Multi-layered effects of Codonopsis Radix on the immune system

Recent research has highlighted the potential of Codonopsis Radix to modulate the immune system,making it a promising candidate for treating chronic inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases,tumors,and aging.However,because of the complex immune activities of its various components,a comprehensive understanding of Codonopsis Radix immune-regulating properties is still lacking.This knowledge gap hinders its widespread utilization in clinical practice.Therefore,this review aimed to assess the impact of Codonopsis Radix on the immune system and elucidate its underlying mechanisms.Additionally,we compared the immunomodulatory effects of different active ingredients derived from Codonopsis Radix to provide a theoretical basis for future investigations on immunomodulation.

Effects of Different Processed Products of Radix Codonopsis on Intestinal Flora of Rats with Spleen Deficiency

[Objectives]This study aimed to observe the effects of different processed products of Radix Codonopsis on intestinal flora in rats with spleen deficiency.[Methods]Rat models with spleen deficiency were established by bitter-cold purgation method with Radix et Rhizoma Rhei.Normal group,model group,Radix Codonopsis group,fried Radix Codonopsis group,rice-fried Radix Codonopsis group,honey-fried Radix Codonopsis group and bran-fired Radix Codonopsis group were designed.After subjecting to corresponding treatments,the changes in the quantity of intestinal microorganisms of the rats were detected.[Results]There was no significant change in the quantity of intestinal microorganisms of the rats in the normal group and model group.The rats in the rice-fried Radix Codonopsis group were administered after successful modeling,and the abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the intestines of the rats increased,and the quantity of Escherichia coli and Staphylococci reduced.The rats in the Radix Codonopsis group,fried Radix Codonopsis groups,honey-fried Radix Codonopsis group and bran-fried Radix Codonopsis group were administered after successful modeling,and the abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the intestines of the rats increased(the increases were smaller than those in the rice-fried Radix Codonopsis group),and the abundance of E.coli and Staphylococci reduced,close to normal levels.[Conclusions]Different processed products of Radix Codonopsis have obvious regulation effect on intestinal flora of rats with spleen deficiency,and the regulation effect of rice-fried Radix Codonopsis on rats with spleen deficiency is better than that of Radix Codonopsis,fried Radix Codonopsis,honey-fried Radix Codonopsis and bran-fried Radix Codonopsis.

Inspection Methods and Quality Grading Standards for Codonopsis pilosula Seeds

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the inspection methods and quality grading standards for Codonopsis pilosula seeds. [Method] A total of 27 shares of C. pilosula seeds were collected and surveyed from six counties in Shanxi, Gansu and Shaanxi provinces. The inspection methods of various indicators, such as purity, 1 000-grain weight, germination rate, vitality and moisture content, were investigated in accordance with Rules for Agricultural Seed Testing （GB/T 3543.1-7, 1995）, to develop the appropriate quality inspection method for C. pilosula seeds. Based on the developed inspection method and procedures, the quality of 27 shares of C. pilosula seed samples from different regions was inspected, thus es- tablishing quality grading standards for C. pilosula seeds with K-center clustering method. [Result] C. pilosula seeds are suitable to be cultivated in cool regions. The optimal germination temperature was 25 ~C; the optimal germination bed was gauze bed; the optimal staining conditions were： staining temperature 40 ~, TTC concen- tration 0.5%, staining time 4 h. On the basis of cluster analysis, the quality of C. pilosula seeds could be divided into three grades according to five indicators, includ- ing the purity, 1 000-grain weight, moisture content, vitality, and germination rate. Specifically, vitality and germination rate were important factors of grading standards due to the significant differences, followed by purity, 1 000-grain weight and mois- ture content. [Conclusion] This study provided an important basis for standardized cultivation and industrial development of C. pilosula.

Chemical and molecular characterization of Hong Dangshen,a unique medicinal material for diarrhea in Hong Kong

Aim To investigate the plant origin and the identity of the red substance on the surface of Hong Dangshen, a unique medicinal material for diarrhea in Hong Kong. Methods The HPLC fingerprints and 5S rRNA gene spacer sequences of Hong Dangshen were obtained and compared with those of genuine species of Radix Codonopsis. The X-ray diffraction spectrum of the red substance was analyzed and compared with that of Halloysitum fingerprints to the Codonopsis species and the highest similarity to Rubrum. Results Hong Dangshen showed very similar HPLC Codonopsis pilosula var. modesta in terms of 5S rRNA gene spacer sequences. The X-ray diffraction spectrum of the red substance was consistent with that of Halloysitum Rubrum. Conclusion The source plant of Hong Dangshen was suggested to be Codonopsis pilosula var. modesta, one of the genuine original plants of Radix Codonopsis （Dangshen） in the China Pharmacopoeia （2005 edition）. The red substance on the surface of Hong Dangshen was indicated to be Halloysitum Rubrum, a traditional medicinal mineral for chronic diarrhea. Our data suggest that Hong Dangshen is derived from the roots of Codonopsis pilosula var. modesta which has been processed with Halloysitum Rubrum, and the name is suggested to be Radix Codonopsis Praeparata Halloysita Rubra.

甘肃不同产地党参性状、无机元素、党参炔苷差异及相关性研究

目的:研究甘肃不同产地党参性状、无机元素及党参炔苷(LBT)差异,分析彼此间的相关性,为党参质量评价及产地归属提供依据。方法:收集甘肃9个产地党参药材,进行性状比较,并采用原子吸收光谱法测定党参中10种无机元素含量;采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定LBT含量;并统计分析无机元素和LBT含量,联合性状进行相关性研究。结果:不同产地党参性状、无机元素及LBT含量存在差异,各元素平均含量高低顺序大致为K>Mg>Ca>Na>Fe>Mn>Co>Zn>Ni>Cu;LBT含量范围为0.75~6.50 mg/g。聚类分析将其分为四类。相关性分析表明不同产地党参中LBT含量与Mn、Na、Mg含量呈显著正相关;Co含量与党参“菊花心”特征呈负相关;Fe、Ca含量与党参根头部横环纹特征存在正相关。正交偏最小二乘法判别分析发现LBT、K、Mn、Ca、Na、Mg是鉴别不同产地党参的主要成分元素。结论:不同产地党参性状、无机元素及LBT含量表现出一定的相关性,三方面联合可有效评价党参质量及产地归属。

5-HMF高效液相色谱检测方法的建立及功能糖与不同产地党参、何首乌和熟地中5-HMF含量分析

本试验旨在建立5-羟甲基糠醛(5-hydroxymethylfurfural,5-HMF)的高效液相色谱检测方法,检测不同产地党参、制首乌、熟地黄以及5个不同批次功能糖中5-HMF含量。采用C_(18)(4.6 mm×250.0 mm,5μm)色谱柱分离,流动相为甲醇-水(8∶92),流速为1.0 mL/min,柱温为30℃,进样量为10μL,紫外检测器,检测波长为280 nm。经方法学考察,显示该方法线性关系良好;精密度试验测定峰面积RSD平均值为1.438%;重复性试验显示HPLC重复性良好;稳定性试验峰面积RSD范围为1.338%~7.307%;加标回收率显示良好。中药及功能糖5-HMF含量检测结果显示,党参、制首乌和熟地黄相比,熟地黄中5-HMF含量较高,党参中5-HMF含量较低,其中又以河北产熟地黄中5-HMF含量最高。不同批次功能糖中5-HMF含量无显著性差异,但其含量是河北产熟地黄的90~100倍。通过现代化技术,用功能糖成功复制了中药中的活性成分5-HMF,降低了其生产成本,具有良好的发展前景。

党参药理作用的研究进展

党参为桔梗科党参属植物,是中医临床应用非常广泛的一味补气类中药,其化学成分主要包括黄酮类、生物碱类、糖类、皂苷类、甾体类、氨基酸类等,主要有增强免疫功能、改善胃肠道功能、抗炎、抗肿瘤、改善学习记忆能力、调节心脑血管系统和延缓衰老等药理作用。该文基于近几年国内外大量党参的研究文献,对其药理作用进行综述,以期对党参的研究及应用提供一定的理论基础和依据。

基于UPLC指纹图谱结合化学模式的党参质量标志物预测分析

目的:建立党参药材的UPLC指纹图谱,结合化学计量学方法进行分析,对党参的质量标志物(Q-Marker)进行预测分析,为党参的质量评价提供科学依据。方法:采用ACQUITY UPLC®BEH C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7μm),以乙腈-0.1%磷酸水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速0.3 mL·min-1,检测波长267 nm,柱温30℃,进样量2μL。采用高效液相色谱仪,使用Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18色谱柱和乙腈-0.1%磷酸水溶液进行梯度洗脱,建立21批党参样品的UPLC指纹图谱并进行相似度评价,采用聚类分析(HCA)、主成分分析(PCA)和正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLSDA)等化学计量学方法筛选出主要差异性成分,预测党参药材的Q-Marker。结果:建立了党参药材UPLC指纹图谱,确认了16个共有峰,通过对照品共指认出7个共有峰,分别为腺苷、色氨酸、紫丁香苷、绿原酸、党参苷Ⅰ、党参炔苷、白术内酯Ⅲ,指纹图谱相似度均大于0.85,经HCA、PCA和OPLSDA筛选出党参苷Ⅰ、党参炔苷、腺苷及色氨酸为不同产地党参药材的重要差异性成分,可作为党参潜在的Q-Marker。结论:通过指纹图谱结合化学计量学分析预测了党参药材潜在的Q-Marker,为党参质量评价提供一定的参考。

益肾固本法治疗稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病的用药经验

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是一种以慢性、进展性气流受限和呼吸道症状为表现的肺部疾病,西医治疗效果尚不完全满意,病情反复加重和高致死率给个人和社会带来沉重的负担。中医药历史悠久,经验丰富,治疗COPD疗效较好。本病多属中医学“喘证”“肺胀”等范畴,曹世宏教授认为,COPD是由多种慢性肺系疾病反复发作,迁延不愈,导致肺气胀满,不能敛降而引起的一种病证。病机为本虚标实,多在久病肺虚的基础上损及五脏,其中尤以肺肾两脏为甚,并强调痰浊和血瘀为其发病的关键病理因素。曹教授治疗稳定期COPD主张衷中参西、取长补短,采用支气管舒张剂吸入等西医基础治疗的同时,联合中药补益肺肾之气,治病求本,其中党参、黄芪、巴戟天等是曹教授临床常用中药,有平补肺脾之气,温补肾阳之功。同时注意化痰祛瘀,因人制宜,临床疗效颇佳。本研究附验案1则以佐证。

基于高效液相色谱指纹图谱对党参及其配方颗粒的质量评价研究

目的:建立党参与党参配方颗粒高效液相色谱法(HPLC)指纹图谱和指标成分含量同时测定方法,并对其质量进行评价。方法:采用高效液相色谱法,建立紫丁香苷、党参炔苷同时测定含量及指纹图谱方法。采用《中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统(2012版)》进行相似度评价,确定共有峰。结果:建立的指纹图谱及多指标成分含量测定方法符合方法学考察要求,2个成分的含量均有不同程度的差异;指纹图谱共确定了25个共有峰,并指认了其中2个成分;10批不同厂家党参配方颗粒指纹图谱与对照图谱的相似度均>0.900。结论:所建指纹图谱特征性强且操作简便,可用于党参配方颗粒的质量控制。

基于计算生物学和动物实验探究党参抗皮肤衰老的作用机制

目的应用计算生物学和动物实验研究党参水提物抗皮肤衰老的作用机制。方法选取50只SPF级8周龄C57BL/6小鼠随机分为5组,构建D-半乳糖小鼠衰老模型,并用不同剂量党参水提物进行干预;运用苏木精-伊红染色法(HE)和马松(Masson)染色观察小鼠皮肤组织病理变化;生化检测分析小鼠皮肤中羟脯氨酸(HYP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA)含量变化;利用透射电镜观察小鼠皮肤组织超微结构变化。GEO数据库获取皮肤老化芯片数据,筛选皮肤老化差异基因,应用TCMSP及UniProt数据库检索党参活性成分及其药物靶点。将以上数据整合后获得党参-皮肤老化的交集靶点;通过STRING数据库构建党参干预皮肤老化的核心基因蛋白互作网络。实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)和蛋白免疫印迹验证靶点基因和其所在通路主要蛋白在党参干预衰老模型后的表达情况。结果与正常对照组比较,衰老模型组小鼠皮肤组织结构有明显损伤,党参干预后明显改善了皮肤组织结构损伤;与正常对照组比较,衰老模型组小鼠皮肤组织中HYP、SOD含量显著减少(P<0.05),MDA显著升高(P<0.05);与衰老模型组比较,党参组HYP、SOD含量上升,MDA下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP9)是通过计算生物学预测得到党参干预皮肤老化的核心靶点。与正常对照组比较,衰老模型小鼠皮肤中MMP9的表达显著升高(P<0.05),经党参干预后,MMP9的表达量显著下降(P<0.05),其所在通路NF-κB中的关键蛋白核因子κB抑制蛋白α(IκBα)、IκB激酶α(IKKα)、核转录因子κB(NF-κB)P65的表达在党参干预后的皮肤组织中有显著变化(P<0.05)。结论党参水提物可以有效减轻衰老模型小鼠皮肤组织的老化,通过抑制NF-κB通路中IκBα、IKKα、NF-κB P65蛋白的表达,减少下游基因MMP9的表达,从而减轻皮肤胶原破坏,抵抗皮肤老化。

刘茂才治疗中风病后遗症用药规律的数据挖掘

基于FangNet平台,对全国名中医刘茂才治疗中风病后遗症的有效病案的处方资料进行药物频次、性味归经的统计,并通过分析处方药物的权重等级、药物共现性与互斥性、药物-症状关联规则以及药物聚类,总结刘茂才教授治疗中风病后遗症的用药规律。结果共得到105首处方,涉及95味中药。处方用药以性温、味甘、入肝经的药物为主。挖掘得到17味主药,分别为黄芪、天麻、山茱萸、党参、杜仲、牛膝、川芎、远志、姜黄、石菖蒲、麦冬、白术、丹参、茯苓、钩藤、法半夏、女贞子。药物共现性分析结果得到牛膝-杜仲等12对药对,药物-症状关联规则分析得到天麻-头晕等9组药物-症状关联组合,聚类分析得到4个药物组合。分析结果提示刘茂才教授治疗中风病后遗症用药温和,以扶正补虚的药物为主,常以黄芪、党参大补元气,山茱萸、牛膝、杜仲等补益肝肾,同时兼顾痰瘀同治,攻补兼施。

党参及其有效成分的抗肿瘤作用研究进展

归纳总结党参及其有效成分抗肿瘤的作用机制。党参及其有效成分可通过抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、促进肿瘤细胞凋亡、干扰细胞周期、抑制肿瘤细胞转移和侵袭、调节免疫、调控非编码RNA和信号通路等途径,治疗胃癌、肝癌及乳腺癌等多种肿瘤。

Quantitative and HPLC fingerprint analysis combined with chemometrics for quality evaluation of Codonopsis Radix processed with different methods

Objective: To observe the effect of different processing methods on the quality of Codonopsis Radix and provide data reference for the reasonable processing in the producing areas.Methods: An analytical strategy that combined quantitative and HPLC fingerprint analysis with chemometrics was developed for the quality evaluation of Codonopsis Radix. Lobetyolin, polysaccharide, sucrose,glucose, and fructose were detected simultaneously in Codonopsis Radix samples treated with different processing methods including dryer-drying, sun-drying, shade-drying, sulfur fumigation, and kneading,etc.Results: The results showed that different processing methods had an obvious impact on the quality of Codonopsis Radix. Sun-drying or shade-drying was recommended, and sulfur fumigation should be avoided. And dryer-drying at 40 °C-50 °C was suggested to meet the requirement for large scale processing. In addition, based on the content of polysaccharide, glucose, and fructose, it was advised to knead for three times. As for lobetyolin and sucrose, kneading should be avoided.Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated that processing method had a big impact on the quality of Codonopsis Radix. Based on the results, the appropriate processing methods directed at different requirements were recommended. The study could lay a foundation for the reasonable processing of Codonopsis Radix in producing areas.

不同产地党参体外抗氧化活性研究

目的:测定58批党参样品中多糖、黄酮、皂苷的含量及体外抗氧化活性,综合评价党参产地、活性成分含量及抗氧化活性之间的关系。方法:建立紫外-可见分光光度法、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼及2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐法测定党参样品活性成分含量,采用聚类分析、双变量相关性分析、偏最小二乘法-回归分析及灰色关联度分析党参产地、活性成分含量及抗氧化活性之间的关系。结果:58批党参样品中总黄酮、总多糖、总皂苷的质量浓度分别为0.418~1.396、4.954~15.822、12.111~52.052 mg·mL^(-1)。聚类分析、偏最小二乘法-回归分析显示58批党参可以较好地区分为2类,第1类为重庆、湖北、四川、内蒙古及山西产党参,第2类为甘肃渭源县、临洮县、漳县及陇南文县、宕昌县产党参,且抗氧化活性受产地的影响。双变量相关性分析结果表明黄酮类物质可能是影响抗氧化活性的一个显著因素。采用灰色关联度分析得出黄酮的含量与党参抗氧化活性密切度较高,与双变量相关性分析的结果相一致。结论:58批党参均具有一定的抗氧化活性,且抗氧化活性受产地和活性成分含量的影响。

扶元和中膏单味药改善功能性消化不良的研究进展及网络药理学分析

【目的】联合网络药理学和分子对接技术,挖掘扶元和中膏君药党参、麸炒白术等各单味药物及复方改善功能性消化不良(Functionaldyspepsia,FD)的潜在靶点和分子机制。【方法】对扶元和中膏中各单味药物改善功能性消化不良的研究进展进行综述;构建“FD-靶点-有效成分-扶元和中膏”网络,筛选出的交集基因进行GO分析和KEGG相关通路富集,分子对接分析。【结果】扶元和中膏14味药中有10味药具有改善FD的作用,其机制是通过调节胃肠激素水平发挥作用;网络药理学共获得扶元和中膏有效成分149个,与FD相关靶点2641个,扶元和中膏与FD的交集靶点281个,PPI网络筛选获得前5个核心靶点,从构建的“FD-作用靶点-有效成分-扶元和中膏”网络筛选获得扶元和中膏前25个有效成分,对281个交集靶点的GO分析和KEGG分析表明,扶元和中膏可能通过癌症通路、PI3K-Akt、MAPK等途径发挥治疗作用;分子对接结果表明2个主要成分(槲皮素和山奈酚)和3个关键靶点(AKT1、TNF、IL-6)均具有较好的亲和力。【结论】扶元和中膏的主要活性成分槲皮素和山奈酚可能通过癌症通路、PI3K-Akt、MAPK等信号通路,作用于AKT1、TNF、IL-6等关键靶点改善功能性消化不良。

HPLC同时测定党参中4种成分含量

目的建立可同时测定党参中党参苷I、党参炔苷宁、党参炔苷和白术内酯III等4种成分含量的高效液相色谱(HPLC)方法。方法采用HPLC,V-0203052-5250 Svea(4.6 mm×250 mm,5µm)色谱柱,流速为0.8 ml/min,梯度洗脱,流动相为0.1%磷酸水-乙腈,检测波长为220 nm(党参苷I、白术内酯III)及210 nm(党参炔苷宁、党参炔苷),柱温25℃。结果党参苷I、党参炔苷宁、党参炔苷、白术内酯III分别在3.13~200.00,12.50~400.00,6.25~200.00,0.39~12.50µg/ml范围内线性关系良好(r^(2)≥0.9999,n=6);平均回收率为82.20%~98.94%。结论该方法可同时测定党参中4种成分的含量,重复性高,准确性好,可用于党参的质量控制。

Network pharmacology unveils spleen-fortifying effect of Codonopsis Radix on different gastric diseases based on theory of “same treatment for different diseases” in traditional Chinese medicine

Objective: "Same treatment for different diseases" is a unique treatment strategy under the guidance of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) theory.Codonopsis Radix(Codonopsis pilosula,Dangshen in Chinese)with spleen-fortifying effect was employed to understand the strategy of "Same treatment for different diseases",based on its common mechanism in the treatment of gastric diseases including gastric ulcer,gastritis and gastric cancer via network pharmacology research.Methods:Network pharmacology research methods were used to analyze the interaction network and potential mechanisms of Dangshen in treating gastric ulcer,gastritis and gastric cancer.The active components and their target proteins of Dangshen were integrated from TCMSP,BATMAN-TCM databases.The targets of gastric ulcer,gastritis and gastric cancer were collected through GeneCards,PubMed,TDD and DisGeNET Database.Through screening,the key components and the key targets of Dangshen in treating gastric ulcer,gastritis and gastric cancer were obtained.After KEGG pathway analysis and GO analysis,the important pathways and biological processes were analyzed.Results:Through data and literature mining,the common and specific pharmaceutical effects and mechanism of Dangshen were summarized in these three gastric lesions.It was shown that Dangshen mainly acted on gastric ulcer,gastritis and gastric cancer through the overall regulation of the PI3K-AkT signaling pathway.With the development of the disease,it will gradually increase the control of inflammation through TNF,NF-κB and other inflammation-related signaling pathways to reduce inflammatory damage.For tumorigenesis,it pays more attention to inhibiting the ErbB signaling pathways to reduce the proliferation and migration of tumor cells.In addition,Dangshen's regulation of HIF-1 signaling pathway may also be beneficial for the treatment of gastric ulcer,gastritis and gastric cancer.Conclusion:Dangshen achieves spleen-fortifying effect on gastric diseases including gastric ulcer,gastritis and gastric cancer through multiple targets in multiple pathways,especially PI3K-AKT pathway and HIF-1 pathway.It could provide a scientific basis for understanding the strategy of "Same treatment for different diseases" in traditional Chinese medicine.

Rapid quantification of multi-components in alcohol precipitation liquid of Codonopsis Radix using near infrared spectroscopy(NIRS)

A near infrared spectroscopy（NIRS） approach was established for quality control of the alcohol precipitation liquid in the manufacture of Codonopsis Radix. By applying NIRS with multivariate analysis, it was possible to build variation into the calibration sample set, and the Plackett-Burman design, Box-Behnken design, and a concentrating-diluting method were used to obtain the sample set covered with sufficient fluctuation of process parameters and extended concentration information. NIR data were calibrated to predict the four quality indicators using partial least squares regression（PLSR）. In the four calibration models, the root mean squares errors of prediction（RMSEPs） were 1.22 μg/ml, 10.5 μg/ml, 1.43 μg/ml, and 0.433% for lobetyolin, total flavonoids, pigments, and total solid contents, respectively. The results indicated that multi-components quantification of the alcohol precipitation liquid of Codonopsis Radix could be achieved with an NIRS-based method, which offers a useful tool for real-time release testing（RTRT） of intermediates in the manufacture of Codonopsis Radix.

药食同源补气药防治慢性疲劳综合征机制研究进展

慢性疲劳综合征(chronic fatigue syndrome,CFS)是一种原因不明的反复发作的疾病,以严重疲劳为基本特征,常伴随有认知功能障碍、睡眠问题、自主神经功能障碍和疼痛。CFS发病率上升,研究CFS的发病机制以及开发安全有效的治疗药物显得格外重要。药食同源补气药能有效改善CFS,可用于开发防治CFS且可长期使用的功能性食品。本文综述了抗CFS药食同源类补气药的研究现状、CFS病理机制、药食同源补气药防治CFS作用机制,并重点介绍了人参、党参、黄芪和西洋参等4种具有代表性的药食同源类补气药及其抗疲劳作用,为其临床应用提供理论依据,以期为相关功能性食品的开发提供参考。