西藏地区入侵植物曼陀罗(Datura stramonium L.)遗传多样性与种群分化研究

曼陀罗(Datura stramonium)为茄科曼陀罗属一年生草本植物,曾作为药用植物引入中国,但由于长期缺乏规范性的管控措施,目前在中国各地均有扩散分布,被划分为入侵植物类,近年来在西藏地区人类干扰较大的生境中均发现其分布。入侵植物的遗传多样性和遗传结构与其入侵适应性机制有直接关联,掌握入侵植物的遗传多样性是了解其潜在适应机制的一项重要内容。该研究利用ISSR分子标记法对分布于西藏不同地区的曼陀罗15个种群的遗传多样性和种群分化进行分析。结果表明:Nei’s遗传多样性指数(H)平均值为0.1884,Shannon多样性指数(I)平均值为0.2828,基因流Nm为1.5640。AMOVA分析表明,曼陀罗种群遗传变异大部分来源于种群内部,种群间遗传分化系数(F_(st))为0.1380(F_(st)<0.25),表明种群间遗传分化不大;聚类分析结果表明,西藏地区曼陀罗种群没有表现出空间上的绝对地域性特征;Mantel检验结果表明,曼陀罗种群的遗传距离与地理距离之间没有显著相关性;曼陀罗遗传多样性与环境因子的相关性分析结果表明,年平均降雨量对曼陀罗遗传多样性具有显著影响。因此,曼陀罗的入侵扩散可能与自然扩散无关,而与人为有意或无意的多次引入有关。控制人为传播,并在曼陀罗开花授粉和果实成熟前对其进行拔除处理可能是目前防控曼陀罗入侵扩散的有效方法。

Pharmacological properties of Datura stramonium L. as a potential medicinal tree:An overview

India has a great wealth of various naturally occurring plant drugs which have great potential pharmacological activities.Datura stramonium(D.stramonium is one of the widely well known folklore medicinal herbs.The troublesome weed,D.stramonium is a plant with both poisonous and medicinal preperties and has been proven to have great pharmacological potential with a great utility real usage in folklore medicine.D.stromonium has been scientifically proven to contain alkaloids,tannins,carbohydrates and proteins.This plant has contributed various pharmacological actions in the scientific field of Indian systems of medicines like analgesic and antiasthmatic activities.The present paper presents an exclusive review work on the ethnomedical,phytochemical,pharmacological activities of this plant.

A review on the pharmacological and toxicological aspects of Datura stramonium L.

Datura stramonium L., a wild-growing plant of the Solanaceae family, is widely distributed and easily accessible. It contains a variety of toxic tropane alkaloids such as atropine, hyoscamine, and scopolamine. In Eastern medicine, especially in Ayurvedic medicine, D. stramonium has been used for curing various human ailments, including ulcers, wounds, inflammation, rheumatism and gout, sciatica, bruises and swellings, fever, asthma and bronchitis, and toothache. A few previous studies have reported on the pharmacological effects of D. stramonium; however, complete information regarding the pharmacology, toxicity, ethnobotany and phytochemistry remains unclear. Ethnomedicinally, the frequent recreational abuse of D. stramonium has resulted in toxic syndromes. D. stramonium, in the form of paste or solution to relieve the local pain, may not have a deleterious effect; however, oral and systemic administration may lead to severe anticholinergic symptoms. For this reason, it is very important for individuals, mainly young people, to be aware of the toxic nature and potential risks associated with the use of this plant. This comprehensive review of D. stramonium includes information on botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and ethnomedicinal uses.

Sub-chronic(Ninety Days)Toxicity Study of Hydroethanolic Leaf Extract of Datura stramonium L.in Rodents

Background:Phyto-medicine represents a vast pool of novel drug development,but understanding their safety requires elaborate,multifaceted approaches,including toxicity studies.Objective:This study investigated the effects of 90 days of oral administration of Datura stramonium(DSE)leaf extract in Rats.Methods:In the oral acute toxicity study,mice were treated with a single oral gavage of DSE at 500,1000,and 2000 mg·kg^(-1)/d,po and observed for signs of acute toxicity for 14 days.In the sub-chronic study,rats were randomized into four Groups(A-D).Group A received distilled water(10 mL·kg^(-1),po)while groups B-D received DSE(10,50 and 250 mg·kg^(-1)/d,po,respectively)orally for 90 days uninterrupted.Animals were weighed weekly,with food and water measured daily and relevant parameters assayed at the end of the 90days administration.Results:In acute toxicity studies,oral administration of up to 2 g·kg^(-1)/d,po of DSE did not elicit any semblance of toxicity or mortality within 24 h to 14 days.In the 90days studies,DSE(250 mg·kg^(-1)/d,po)decreased the body weight,brain weight,and food intake in female rats.DSE(10-250 mg·kg^(-1)/d,po)increased the red blood cell(RBC),packed cell volume(PCV)and hemoglobin(Hb)in both sexes.DSE(10-250 mg·kg^(-1)/d,po)increased the triglycerides(TG),cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein(LDL);and decreased HDL in both sexes.DSE(10-250 mg·kg^(-1)/d,po)increased the white blood cells(WBC)and platelets in female rats.DSE(10-250 mg·kg^(-1)/d,po)decreased the alkaline phosphatase(ALP)and alanine transaminase(ALT)in both studies.Serum urea level was decreased in both sexes.DSE(250 mg·kg^(-1)/d,po)decreased male rats’serum sodium ion levels.Liver,brain,testes and kidney showed severe lesions at 250 mg·kg^(-1)/d,po of the extract.Conclusion:D.stramonium is safe on acute exposure and relatively safe on sub-chronic oral administration.How-ever,prolonged use,especially at high doses,could cause Liver,brain and kidney toxicities;and abnormal lipid metabolism.

Study on Adaptability of Datura stramonium and Datura stramonium var. tatual to Temperature

This study was conducted to investigate the temperature adaptability of Datura stramonium and D. stramonium var. tatual. Under 4 temperature levels,plantgrowth and pigment concentrations in leaves and stems were determined, and leaf anatomic structures of D. stramonium var. tatual and D. stramonium were analyzed. The results showed that the palisade tissue thickness/sponge tissue thickness,stomatal density and stomatal index values of D. stramonium var. tatual were significantly greater than D. stramonium; the chlorophyll content/carotenoid content in leaves of D. stramonium var. tatual increased at first and decreased then, while no regularity was found in leaves of D. stramonium; and the contents of anthocyanin,flavonoids, and total phenols in stems of D. stramonium var. tatual were significantly higher than those in stems of D. stramonium. The temperature adaptability of D.stramonium var. tatual is stronger than that of D. stramonium.

Allelopathic Effect of Seed and Leaf Aqueous Extracts of <i>Datura stramonium</i>on Leaf Chlorophyll Content, Shoot and Root Elongation of <i>Cenchrus ciliaris</i>and <i>Neonotonia wightii</i>

Pot experiment was carried out to determine the allelopathic effects of Datura?stramonium on leaf chlorophyll content, root and shoot elongation, fresh and dry weight of two wild plant species: Cenchrus ciliaris and Neonotonia wightii. Different concentrations (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) from seed and leaf extracts of D. stramonium were used to investigate the allelopathic effects of D. stramonium on growth of tested species.?The total chlorophyll content of N. wightii was significantly reduced in all plants treated with both aqueous seed and leaf extracts of D. stramonium. In C. ciliaris, the total chlorophyll content was also significantly reduced for those plants treated with aqueous seed extract and leaf extract from D. stramonium. Relative to the control treatments, there was greater reduction in root and shoot length which was observed in higher concentrations of aqueous seed and leaf extracts. Fresh and dry weight of tested species significantly decreased after being treated with both seed and leaf aqueous extracts of D. stramonium. It was found that the allelopathic effect of aqueous seed and leaf extracts from D. stramonium on tested species was concentration-dependent. The inhibitory effects on all tested species increased as the concentration of both extracts increased from 0% to 100%. This study concluded that aqueous seed and leaf extract of D. stramonium have allelopathic effects on leaf chlorophyll content, root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight of grass (C. ciliaris) and legume (N. wightii) species.

Histological Patterns of Neurodegeneration of Frontal Cortex Neurons in Datura stramonium Treated Wistar Rats

Aim: Datura stramonium (DS) is a known hallucinogen and depressant of the central nervous system, but it is commonly used in alcoholic beverages to increase intoxication. Pharmacological, physiological and ultra-structural studies have demonstrated the neurotoxicity of this drug inanimals and humans at high doses. The present study investigated the histological patterns of neurodegeneration of frontal cortex (FC) neurons in Wistar rats treated with high doses of DS seed extract. Materials and methods: Ethanolic extract of DS dried seeds was diluted in normal saline and administered to male and female Wistar rats weighing 200 g - 250 g. The animals were first placed in three groups which were further sub-divided into four sub-groups. The treated sub-groups received intraperitoneal administration (i.p.) of 750 mg/kg of diluted DS seed extract once daily in group 1, twice daily (1500 mg/kg/day) in group 2 and thrice daily (2250 mg/kg/day) in group 3. The treatment was carried out for 4 weeks while the control groups received normal saline during the same period. The rats were euthanized and sections of the frontal cortices of the brain were histologically processed from all groups. Silver impregnation stain for degenerating axons and neurons was used to elucidate the pattern of degeneration induced by DS seed extract on the neurons of the FC. Results: The results of intraperitoneal administration of DS extract showed no changes in groups 1 & 2 treated rats while group 3 showed a significant pattern of histological changes like axonal atrophy, vacuolization and neuronal deaths in the frontal cortices neurons compared to the controls. Conclusion: DS may have a specific pattern of neurodegeneration at higher doses of administration. This could provide a useful model in understanding how DS intoxication can affect frontal cortex neurons with an implication of neurological disorders, mental diseases and behavioural deficits.

CREB Protein Expressed Differently in the Frontal Cortices of Datura stramonium Treated Rats: Implication for Addiction and Neurodegeneration

Background: cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) is one of the cellular transcription factors found in neurons. CREB is also important for the survival of neurons, and has an important role in the development of drug addiction. Datura stramonium (DS) is a tropical ubiquitous plant commonly used to increase the intoxication of certain beverages for recreational purposes. The seeds of this plant are very toxic and may produce addiction on prolong usage. This research investigated the effects of administration of high doses of DS seeds on the expression of CREB protein in both male and female rats’ frontal cortices and its implication in addiction and neurodegeneration. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted with a total of 24 male and female Wistar rats weighing 200 g - 250 g. The rats were divided into three groups of 8 rats each. Each group was further divided into four sub-groups of 2 rats each. Ethanolic dried seed extract of DS was diluted in normal saline and administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) to the treatment groups. The treated sub-groups received 750 mg/kg of DS extract once in group 1, twice in group 2 and thrice in group 3 daily for 4 weeks respectively, while the control sub-groups received i.p. normal saline concurrently for the same duration of time. The rats were euthanized and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was computed to detect a significant main difference of DS effect on CREB expression for each group, while post hoc Bonferroni Test compared CREB protein expression between male and female groups. Result: There were significant differences in the expression of CREB protein between the sub-groups and between the male and female rats of treated sub-group (p < 0.05) compared to the controls. There was a decrease in the female treated sub-groups and an increase in the male treated sub-groups compared to the respective controls. Conclusion: High doses of DS administration for a prolong time may affect the expressions of CREB protein differently in male and female treated rats which may consequently lead to addiction and neurodegeneration affecting frontal cortex neurons.

拉萨入侵植物曼陀罗（Datura stramonium）传粉生物学研究

近几年曼陀罗(Datura stramonium)作为西藏的外来植物物种分布面积不断在扩大,为了研究其繁衍特性和传粉机制,通过野外观察和室内实验两种方式对拉萨地区曼陀罗的单花花期、昆虫访花情况、访花者类别、花部形态特征、繁育系统等进行了系统研究。结果表明:①曼陀罗群落花期为6月至10月上旬,单花花期为一天左右;②曼陀罗花粉/胚珠比(P/O)平均为286.69,杂交指数(OCI)值为4,不存在孤雌生殖,花粉对昆虫的吸引力较大,其繁育系统属于兼性异交,但通过观察拉萨地区的曼陀罗发现其自交率很高;③访花昆虫主要为蜂类和蝇类,其中蜂类有2种1属,蝇类有7种4属,因其虫媒物种的不同,昆虫在访花时间上差异较大,早上以蝇类为主,傍晚以蜂类为主,经鉴定蜂类为有效的传粉昆虫。

NaCl处理对曼陀罗幼苗生长、光合、离子积累及抗氧化系统的影响

通过测定曼(Datura stramonium L.)陀罗鲜质量、干质量、叶绿素质量分数、光合参数、Na^+和K^+质量摩尔浓度、脂肪酸质量分数、丙二醛(MDA)质量摩尔浓度、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)等抗氧化酶的活性,研究曼陀罗在盐渍环境的生理适应机制及耐盐适应性。结果表明:NaCl处理后,曼陀罗幼苗鲜质量、干质量、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素质量分数显著降低。随着盐胁迫的加剧,曼陀罗幼苗叶片净光合速率(Pn)逐渐下降,T1(土壤NaCl质量分数为0.15%)处理Pn降低幅度较小,T2(土壤NaCl质量分数为0.40%)和T3(土壤NaCl质量分数为0.60%)处理Pn显著降低,分别比对照降低33.54%和41.59%。NaCl处理使曼陀罗地上部分和根部Na^+质量摩尔浓度明显增加,根部比地上部分积累更多的Na^+。随着盐胁迫的加剧,地上部分的K^+质量摩尔浓度逐渐降低,根部K^+质量摩尔浓度未受到显著影响。NaCl处理后,曼陀罗叶片3种不饱和脂肪酸质量分数总体呈上升趋势,亚麻酸上升幅度最大,各处理分别比对照增加11.03%、20.17%和27.58%。T1处理曼陀罗受到的氧化伤害较轻,表现为较低的MDA质量摩尔浓度;T2和T3处理MDA质量摩尔浓度显著升高,氧化伤害明显加重。NaCl处理后,除GR外,SOD、POD、CAT和APX均明显增加。综上,曼陀罗通过调整Na+在根部与地上部分的积累比例,提高不饱和脂肪酸质量分数,有效调动抗氧化防御体系,共同抵御盐胁迫造成的伤害。曼陀罗具有一定的耐盐性,可作为盐碱地区重点开发的优质能源植物资源。

西藏拉萨市入侵植物曼陀罗群落物种多样性研究

拉萨市是国家生态安全屏障建设的前沿中心阵地。曼陀罗(Datura stramonium)在拉萨市已形成严重入侵趋势,对城市人居环境有很大的生物生态安全风险。选择拉萨市区曼陀罗群落为研究对象,采用典型样地调查法对拉萨市曼陀罗入侵地植物群落物种组成、群落相似系数、重要值等数量特征及初步对入侵地植物多样性的影响进行分析,为城市范围入侵植物群落多样性的研究提供拉萨市的数据。研究结果表明,1)拉萨市曼陀罗入侵地植物群落物种组成共计22科62属74种,其中菊科、禾本科与苋科的种类居多,且外来植物多达23种,另外一年生草本植物占47.30%。2)曼陀罗群落中出现频率较高(91%-100%)的植物种有4种,占总物种数的5.41%,优势种的优势度现象明显;本土植物菊叶香藜(Dysphania schraderiana)与藜(Chenopodium album)和曼陀罗伴生频率最高,单翅猪毛菜(Kali monopterum)与反苞蒲公英(Taraxacum grypodon)次之,入侵植物中的牛膝菊(Galinsoga parviflora)与反枝苋(Amaranthus retroflexus)和曼陀罗伴生的频率最高;群落样方的Bray-Curtis相似系数普遍较低,说明曼陀罗群落物种多样性组成变化明显,生态位幅度较宽。3)Pearson相关性分析结果表明,样方物种丰富度与曼陀罗的重要值显著负相关,即随着曼陀罗盖度的增加物种丰富度显著减少。拉萨市曼陀罗植物群落中存在较多具有入侵性质的伴生种,建议下一步加大对整个拉萨市区外来入侵植物的全面本底调查,加强曼陀罗在高海拔地区入侵机制相关方面的基础研究。研究结果可为拉萨建成区曼陀罗的入侵性及其预防控制提供植物生态学数据参考。

洋金花体外抑制角质形成细胞炎性因子分泌和血管形成

目的以肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)诱导角质形成细胞炎症为模型,研究传统草药洋金花(Datura metel L.)在银屑病治疗中可能的作用。方法使用角质形成细胞系HaCaT,构建了TNF-α诱导的银屑病细胞模型。实验分为3组:对照组、TNF-α银屑病模型组和TNF-α+洋金花干预组。以ELISA法测定IL-17和CCL20水平,利用Western blot检测核因子κB(NF-κB)亚单位p65蛋白的表达,使用体外血管生成分析试剂盒进行内皮细胞成血管实验。结果与TNF-α银屑病模型组相比,洋金花提取物极显著降低了TNF-α诱导的银屑病模型细胞培养上清液中的IL-17和CCL20的水平(P<0.001);洋金花提取物显著降低了TNF-α诱导的银屑病模型细胞的NF-κB亚单位p65的表达(P<0.01);洋金花提取物有效抑制了银屑病模型组细胞培养上清液对内皮细胞血管形成的诱导作用。结论洋金花提取物能够下调NF-κB信号通路分子,减少银屑病角质形成细胞炎性因子IL-17和CCL20的产生,抑制了血管形成。这些发现为洋金花在银屑病治疗中的应用提供了新的依据。

基于ERK和NF-κB途径探讨洋金花醉茄内酯Daturataturin A抑制HaCaT细胞增殖和迁移的作用

目的:基于ERK和NF-κB途径,对洋金花醉茄内酯Daturataturin A(DTA)诱导HaCaT增殖、迁移、炎症及相关分子机制进行研究,从而探讨其治疗银屑病的作用机制。方法:建立人角质形成细胞(HaCaT)为表皮细胞增殖状态的模型。通过蛋白质印迹法(Western blot)、迁移实验、CCK-8细胞增殖实验等方法研究DTA治疗银屑病的药效学及其作用机制。结果:DTA抑制HaCaT增殖和迁移呈剂量和时间依赖关系;DTA可抑制IL-17诱导的HaCaT过度增殖,同时可抑制持续活化的NF-κB和下游的炎症因子。结论:DTA具有抗增殖,降低HaCaT迁移能力和抗炎效应,可以通过ERK和NF-κB途径抑制HaCaT细胞增殖和迁移,从而治疗银屑病。其机制可能是通过ERK和NF-κB途径发挥作用。

毛叶曼陀萝(Datura innoxia Mill.)和颠茄(Atropa belladonna L.)属间体细胞杂交成功

据G.Krumbiegcl和O.Schieder报道,他们通过原生质体融合的途径,将曼陀萝和颠茄杂交成功。筛选了13个体细胞杂种,其中大部分已经开始分化出根和叶。杂种愈伤组织可以根据形态特征加以辨认。毛叶曼陀萝用的是白化苗突变体,因此杂种愈伤组织应是有毛(来自毛叶曼陀萝)和绿色(来自颠茄)的。

Expression of SAMDC Gene for Enhancing the Shelf Life for Improvement of Fruit Quality Using Biotechnological Approaches into Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) Cultivars

Polyamines play an important role in plant response to abiotic stress. S-adenosyl-1-methionine decarboxylase (SAMDC) is one of the key regulatory enzymes in the biosynthesis of polyamines. In order to better understand the effect of regulation of polyamine biosynthesis on the shelf life improvement of litchi fruit, SAMDC cDNA isolated from Datura stramonium cloned in pBI121 was introduced into litchi genome by means of Agrobacterium tumefaciens through zygote disc transformation. Transgene and its expression are confirmed by Southern and Northern blot analyses, respectively. Transgenic plants expressing Datura SAMDC produced 1.7- to 2.4-fold higher levels of spermidine and spermine than wildtype plants under normal environmental condition, which indicated that the transgenic litchi presented an enhanced polyamines synthesis compared to wildtype plants. Our results demonstrated clearly that increasing polyamine biosynthesis in plants may be a means of creating improved fruit shelf life germplasm.

气候变化背景下入侵植物曼陀罗在西藏的潜在风险区预测

生物安全与外来物种入侵是国门生物安全的重大生态学问题,生物入侵造成了巨大的经济损失与生物多样性快速丧失,还影响着人类的身体健康。西藏是我国重要的生态安全屏障,生态类型复杂且丰富多样,明确西藏区域尺度上外来入侵植物的潜在分布格局及其对气候变化的响应对入侵植物的预防和控制具有重要意义。为了探究入侵植物曼陀罗(Datura stramonium L.)对西藏生态安全的影响风险,基于野外实地调查数据,采用最大熵(Maxent)模型,应用R语言和SPSS软件对模型参数和数据进行优化筛选,探讨影响其地理分布的主要环境因子,并模拟预测了当代及2种气候变化情景(RCP 45、RCP 85)下2050年和2070年,其在西藏的潜在入侵风险区分布情况。结果表明:下层土壤酸碱度、年平均气温、最暖月最高温度与土壤有效含水量是影响曼陀罗分布的主导环境因子,海拔和人类活动影响强度也有重要作用;朗县、加查县、乃东区、城关区、八宿县、贡嘎县、巴宜区、波密县、察隅县、芒康县等地为入侵高风险地区;两种气候背景下曼陀罗的各级风险区面积和总风险区面积均呈持续增加的变化趋势,且在最高碳排放情景(RCP 85情景)下响应更为敏感;主要沿着低海拔河谷区域东南向西北方向入侵扩散的趋势,分布中心由当前的墨脱县域向工布江达县域转移。综合来说,曼陀罗在西藏分布受土壤环境、温度和降水影响较大,气候变化和人类活动影响强度将使其向西藏西部、北部扩散。研究结果可为西藏地区综合防控曼陀罗的入侵危害与动态监测提供生态学基础理论依据。

21种药用植物提取物的抑菌活性筛选及其化学成分分析

为了探究新疆植物资源的药用活性,本研究通过菌丝生长速率测定法,以尖孢镰刀菌、立枯丝核菌和拟轮枝镰刀菌等3种棉花致病菌为靶标菌,对21种新疆药用植物提取物的抑菌活性进行筛选与测定,然后采用超高效液相色谱串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS),以及相关数据库和文献对曼陀罗乙醇提取物质进行分析鉴定。结果表明,21种植物提取物中曼陀罗对3种棉花病原菌均具有较好的抑菌活性效果,并通过液质联用共鉴定曼陀罗乙醇提取物21个化学成分,主要包括10个生物碱类、4个脂质类、2个酚酸类、2个有机酸类和其他类化合物,其中生物碱类化合物为主要成分占总的47.62%,生物碱类物质因具有显著抑菌活性,可能是曼陀罗类物质的主要抑菌活性成分。

In vitro anti-leishmanial activity of methanolic extracts of Calendula officinalis flowers, Datura stramonium seeds, and Salvia officinalis leaves

AIM: The anti-leishmanial activity of methanolic extracts of Calendula officinalis flowers, Datura stramonium seeds, and Salvia officinalis leaves against extracellular(promastigote) and intracellular(amastigote) forms of Leishmania major were evaluated in this study. METHOD: In the first stage, promastigote forms of L. major, were treated with different doses of the plant extracts in a 96-well tissue-culture microplate and IC50 values for each extract were measured with colorimetric MTT assay. In the second stage, macrophage cells were infected with L. major promastigotes. Infected macrophages were treated with plant extracts. Then the macrophages were stained with Gimsa and the number of infected macrophages and amastigotes were counted with a light microscope. RESULTS: The results indicated that the plant extracts inhibited the growth of promastigotes and amastigotes of L. major. Inhibitory concentrations(IC50) for promastigote assay were 108.19, 155.15, and 184.32 μg·mL-1 for C. officinalis flowers, D. stramonium seeds and S. officinalis, respectively. The extracts also reduced the number of amastigotes in macrophage cells from 264 for control group to 88, 97, and 102 for test groups. Although the anti-leishmanial activity of the extracts were not comparable with the standard drug, miltefosine; but they showed significant efficiency in reducing the number of amastigotes in macrophages, in comparison with the control group(P < 0.001). These plant extracts had lower toxicity compared with miltefosine. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the potential efficacy of the methanolic extracts of C. officinalis flowers, D. stramonium seeds, and S. officinalis leaves to control of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

重金属污染下曼陀罗种群分化的RAPD分析

将不同空间地段上获得的同一种质但污染年代各不相同的 4个曼陀罗材料种子易地种植在同一模拟重金属污染生境中 ,对这 4个曼陀罗种群进行 RAPD分析。结果表明 ,在 1 0 5个检测位点中发现有 78个位点呈多态性。在这些多态位点中未发现与重金属抗性有关的特异性多态 DNA片段。Shannon-Weiner指数计算结果表明 ,在短期污染时间内曼陀罗种群遗传多样性水平降低。随着污染时间的推移 ,曼陀罗种群逐渐在污染迹地上稳定下来 ,曼陀罗种群遗传多样性水平有所回升和提高 ,4个曼陀罗种群遗传多样性由高到低排列顺序为 L>CK>M>S。遗传多样性指数表明曼陀罗种群间变异程度远小于种群内的遗传变异。 4个种群两两间遗传距离较小 ,遗传距离最大的种群为 L和 S,最小的为 L和 CK种群。因此 ,在重金属胁迫环境选择下 ,曼陀罗种群发生了一定程度的分化与微进化 。

曼陀罗植株不同部位浸提液化感作用的比较研究

为了比较曼陀罗不同部位化感作用的差异,用蒸馏水分别浸提曼陀罗根、茎、叶的有效成分,以蒸馏水为对照,研究曼陀罗根、茎、叶浸提液对芝麻和粟种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,0.2g/ml曼陀罗叶浸提液处理时,芝麻和粟种子萌发率分别降低83%和83.3%,幼苗的根和茎则停止了生长;0.4g/ml曼陀罗茎浸提液使芝麻和粟的萌发率降低27.6%和15.8%,幼苗根长降低93.3%和64.7%,幼苗茎长降低51.2%和18.0%。0.4g/ml曼陀罗根浸提液使芝麻和粟种子萌发率降低31.2%和56.2%,幼苗根长降低75.1%和15.0%。因此,曼陀罗叶浸提液强烈抑制了芝麻和粟的种子萌发和幼苗生长,茎浸提液和根浸提液也都存在一定的抑制效应,但都弱于叶浸提液。