A large language model-powered literature review for high-angle annular dark field imaging

High-angle annular dark field(HAADF)imaging in scanning transmission electron microscopy(STEM)has become an indispensable tool in materials science due to its ability to offer sub-°A resolution and provide chemical information through Z-contrast.This study leverages large language models(LLMs)to conduct a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of a large amount of HAADF-related literature(more than 41000 papers).By using LLMs,specifically ChatGPT,we were able to extract detailed information on applications,sample preparation methods,instruments used,and study conclusions.The findings highlight the capability of LLMs to provide a new perspective into HAADF imaging,underscoring its increasingly important role in materials science.Moreover,the rich information extracted from these publications can be harnessed to develop AI models that enhance the automation and intelligence of electron microscopes.

Scanning transmission electron microscopy: A review of high angle annular dark field and annular bright field imaging and applications in lithium-ion batteries

Scanning transmission electron microscopy（STEM） has been shown as powerful tools for material characterization,especially after the appearance of aberration-corrector which greatly enhances the resolution of STEM. High angle annular dark field（HAADF） and annular bright field（ABF） imaging of the aberration-corrected STEM are widely used due to their high-resolution capabilities and easily interpretable image contrasts. However, HAADF mode of the STEM is still limited in detecting light elements due to the weak electron-scattering power. ABF mode of the STEM could detect light and heavy elements simultaneously, providing unprecedented opportunities for probing unknown structures of materials. Atomiclevel structure investigation of materials has been achieved by means of these imaging modes, which is invaluable in many fields for either improving properties of materials or developing new materials. This paper aims to provide a introduction of HAADF and ABF imaging techniques and reviews their applications in characterization of cathode materials, study of electrochemical reaction mechanisms, and exploring the effective design of lithium-ion batteries（LIBs）. The future prospects of the STEM are also discussed.

Development of X-ray dark-field imaging towards clinical application

Review of X-ray dark-field imaging under development is presented. Its goal is its application to clinical diagnosis of organs that have been invisible by the ordinary techniques. In order to clinically visualize tissues in detail one needs high contrast and high spatial resolution say ～50 μm. This X-ray optics comprises a Bragg asymmetric monochro-collimator and a Bragg case or a Laue case filter with capability of analyzing angle in a parallel position. Their diffraction index is 4,4,0 and the X-ray energy 35 keV (λ= 0.0354 nm). The filter has 0.6 mm thickness in the Bragg case or 1.075 mm or 2.15 mm thickness in the Laue case. Under this condition only the refracted X-rays from object can transmit through the filter while the beam that may receive absorption and/or phase change will not. Soft tissues at human joints thus taken show high contrast images so that the DFI is promising for clinical diagnosis. Preliminary X-ray absorption images of another clinical candidates of ear bones are also shown.

The Space Structure, Force Fields, and Dark Matter

It is proposed that the digital space structure consists of attachment space (denoted as 1) for rest mass and detachment space (denoted as 0) for kinetic energy. Attachment space attaches to object permanently with zero speed, and detachment space detaches from the object at the speed of light. The combination of attachment space and detachment space brings about the three structures: binary lattice space, miscible space, and binary partition space. Binary lattice space, (1 0)n, consists of repetitive units of alternative attachment space and detachment space. In miscible space, attachment space is miscible to detachment space without separation. Binary partition space, (1)n(0)n, consists of separated continuous phases of attachment space and detachment space. Binary lattice space, miscible space, and binary partition space constitute quantum mechanics, special relativity, and the extreme force fields, respectively. Through the detachment space, a higher dimensional particle in attachment space is sliced into infinitely surrounding a lower dimensional core attachment space, resulting in a particle surrounding by gauge field in the form of binary lattice space. The 10d particle can be sliced into 9d, 8d, 7d, 6d, 5d, and 4d particles equally by mass, corresponding to baryonic particle as 4d and dark matter as other 5 particles, so the ratio between baryonic matter and dark matter is 1 to 5, in agreement with the observed ratio. At extreme conditions, such as extremely low temperature, the gauge force field in the form of binary lattice space is transformed into the extreme force field in the form of binary partition space to explain extreme phenomena, such as superconductivity.

Maintained Exposure to Spring Water but Not Double Distilled Water in Darkness and Thixotropic Conditions to Weak (~1 µT) Temporally Patterned Magnetic Fields Shift Photon Spectroscopic Wavelengths: Effects of Different Shielding Materials

Spring water but not double-distilled water was exposed, in darkness, to a temporally patterned weak magnetic field that has been shown to affect planarian behavior and slow the rate of cancer cell proliferation. Exposure to the magnetic field caused a reliable shift in the peak (longer) wave-length of ~10 nm for fluorescence emissions and a ~20% increase (~100 counts) in fluorescence intensity. Spectral analyses verified a shift of 5 and 10 nm, equivalent to ~1.5 × 10-20 J “periodicity” across the measured wavelengths, which could reflect a change in the an intrinsic energy as predicted by Del Giudice and Preparata and could correspond to two lengths of O-H bonds. Wrapping the water sample containers during exposure with copper foil, aluminum foil, or plastic altered these fluorescent profiles. The most conspicuous effect was the elimination of a ~280 nm peak in the UV-VIS emission spectra only for samples wrapped with copper foil but not aluminum or plastic. These results suggest that weak magnetic fields produce alterations in the water-ionic complexes sufficient to be reliably measured by spectrophotometry. Because the effect was most pronounced when the spring water was exposed in darkness and was not disturbed the role of thixotropic phenomena and Del Giudice entrapment of magnetic fields within coherent domains of Pollack virtual exclusion zones (EZ) may have set the conditions for subsequent release of the energy as photons.

Interaction of Gravitational field and Brans-Dicke field in R/W universe containing Dark Energy like fluid

On studying some new models of Robertson-Walker universes with a Brans-Dicke scalar field, it is found that most of these universes contain a dark energy like fluid which confirms the present scenario of the expansion of the universe. In one of the cases, the exact solution of the field equations gives a universe with a false vacuum, while in another it reduces to that of dust distribution in the Brans-Dicke cosmology when the cosmological constant is not in the picture. In one particular model it is found that the universe may undergo a Big Rip in the future, and thus it will be very interesting to investigate such models further.

Classical SU(3) Gauge Field as a Dark Matter

The model of dark matter is presented where the dark matter is a classical gauge field. A spherical symmetric solution of Yang-Mills equation is obtained. The asymptotic behavior of the gauge fields and matter density is investigated. It is shown that the distribution of the matter density allows us interpret it as the dark matter. The fitting of a typical rotational curve with the rotational curve created by the spherical solution of SU(3) Yang-Mills equation is

Dark Matter Particles May Never Be Directly Detected by Instruments—A Dark Matter Mechanism That Does Not Exceed the Standard Model Framework

A dark matter mechanism within the framework of the standard model (SM) of particle physics is proposed in this article that the essence of dark matter may be the excited virtual particle field by the gravitational field of ordinary matter, which contains virtual photons, virtual positive and negative electron pairs, virtual gluons, virtual positive and negative quark pairs, virtual neutrinos etc. In this mechanism, there are two basic assumptions: 1) the stronger the gravitational field of ordinary matter, the greater the excited energy (mass) density of virtual particle field;2) The excited virtual particle field is generally very weak in self-interaction. The virtual particle field excited by gravity can exhibit the properties of dark matter and may become a dark matter candidate. Based on this new dark matter mechanism, the hydrodynamic equations and cosmic perturbation equations describing cosmic matter are improved, and this may be meaningful for solving the challenges faced by the standard cosmological model (Lambda-CDM or LCDM) and developing and perfecting LCDM model.

猫外膝体神经元非寻常的方位调谐特性──Ⅱ．在去视皮层猫和视觉剥夺猫（Dark－reared cats）的研究

以移动的正弦光栅作为刺激，用玻璃微电极记录以冰冻法毁损皮层１７、１８、１９区和外侧上雪氏回（ＬＳ）区后的猫外膝体的单细胞反应，测定了了５７９个细胞的方位调谐特性．另外还在视觉剥夺猫外膝体测定了３４４个细胞的方位调谐特性．与正常猫相似，去视皮层猫和视觉剥夺猫外膝体的少数细胞（约占１０％）具有非寻常的方位调谐特性，包括具蝴蝶形调谐曲线的方位调谐特性、双调谐（Ｂｉｍｏｄａｌ）的方位调谐特性和最优方位随刺激空间频率的不同而变化的方位调谐特性。结果表明，外膝体的非寻常的方位调谐特性并非主要由皮层下行投射所致，而是主要与先天遗传因素有关。

Next Frontier in Physics—Space as a Complex Tension Field

We hypothesize that 100% of the energy of our cosmic system is held by a physically real Complex Tension Field (CTF). We are using an old methodology of thinking used by our forefather engineers long before the advent of modern scientific thinking. We call it Interaction Process Mapping Epistemology or IPM-E. We apply this IPM-E on to the prevailing Measurable Data Modeling Epistemology or MDM-E. This approach helped us analyze the “Measurement Problem”, recognized during the rise of quantum mechanics (QM), and helped us recover a universal property of all linear waves, that they do not interact, or interfere, with each other. This Non-Interaction of Waves, or the NIW-property, should be obvious through daily observations and through the Huygens-Fresnel diffraction integral and through critical evaluation of contradictory hypotheses we have been assigning to photons through ages. This implicates that the time-frequency Fourier theorem, although mathematically correct, and is used universally in all branches of science;does not map the real physical interaction processes for most optical phenomena. Accordingly, we present the necessary modifications for a few selected phenomena in classical and quantum optics to validate the NIW-property. In the process we find that accepting photons as non-interacting, but diffractively propagating linear wave packets crossing the entire cosmic space, requires CTF as a physical medium. Then we develop logical arguments in support of stable elementary particles as nonlinear but resonant vortex-like undulations of this same CTF. These vortex-like particles impose various secondary potential gradients around themselves giving rise to the four forces we know. Thus, CTF can serve as the cosmic substrate to develop a unified field theory without the need of dark matter and dark energy. In the process, we demonstrate a path to add ontologic thinking on our biologically successful epistemic thinking.

Exact solution of phantom dark energy model

We investigate the phantom dark energy model derived from the scalar field with a negative kinetic term. By assuming a particular relation between the time derivative of the phantom field and the Hubble function, an exact solution of the model is constructed. Absence of the ＇big rip＇ singularity is shown explicitly. We then derive special features of phantom dark energy model and show that its predictions are consistent with all astrophysical observations.

A new parametrization of dark energy equation of state leading to double exponential potential

We show that a phenomenological form of energy density for the scalar field can provide the required transition from decelerated(q > 0) to accelerated expansion(q < 0) phase of the universe.We have used the latest type Ia supernova(SNIa) and Hubble parameter datasets to constrain the model parameters. The best fit values obtained from those datasets are then applied to reconstruct ωφ(z), the equation of state parameter for the scalar field. The results show that the reconstructed forms of q(z) and ωφ(z) do not differ much from the standard ΛCDM value at the current epoch. Finally, the functional form of the relevant potential V(φ) is derived by a parametric reconstruction. The corresponding V(φ)comes out to be a double exponential potential, which has a number of cosmological implications.Additionally, we have also studied the effect of this particular scalar field dark energy sector on the evolution of matter overdensities.

Constraints on Dynamical Dark Energy with Precision Cosmological Data

We present a Dark Energy (DE) model based on a scalar field with an inverse power law potential (IPL) V(&empty;)=M4+n&empty;&minus;n. We consider three different models n=1/2, n=3/4 and n=1 and we vary the value of M and the initial amount of energy density &Omega;&empty;at the scale factor ac. We obtain a time dependent equation of state (EoS) , with w&empty;=1/3 at early times for a scale factor ac with a steep transition to w&empty;=1 at , , , lasting a long period of time and a subsequent descent w&empty;=-1 to for to finally grow to w&empty;= -0.906, w&empty;=-0.932, w&empty;=-0.924 for n=1/2, n=3/4 and n=1 respectively. The values of M and &Omega;&empty;(ac) are M(eV)= 4.63,127.31,2465.46 and &Omega;&empty;(ac)=0.038,0.148,0.227 for n= 1/2, n= 3/4 and n=1 respectively. We show the differences in the evolution of H, the CMB and Matter power spectra, and the redshift space distortion (RSD)parameter. Precision cosmological data allow us to test the dynamics of Dark Energy and we obtain in all three cases a reduction of ?compared to ∧CDM with and an equivalent fit for CMB and SNIa data.

From Yang-Mills Photon in Curved Spacetime to Dark Energy Density

We start from quantum field theory in curved spacetime to derive a new Einstein-like energy mass relation of the type E=γmc2 where γ=1/22 is a Yang-Mills Lorentzian factor, m is the mass and c is the velocity of light. Although quantum field in curved spacetime is not a complete quantum gravity theory, our prediction here of 95.4545% dark energy missing in the cosmos is almost in complete agreement with the WMAP and supernova measurements. Finally, it is concluded that the WMAP and type 1a supernova 4.5% measured energy is the ordinary energy density of the quantum particle while the 95.5% missing dark energy is the energy density of the quantum wave. Recalling that measurement leads to quantum wave collapse, it follows that dark energy as given by E(D) = mc2 (21/22) cannot be detected using conventional direct measurement although its antigravity effect is manifested through the increasing rather than decreasing speed of cosmic expansion.

Bianchi Type-IX Magnetized Dark Energy Model in Saez-Ballester Theory of Gravitation

The Bianchi type-IX cosmological model with variable ω has been studied in the scalar tensor theory of gravitation proposed by Saez and Ballester [Phys. Lett. A 113: 467, 1985] in the presence and absence of magnetic field of energy densityρb. A special law of variation of Hubble’s parameter proposed by Berman [Nuovo Cimento 74 B, 182, 1983] has been used to solve the field equations. The physical and kinematical properties of the model are also discussed.

Cosmological Constant and Energy Density of Random Electromagnetic Field

It is shown that the non-equilibrium electrically neutral and relativistically invariant vacuum-like state with the negative energy density and positive pressure may exist at the non-zero temperature in the system of spinor particles, antiparticles, and random electromagnetic field generated by particle-particle, particle-antiparticle, and antiparticle-antiparticle transitions. At the temperature of the order of 10 -5 K, the energy density of its state corresponds to the dark energy density in absolute magnitude. The cosmological constant for such material medium turns out to be negative.

The Light-Dark Dual Universe for the Big Bang and Dark Energy

In the proposed light-dark dual universe, the light universe is the observable universe with light and kinetic energy that fueled the Big Bang, and the dark universe without light and kinetic energy has been observed as dark energy since about 9 billion years after the Big Bang. The light-dark dual universe started from the zero-energy universe through the four-stage cyclic transformation. Emerging from the zero-energy universe, the four-stage transformation consists of the 11D (dimensional) positive-negative energy dual membrane universe, the 10D positive-negative energy dual string universe, the 10D positive-negative energy dual particle universe, and the 4D (light)-variable D (dark) positive-negative energy dual particle asymmetrical universe. The transformation can then be reversed back to the zero-energy universe through the reverse four-stage transformation. The light universe is an observable four-dimensional universe started with the inflation and the Big Bang, and the dark universe is a variable dimensional universe from 10D to 4D. The dark universe could be observed as dark energy only when the dark universe turned into a four-dimensional universe. The four-stage transformation explains the four force fields in our universe. The theoretical calculated percentages of dark energy, dark matter, and baryonic matter are 72.8. 22.7, and 4.53, respectively, in nearly complete agreement with observed 72.8, 22.7, and 4.56, respectively. According to the calculation, dark energy started in 4.47 billion years ago in agreement with the observed 4.71 ± 0.98 billion years ago. The zero-energy cyclic universe is based on the space-object structures.

Axiomatic Affine Unification with Large Gravitational Vector Field Yields Vector-Metric Theory of Gravitation, Electromagnetism and Field Description of Mass-Particles

Under assumption of existence of extremely large gravitational vector field, this paper proposes a road map for building an Axiomatic Eddington Affine Unification theory yielding both Maxwell’s electromagnetism and Vector-metric theory of gravitation, in which inverse of the square-magnitude of the vector serves as Newton’s gravitational constant. The dependence of the vector’s magnitude with distance may offer an explanation of both Pioneer anomaly and “star rotation abnormality” in some Galaxies. In addition, the theory provides formalism for a classical description of atomic particles (such as protons and electrons) with highly non-linear equations and highly localized solutions. The existence of large Gravitational vector field can, for some variables (sub-fields), lead to elliptical type?differential equations (unlike in Maxwell’s electromagnetism, which is hyperbolic ), that by its nature forbids the existence independent waves and their propagation. Proposed Unified field description might provide the avenue for smooth transition to the world Quantum physics.

Constraints on axion-like particles with different magnetic field models from the PKS 2155–304 energy spectrum

Axion-like particles(ALPs) are a promising kind of dark matter candidate particle that are predicted to couple with photons in the presence of magnetic fields. The oscillations between photons and ALPs traveling in the magnetic fields have been used to constrain ALP properties. In this work, we obtain some new constraints on the ALP mass ma and the photon-ALP coupling constant g with two different magnetic field models through TeV photons from PKS 2155–304. The first is the discrete-Φ model in which the magnetic field has the orientation angle Φ that changes discretely and randomly from one coherent domain to the next, and the second is the linearly-continuous-Φ model in which the magnetic field orientation angle Φ varies continuously across neighboring coherent domains. For the discrete-Φ model, we can obtain the best constraints on the ALP mass m1 = ma/(1 neV)= 0.1 and on the photon-ALP coupling constant g11= g/(10^-11 GeV^-1)= 5. The reasonable range of the ALP mass m1 is 0.08 ~ 0.2 when g11 = 5,and the only reasonable value of the photon-ALP coupling constant is g11 = 5 when m1 = 0.1. For the linearly-continuous-Φ model, we can obtain the best constraints on the ALP mass m1 = 0.1 and on the photon-ALP coupling constant g11 = 0.7. The reasonable range of the ALP mass m1 is 0.05 ~ 0.4 when g11= 0.7, and the reasonable range of the photon-ALP coupling constant g11 is 0.5 ~ 1 when m1 = 0.1.All of the results are consistent with the upper bound(g < 6.6 × 10^-11 GeV^-1, i.e., g11 < 6.6) set by the CAST experiment.

Dark Matter: An Odd Need Created by Unsuitable Theories of Gravitation. The Higgs Quantum Space Dynamics Gravity Doesn’t Need It

The Higgs theory introduces the idea that space is filled up throughout by a quantum fluid medium, giving mass and mechanical properties to the elementary particles by the Higgs mechanism. This Higgs Quantum Space (HQS) thus governs the inertial motion of matter-energy and is locally their ultimate reference for rest and for motions. On the other hand, mo-tion with respect to the local HQS and not relative motion is the origin of all the effects of velocity on matter, on light and on clocks. In previous works, the author has shown that the HQS, moving round the astronomical bodies according to a Keplerian velocity field (GM/r)1/2 e&empty;, consistent with the local astronomical motions, accurately creates the observed gravitational dynamics and gives rise to all the observed effects of the gravitational fields on light and on clocks. The absence of the solar gravitational slowing on the GPS clocks and the absence of light anisotropy with respect to earth are both the signature of this HQS dynamics. In their orbital motion round the galactic center, the stars carry with them their Keplerian velocity fields. The present work shows that, due to the effects of this orbital velocity on the symmetry of the polarized star Keplerian velocity fields, the collective velocity field, created by them, does not fall with distance as the Keplerian profile (r-1/2 ). Depending on the distribution of the matter density, the velocity of the HQS and the stars can even increase with r. The non-Keplerian rotation of the galaxies thus is an intrinsic feature of the HQS dynamics gravitational mechanism, created without the need of dark matter.