CRP、IL-6及TNF-α水平均低于治疗前,同时低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,治疗组患者各项中医症候评分相比对照组均更低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者临床治疗总有效率分别为73.33%、90.00%,治疗组总有效率明显更高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:选用PTGBD+清肝利胆法的中西医结合方案,给予高龄重症急性胆囊炎患者治疗,能够更好地改善患者相关血清指标、炎性因子水平,减少患者不适情况,提高患者临床症状和体征的改善效果,获得更理想总体疗效。

胡陵静教授从肝、胆、脾论治胆囊癌经验

胆囊癌是胆道最常见的恶性肿瘤,可占胆道恶性肿瘤的70%以上,恶性程度较高,对放化疗均不敏感,术后容易复发,预后不良。中医药治疗胆囊癌可以减轻患者症状,提高其生活质量,延长生存期,疗效显著。胆囊癌属于中医学“积聚”“胁痛”“黄疸”“腹痛”等疾病范畴。中医认为,胆囊癌的发生多由肝郁气滞、痰凝血瘀、湿热内蕴、经络阻滞、气血亏虚、脏腑失调等因素所致。由于情志不畅、饮食不节、水土失宜、虫积等因素,肝胆疏泄失职,胆汁排泄受阻,化作湿热痰浊,气血运行不畅,此时毒邪侵袭,郁结于胆腑,久之发为癌肿。病性属本虚标实,虚实夹杂,临床多表现为邪存正虚,治疗多标本兼治,从疏肝、行气、清热、祛湿、化瘀、补益气血、调整脏腑功能等角度出发。胡陵静教授从事临床工作30余载,擅长治疗多系统肿瘤疾患。胡师认为,胆囊癌的发病与肝、胆、脾三脏密切相关,病机多为肝郁脾虚、湿热毒结,治疗多从疏肝郁、清湿热、健脾胃三方面着手,常以柴胡疏肝散、茵陈蒿汤、香砂六君子汤作为基础方,酌情加减,临床用之,疗效颇佳。文章中附验案1则,以期为临床相关治疗提供参考。

孙建光从肝胆论治不寐临证经验

不寐是由于情志、饮食等诸多原因引起的以睡眠时长和(或)深度不足为主要表现的病证。轻者表现为入睡困难、眠浅易醒,或者醒后不能复寐,甚者可彻夜不寐,长期反复发作则严重影响患者的身心健康和生活质量。随着现代人们生活节奏的加快和饮食习惯的改变,越来越多的患者开始深受不寐困扰。不寐发病与情志不畅、饮食不节、年老体弱、思虑劳倦等因素关系密切。现代医家认为本病总属阴盛阳衰、阴阳失交,病机关键在于心火不能下通于肾,肾水不能上济于心,在治疗上多以心肾论治。孙建光教授是山东中医药大学博士生导师,师承尹常健教授、王文正教授,从事中医临床、教育、科研工作二十余年,临证多从肝胆论治不寐,每收良效。孙建光教授认为肝气郁滞不畅常为不寐起病的始动因素,在此基础上又可化火、生痰、化瘀,导致痰、火、瘀等多病理因素夹杂,病情进一步发展则出现肝虚之证,并兼有心、脾、肾多脏腑失养,故切不可单以心肾为治。临证常以调理气机为辨治基础,酌施疏肝护肝之法,治病求本,随证施以清热利湿、化痰降浊、活血化瘀等诸法。对于顽固性失眠或久病不愈的患者重视补肝、健脾、养心、滋肾,且在此基础上尤为重视调养脾胃,顾护中焦,收效颇丰。

国医大师熊继柏运用龙胆泻肝汤的证治经验

国医大师熊继柏教授在临床上运用龙胆泻肝汤治疗头面五官疾病、阴部疾病、肝胆疾病、胸腹皮肤病等属肝经循行部位的疾病疗效确切。认为临证时必须熟悉足厥阴肝经与足少阳胆经的循行路线和生理病理特点,病证结合,把握肝胆实火上炎、肝经湿热下注的核心病机,辨证论治,根据兼证随证加减,并注意顾护脾胃,防止苦寒伤中。

基于肠肝轴理念探讨“凡十一脏取决于胆”与2型糖尿病关系

中医认为“凡十一脏取决于胆”,胆在消渴发生发展中起重要作用,主要通过:(1)胆主决断,调控人体精神活动;(2)和解少阳枢机;(3)主少阳春升之气;这三个环节调控人体的新陈代谢。若枢机失常,气血不畅,则气滞、痰凝、血瘀产生,进而发为消渴。现代医学发现“肠-肝轴”与2型糖尿病发病密切相关,其内在机制可能与肠道机械屏障破坏通透性增加、化学屏障不足代谢失常、生物屏障失调能量紊乱等因素相关。因此,从“胆”出发辨证论治,结合“肠-肝轴”功能特点,为2型糖尿病的治疗提供了一个新视角。