Study on Adaptability of Datura stramonium and Datura stramonium var. tatual to Temperature

This study was conducted to investigate the temperature adaptability of Datura stramonium and D. stramonium var. tatual. Under 4 temperature levels,plantgrowth and pigment concentrations in leaves and stems were determined, and leaf anatomic structures of D. stramonium var. tatual and D. stramonium were analyzed. The results showed that the palisade tissue thickness/sponge tissue thickness,stomatal density and stomatal index values of D. stramonium var. tatual were significantly greater than D. stramonium; the chlorophyll content/carotenoid content in leaves of D. stramonium var. tatual increased at first and decreased then, while no regularity was found in leaves of D. stramonium; and the contents of anthocyanin,flavonoids, and total phenols in stems of D. stramonium var. tatual were significantly higher than those in stems of D. stramonium. The temperature adaptability of D.stramonium var. tatual is stronger than that of D. stramonium.

西藏地区入侵植物曼陀罗(Datura stramonium L.)遗传多样性与种群分化研究

曼陀罗(Datura stramonium)为茄科曼陀罗属一年生草本植物,曾作为药用植物引入中国,但由于长期缺乏规范性的管控措施,目前在中国各地均有扩散分布,被划分为入侵植物类,近年来在西藏地区人类干扰较大的生境中均发现其分布。入侵植物的遗传多样性和遗传结构与其入侵适应性机制有直接关联,掌握入侵植物的遗传多样性是了解其潜在适应机制的一项重要内容。该研究利用ISSR分子标记法对分布于西藏不同地区的曼陀罗15个种群的遗传多样性和种群分化进行分析。结果表明:Nei’s遗传多样性指数(H)平均值为0.1884,Shannon多样性指数(I)平均值为0.2828,基因流Nm为1.5640。AMOVA分析表明,曼陀罗种群遗传变异大部分来源于种群内部,种群间遗传分化系数(F_(st))为0.1380(F_(st)<0.25),表明种群间遗传分化不大;聚类分析结果表明,西藏地区曼陀罗种群没有表现出空间上的绝对地域性特征;Mantel检验结果表明,曼陀罗种群的遗传距离与地理距离之间没有显著相关性;曼陀罗遗传多样性与环境因子的相关性分析结果表明,年平均降雨量对曼陀罗遗传多样性具有显著影响。因此,曼陀罗的入侵扩散可能与自然扩散无关,而与人为有意或无意的多次引入有关。控制人为传播,并在曼陀罗开花授粉和果实成熟前对其进行拔除处理可能是目前防控曼陀罗入侵扩散的有效方法。

A review on the pharmacological and toxicological aspects of Datura stramonium L.

Datura stramonium L., a wild-growing plant of the Solanaceae family, is widely distributed and easily accessible. It contains a variety of toxic tropane alkaloids such as atropine, hyoscamine, and scopolamine. In Eastern medicine, especially in Ayurvedic medicine, D. stramonium has been used for curing various human ailments, including ulcers, wounds, inflammation, rheumatism and gout, sciatica, bruises and swellings, fever, asthma and bronchitis, and toothache. A few previous studies have reported on the pharmacological effects of D. stramonium; however, complete information regarding the pharmacology, toxicity, ethnobotany and phytochemistry remains unclear. Ethnomedicinally, the frequent recreational abuse of D. stramonium has resulted in toxic syndromes. D. stramonium, in the form of paste or solution to relieve the local pain, may not have a deleterious effect; however, oral and systemic administration may lead to severe anticholinergic symptoms. For this reason, it is very important for individuals, mainly young people, to be aware of the toxic nature and potential risks associated with the use of this plant. This comprehensive review of D. stramonium includes information on botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and ethnomedicinal uses.

Histological Patterns of Neurodegeneration of Frontal Cortex Neurons in Datura stramonium Treated Wistar Rats

Aim: Datura stramonium (DS) is a known hallucinogen and depressant of the central nervous system, but it is commonly used in alcoholic beverages to increase intoxication. Pharmacological, physiological and ultra-structural studies have demonstrated the neurotoxicity of this drug inanimals and humans at high doses. The present study investigated the histological patterns of neurodegeneration of frontal cortex (FC) neurons in Wistar rats treated with high doses of DS seed extract. Materials and methods: Ethanolic extract of DS dried seeds was diluted in normal saline and administered to male and female Wistar rats weighing 200 g - 250 g. The animals were first placed in three groups which were further sub-divided into four sub-groups. The treated sub-groups received intraperitoneal administration (i.p.) of 750 mg/kg of diluted DS seed extract once daily in group 1, twice daily (1500 mg/kg/day) in group 2 and thrice daily (2250 mg/kg/day) in group 3. The treatment was carried out for 4 weeks while the control groups received normal saline during the same period. The rats were euthanized and sections of the frontal cortices of the brain were histologically processed from all groups. Silver impregnation stain for degenerating axons and neurons was used to elucidate the pattern of degeneration induced by DS seed extract on the neurons of the FC. Results: The results of intraperitoneal administration of DS extract showed no changes in groups 1 & 2 treated rats while group 3 showed a significant pattern of histological changes like axonal atrophy, vacuolization and neuronal deaths in the frontal cortices neurons compared to the controls. Conclusion: DS may have a specific pattern of neurodegeneration at higher doses of administration. This could provide a useful model in understanding how DS intoxication can affect frontal cortex neurons with an implication of neurological disorders, mental diseases and behavioural deficits.

CREB Protein Expressed Differently in the Frontal Cortices of Datura stramonium Treated Rats: Implication for Addiction and Neurodegeneration

Background: cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) is one of the cellular transcription factors found in neurons. CREB is also important for the survival of neurons, and has an important role in the development of drug addiction. Datura stramonium (DS) is a tropical ubiquitous plant commonly used to increase the intoxication of certain beverages for recreational purposes. The seeds of this plant are very toxic and may produce addiction on prolong usage. This research investigated the effects of administration of high doses of DS seeds on the expression of CREB protein in both male and female rats’ frontal cortices and its implication in addiction and neurodegeneration. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted with a total of 24 male and female Wistar rats weighing 200 g - 250 g. The rats were divided into three groups of 8 rats each. Each group was further divided into four sub-groups of 2 rats each. Ethanolic dried seed extract of DS was diluted in normal saline and administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) to the treatment groups. The treated sub-groups received 750 mg/kg of DS extract once in group 1, twice in group 2 and thrice in group 3 daily for 4 weeks respectively, while the control sub-groups received i.p. normal saline concurrently for the same duration of time. The rats were euthanized and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was computed to detect a significant main difference of DS effect on CREB expression for each group, while post hoc Bonferroni Test compared CREB protein expression between male and female groups. Result: There were significant differences in the expression of CREB protein between the sub-groups and between the male and female rats of treated sub-group (p < 0.05) compared to the controls. There was a decrease in the female treated sub-groups and an increase in the male treated sub-groups compared to the respective controls. Conclusion: High doses of DS administration for a prolong time may affect the expressions of CREB protein differently in male and female treated rats which may consequently lead to addiction and neurodegeneration affecting frontal cortex neurons.

拉萨入侵植物曼陀罗（Datura stramonium）传粉生物学研究

近几年曼陀罗(Datura stramonium)作为西藏的外来植物物种分布面积不断在扩大,为了研究其繁衍特性和传粉机制,通过野外观察和室内实验两种方式对拉萨地区曼陀罗的单花花期、昆虫访花情况、访花者类别、花部形态特征、繁育系统等进行了系统研究。结果表明:①曼陀罗群落花期为6月至10月上旬,单花花期为一天左右;②曼陀罗花粉/胚珠比(P/O)平均为286.69,杂交指数(OCI)值为4,不存在孤雌生殖,花粉对昆虫的吸引力较大,其繁育系统属于兼性异交,但通过观察拉萨地区的曼陀罗发现其自交率很高;③访花昆虫主要为蜂类和蝇类,其中蜂类有2种1属,蝇类有7种4属,因其虫媒物种的不同,昆虫在访花时间上差异较大,早上以蝇类为主,傍晚以蜂类为主,经鉴定蜂类为有效的传粉昆虫。

Pharmacological properties of Datura stramonium L. as a potential medicinal tree:An overview

India has a great wealth of various naturally occurring plant drugs which have great potential pharmacological activities.Datura stramonium(D.stramonium is one of the widely well known folklore medicinal herbs.The troublesome weed,D.stramonium is a plant with both poisonous and medicinal preperties and has been proven to have great pharmacological potential with a great utility real usage in folklore medicine.D.stromonium has been scientifically proven to contain alkaloids,tannins,carbohydrates and proteins.This plant has contributed various pharmacological actions in the scientific field of Indian systems of medicines like analgesic and antiasthmatic activities.The present paper presents an exclusive review work on the ethnomedical,phytochemical,pharmacological activities of this plant.

Allelopathic Effect of Seed and Leaf Aqueous Extracts of <i>Datura stramonium</i>on Leaf Chlorophyll Content, Shoot and Root Elongation of <i>Cenchrus ciliaris</i>and <i>Neonotonia wightii</i>

Pot experiment was carried out to determine the allelopathic effects of Datura?stramonium on leaf chlorophyll content, root and shoot elongation, fresh and dry weight of two wild plant species: Cenchrus ciliaris and Neonotonia wightii. Different concentrations (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) from seed and leaf extracts of D. stramonium were used to investigate the allelopathic effects of D. stramonium on growth of tested species.?The total chlorophyll content of N. wightii was significantly reduced in all plants treated with both aqueous seed and leaf extracts of D. stramonium. In C. ciliaris, the total chlorophyll content was also significantly reduced for those plants treated with aqueous seed extract and leaf extract from D. stramonium. Relative to the control treatments, there was greater reduction in root and shoot length which was observed in higher concentrations of aqueous seed and leaf extracts. Fresh and dry weight of tested species significantly decreased after being treated with both seed and leaf aqueous extracts of D. stramonium. It was found that the allelopathic effect of aqueous seed and leaf extracts from D. stramonium on tested species was concentration-dependent. The inhibitory effects on all tested species increased as the concentration of both extracts increased from 0% to 100%. This study concluded that aqueous seed and leaf extract of D. stramonium have allelopathic effects on leaf chlorophyll content, root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight of grass (C. ciliaris) and legume (N. wightii) species.

Sub-chronic(Ninety Days)Toxicity Study of Hydroethanolic Leaf Extract of Datura stramonium L.in Rodents

Background:Phyto-medicine represents a vast pool of novel drug development,but understanding their safety requires elaborate,multifaceted approaches,including toxicity studies.Objective:This study investigated the effects of 90 days of oral administration of Datura stramonium(DSE)leaf extract in Rats.Methods:In the oral acute toxicity study,mice were treated with a single oral gavage of DSE at 500,1000,and 2000 mg·kg^(-1)/d,po and observed for signs of acute toxicity for 14 days.In the sub-chronic study,rats were randomized into four Groups(A-D).Group A received distilled water(10 mL·kg^(-1),po)while groups B-D received DSE(10,50 and 250 mg·kg^(-1)/d,po,respectively)orally for 90 days uninterrupted.Animals were weighed weekly,with food and water measured daily and relevant parameters assayed at the end of the 90days administration.Results:In acute toxicity studies,oral administration of up to 2 g·kg^(-1)/d,po of DSE did not elicit any semblance of toxicity or mortality within 24 h to 14 days.In the 90days studies,DSE(250 mg·kg^(-1)/d,po)decreased the body weight,brain weight,and food intake in female rats.DSE(10-250 mg·kg^(-1)/d,po)increased the red blood cell(RBC),packed cell volume(PCV)and hemoglobin(Hb)in both sexes.DSE(10-250 mg·kg^(-1)/d,po)increased the triglycerides(TG),cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein(LDL);and decreased HDL in both sexes.DSE(10-250 mg·kg^(-1)/d,po)increased the white blood cells(WBC)and platelets in female rats.DSE(10-250 mg·kg^(-1)/d,po)decreased the alkaline phosphatase(ALP)and alanine transaminase(ALT)in both studies.Serum urea level was decreased in both sexes.DSE(250 mg·kg^(-1)/d,po)decreased male rats’serum sodium ion levels.Liver,brain,testes and kidney showed severe lesions at 250 mg·kg^(-1)/d,po of the extract.Conclusion:D.stramonium is safe on acute exposure and relatively safe on sub-chronic oral administration.How-ever,prolonged use,especially at high doses,could cause Liver,brain and kidney toxicities;and abnormal lipid metabolism.

In vitro anti-leishmanial activity of methanolic extracts of Calendula officinalis flowers, Datura stramonium seeds, and Salvia officinalis leaves

AIM: The anti-leishmanial activity of methanolic extracts of Calendula officinalis flowers, Datura stramonium seeds, and Salvia officinalis leaves against extracellular(promastigote) and intracellular(amastigote) forms of Leishmania major were evaluated in this study. METHOD: In the first stage, promastigote forms of L. major, were treated with different doses of the plant extracts in a 96-well tissue-culture microplate and IC50 values for each extract were measured with colorimetric MTT assay. In the second stage, macrophage cells were infected with L. major promastigotes. Infected macrophages were treated with plant extracts. Then the macrophages were stained with Gimsa and the number of infected macrophages and amastigotes were counted with a light microscope. RESULTS: The results indicated that the plant extracts inhibited the growth of promastigotes and amastigotes of L. major. Inhibitory concentrations(IC50) for promastigote assay were 108.19, 155.15, and 184.32 μg·mL-1 for C. officinalis flowers, D. stramonium seeds and S. officinalis, respectively. The extracts also reduced the number of amastigotes in macrophage cells from 264 for control group to 88, 97, and 102 for test groups. Although the anti-leishmanial activity of the extracts were not comparable with the standard drug, miltefosine; but they showed significant efficiency in reducing the number of amastigotes in macrophages, in comparison with the control group(P < 0.001). These plant extracts had lower toxicity compared with miltefosine. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the potential efficacy of the methanolic extracts of C. officinalis flowers, D. stramonium seeds, and S. officinalis leaves to control of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

西藏拉萨市入侵植物曼陀罗群落物种多样性研究

拉萨市是国家生态安全屏障建设的前沿中心阵地。曼陀罗(Datura stramonium)在拉萨市已形成严重入侵趋势,对城市人居环境有很大的生物生态安全风险。选择拉萨市区曼陀罗群落为研究对象,采用典型样地调查法对拉萨市曼陀罗入侵地植物群落物种组成、群落相似系数、重要值等数量特征及初步对入侵地植物多样性的影响进行分析,为城市范围入侵植物群落多样性的研究提供拉萨市的数据。研究结果表明,1)拉萨市曼陀罗入侵地植物群落物种组成共计22科62属74种,其中菊科、禾本科与苋科的种类居多,且外来植物多达23种,另外一年生草本植物占47.30%。2)曼陀罗群落中出现频率较高(91%-100%)的植物种有4种,占总物种数的5.41%,优势种的优势度现象明显;本土植物菊叶香藜(Dysphania schraderiana)与藜(Chenopodium album)和曼陀罗伴生频率最高,单翅猪毛菜(Kali monopterum)与反苞蒲公英(Taraxacum grypodon)次之,入侵植物中的牛膝菊(Galinsoga parviflora)与反枝苋(Amaranthus retroflexus)和曼陀罗伴生的频率最高;群落样方的Bray-Curtis相似系数普遍较低,说明曼陀罗群落物种多样性组成变化明显,生态位幅度较宽。3)Pearson相关性分析结果表明,样方物种丰富度与曼陀罗的重要值显著负相关,即随着曼陀罗盖度的增加物种丰富度显著减少。拉萨市曼陀罗植物群落中存在较多具有入侵性质的伴生种,建议下一步加大对整个拉萨市区外来入侵植物的全面本底调查,加强曼陀罗在高海拔地区入侵机制相关方面的基础研究。研究结果可为拉萨建成区曼陀罗的入侵性及其预防控制提供植物生态学数据参考。

21种药用植物提取物的抑菌活性筛选及其化学成分分析

为了探究新疆植物资源的药用活性,本研究通过菌丝生长速率测定法,以尖孢镰刀菌、立枯丝核菌和拟轮枝镰刀菌等3种棉花致病菌为靶标菌,对21种新疆药用植物提取物的抑菌活性进行筛选与测定,然后采用超高效液相色谱串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS),以及相关数据库和文献对曼陀罗乙醇提取物质进行分析鉴定。结果表明,21种植物提取物中曼陀罗对3种棉花病原菌均具有较好的抑菌活性效果,并通过液质联用共鉴定曼陀罗乙醇提取物21个化学成分,主要包括10个生物碱类、4个脂质类、2个酚酸类、2个有机酸类和其他类化合物,其中生物碱类化合物为主要成分占总的47.62%,生物碱类物质因具有显著抑菌活性,可能是曼陀罗类物质的主要抑菌活性成分。

气候变化背景下入侵植物曼陀罗在西藏的潜在风险区预测

生物安全与外来物种入侵是国门生物安全的重大生态学问题,生物入侵造成了巨大的经济损失与生物多样性快速丧失,还影响着人类的身体健康。西藏是我国重要的生态安全屏障,生态类型复杂且丰富多样,明确西藏区域尺度上外来入侵植物的潜在分布格局及其对气候变化的响应对入侵植物的预防和控制具有重要意义。为了探究入侵植物曼陀罗(Datura stramonium L.)对西藏生态安全的影响风险,基于野外实地调查数据,采用最大熵(Maxent)模型,应用R语言和SPSS软件对模型参数和数据进行优化筛选,探讨影响其地理分布的主要环境因子,并模拟预测了当代及2种气候变化情景(RCP 45、RCP 85)下2050年和2070年,其在西藏的潜在入侵风险区分布情况。结果表明:下层土壤酸碱度、年平均气温、最暖月最高温度与土壤有效含水量是影响曼陀罗分布的主导环境因子,海拔和人类活动影响强度也有重要作用;朗县、加查县、乃东区、城关区、八宿县、贡嘎县、巴宜区、波密县、察隅县、芒康县等地为入侵高风险地区;两种气候背景下曼陀罗的各级风险区面积和总风险区面积均呈持续增加的变化趋势,且在最高碳排放情景(RCP 85情景)下响应更为敏感;主要沿着低海拔河谷区域东南向西北方向入侵扩散的趋势,分布中心由当前的墨脱县域向工布江达县域转移。综合来说,曼陀罗在西藏分布受土壤环境、温度和降水影响较大,气候变化和人类活动影响强度将使其向西藏西部、北部扩散。研究结果可为西藏地区综合防控曼陀罗的入侵危害与动态监测提供生态学基础理论依据。

曼陀罗化学成分与生物活性研究现状及展望

概述了曼陀罗化学成分、生物活性、有效成分、致毒机理、作用方式及应用等方面的研究进展。提出了今后研究的主要方向。

重金属污染下曼陀罗种群分化的RAPD分析

将不同空间地段上获得的同一种质但污染年代各不相同的 4个曼陀罗材料种子易地种植在同一模拟重金属污染生境中 ,对这 4个曼陀罗种群进行 RAPD分析。结果表明 ,在 1 0 5个检测位点中发现有 78个位点呈多态性。在这些多态位点中未发现与重金属抗性有关的特异性多态 DNA片段。Shannon-Weiner指数计算结果表明 ,在短期污染时间内曼陀罗种群遗传多样性水平降低。随着污染时间的推移 ,曼陀罗种群逐渐在污染迹地上稳定下来 ,曼陀罗种群遗传多样性水平有所回升和提高 ,4个曼陀罗种群遗传多样性由高到低排列顺序为 L>CK>M>S。遗传多样性指数表明曼陀罗种群间变异程度远小于种群内的遗传变异。 4个种群两两间遗传距离较小 ,遗传距离最大的种群为 L和 S,最小的为 L和 CK种群。因此 ,在重金属胁迫环境选择下 ,曼陀罗种群发生了一定程度的分化与微进化 。

白花曼陀罗悬浮培养细胞转化对羟基苯甲醛生成天麻素

目的研究天麻素在植物细胞的转化合成。方法利用白花曼陀罗细胞悬浮培养转化外源对羟基苯甲醛合成天麻素,并应用多种色谱技术进行分离纯化,根据转化产物的理化性质和光谱数据分析鉴定结构。结果利用白花曼陀罗细胞成功地将对羟基苯甲醛转化为天麻素(II),并得到由对羟基苯甲醛生成天麻素的转化中间体对羟基苯甲醇(I)。另外,从细胞培养物中分离得到β-D-吡喃阿洛酮糖(III)和5-正丁氧基-β-D-吡喃阿洛酮糖(IV)两种化合物。结论白花曼陀罗细胞悬浮培养能转化对羟基苯甲醛合成天麻素。

3种茄科入侵植物在我国的潜在地理分布及气候适生性分析

【目的】探究喀西茄(Solanum khasianum)、牛茄子(Solanum capsicoides)和曼陀罗(Datura stramonium)3种茄科入侵植物在我国的分布格局及其主要气候环境影响因子,为3种茄科入侵植物的监测、预警和防控提供科学依据。【方法】获取3种茄科入侵植物在我国的已知分布点,结合生物环境空间数据,利用最大熵模型(MaxEnt)预测其在我国的3 km×3 km分辨率适生性空间分布概率,并分析3种茄科入侵植物地理分布的空间重叠特征及影响其空间分布的主要气候环境因子。【结果】喀西茄、牛茄子和曼陀罗3种茄科入侵植物在我国的入侵分布区广泛,分别占国土面积的20.09%、25.69%和62.49%,但地理分布存在明显空间分异和局部空间重叠。其中,曼陀罗除青藏高原外各地区均有其适生区,而喀西茄和牛茄子主要分布于亚热带地区;喀西茄的适生区主要集中在西南云贵高原,是其入侵的重灾区,尤其是云南、广西、贵州及其周边的省份;牛茄子分布范围较喀西茄广,主要分布在热带和亚热带地区,适生性自南向北逐渐减弱。【结论】我国西南地区是喀西茄和牛茄子入侵的集中适生区和重灾区。3种茄科植物在云贵高原和横断山区均有气候适宜重叠区,是入侵茄科植物的未来重点防疫区。

曼陀罗植株不同部位浸提液化感作用的比较研究

为了比较曼陀罗不同部位化感作用的差异,用蒸馏水分别浸提曼陀罗根、茎、叶的有效成分,以蒸馏水为对照,研究曼陀罗根、茎、叶浸提液对芝麻和粟种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,0.2g/ml曼陀罗叶浸提液处理时,芝麻和粟种子萌发率分别降低83%和83.3%,幼苗的根和茎则停止了生长;0.4g/ml曼陀罗茎浸提液使芝麻和粟的萌发率降低27.6%和15.8%,幼苗根长降低93.3%和64.7%,幼苗茎长降低51.2%和18.0%。0.4g/ml曼陀罗根浸提液使芝麻和粟种子萌发率降低31.2%和56.2%,幼苗根长降低75.1%和15.0%。因此,曼陀罗叶浸提液强烈抑制了芝麻和粟的种子萌发和幼苗生长,茎浸提液和根浸提液也都存在一定的抑制效应,但都弱于叶浸提液。

曼陀罗生物碱提取液对几种植物种子萌发的影响

以不同浓度的曼陀罗生物碱提取液分别处理3种植物种子，探索其对植物种子萌发的影响。结果表明：低浓度（0．1、0．2mg/ml）浸种对鹰嘴豆、金豆种子萌发均有不同程度的促进作用，但较高浓度（0．3～0．5mg/ml）浸种则表现出抑制作用；各处理对番茄种子萌发均有抑制作用，使种子的萌发率、α-淀粉酶活性等受到明显抑制，且抑制作用随处理浓度提高而增强。

曼陀罗不同生育期的杀鼠活性研究

以小白鼠为实验动物,采用饲料混毒法进行杀鼠活性测定。结果表明,曼陀罗不同生育期的杀鼠活性明显不同,9月份的样品杀鼠活性最强,其次为10月份,而8月份的样品杀鼠活性最弱,由此可以确定曼陀罗的最佳采样期为9月上旬。采用灌胃法测定曼陀罗对小鼠的毒性。结果表明,小鼠对曼陀罗的耐受量大于4 g.kg-1,小于16 g.kg-1,致死中量LD50=7.04 g.kg-1,95%置信区间为[5.75,8.62],回归方程为Y=0.8872+4.8535X。