Giant Induan oolite:A case study from the Lower Triassic Daye Formation in the western Hubei Province,South China

Most Phanerozoic oolites are marked by ooids with a diameter less than 2 mm. Observations on a Neoproterozoic oolite have resulted in a change of concept. The term ＂pisolite＂ that traditionally referred to oolites with a grain size of more than 2 ram, is now restricted to those coated carbonate grains formed by meteoritic freshwater diagenesis; oolites with a grain size of more than 2 mm are now defined as ＂giant＂. Particular unusual giant oolites within a set of oolitic-bank limestones with thicknesses of more than 40 m in the top part of the Lower Triassic （Induan） Daye （Ruiping） Formation at the Lichuan section in the western part of Hubei Province in South China, represent an important sedimentological phenomenon in both the specific geological period and the geological setting that is related to the end-Permian biological mass extinction. Like the giant oolites of the Neoproterozoic that represent deposits where oolites formed in a vast low-angle carbonate ramp at that special geological period, the Triassic Daye Formation at the study section are significant because they provide a comparative example to help understand the evolving carbonate world reflected by oolites, the origin of which is still uncertain, and they give insight into the sedimentation pattern of the desolate sea floor, which resulted from the mass extinction at the turn of the Permian into the Triassic.

Study on the Change Character of Double Rice Cold Damage in Hunan and Hubei Province during the Past 50 Years

Based on the meteorological data of representative meteorological stations in Hunan and Hubei from 1961 to 2008 years,the change character of double rice cold damage under the background of climate change were analyzed adopting 30 years glide accumulation method.The analysis showed that the 30 years sliding cumulative days of mild low-temperature during spring sowing in Hunan and Hubei were decreased in the recent 50 years,as well as the 30 years sliding cumulative days of moderate low-temperature in central south Hubei,northern and western Hunan.However,there was an increase in southern Hunan,so was the 30 years sliding cumulative days of severe low-temperature.The 30 years sliding cumulative days of mild low-temperature in May reduced in Hunan and Hubei.Instead,that of moderate low-temperature in May in central south Hubei was on the rise,and it was opposite in northern and southern Hunan,but there was no obvious change in western Hunan.The 30 years sliding cumulative days of severe low-temperature showed a decreasing tendency in May in central south Hubei,northern and western Hunan,and southern Hunan showed a contrary tendency.The 30 years sliding cumulative days of mild cold dew wind in Hunan and Hubei were decreased,that of moderate cold dew wind in central south Hubei,northern and western Hunan had the same tendency,but there was a contrary tendency in southern Hunan.The 30 years sliding cumulative days of severe cold dew wind was decreased in central south Hubei and increased in western Hunan,without cold dew wind in northern and southern Hunan.

He-Ar-S-Pb Isotopic Compositions of Pyrite：Constraints on the Source of Ore-forming Materials of the Chengchao Skarn Iron Deposit,SE Hubei Province,Eastern China

The Chengchao iron deposit,the largest high-grade skarn iron deposit in southeastern Hubei Province,contains considerable amounts of magnetite and by-product anhydrite.To obtain better understanding of the ore-formation process,this study carried out He-Ar-S-Pb multi-isotopic analyses on the pyrites formed during two stages of mineralization.The results indicate that the δ34S values（ranging from 14.0‰ to 17.6‰） of pyrites formed from the two stages have no obvious differences,suggesting that they were not derived from a single magmatic sulfur source.The δ34S values of anhydrite mostly range from 21.9‰ to 28.4‰,similar to that of the Middle Triassic sedimentary anhydrite in the Middle-Lower Yangtze River metallogenic belt（MLYRB）.The Pb isotopic compositions of the pyrites of both stages are homogeneous,with values of 208Pb/204Pb,207Pb/204Pb,and-206Pb/204Pb being 38.006-38.257,15.523-15.556,and 17.806-18.052,respectively,indicating a mixed crust-mantle source.The He-Ar results exhibit different compositions of the two stages：the -3He/-4He（R/Ra） and 40Ar/-36Ar values for the early-stage pyrite are 0.46-0.63 and 311-322,respectively,whereas the values for late-stage pyrite are 0.23-0.34 and 305-361,respectively.Both stages of pyrites indicate the multiple sources of the ore-forming fluids,with decreasing amount of magmatic water and increasing amount of modified meteoric water（MASW） during fluid evolution.The Triassic evaporites played an important role in the mineralization process.

Research on the Current Status, Paths and Countermeasures of Family Farm Development in China——Investigation and Analysis of Hubei Province

The Chinese family farm is the most important new micro subject in the construction and development of modern agriculture in China. The investigation and analysis of the actual situation of Hubei Province showed that since the implementation of the household contract management system in rural areas, the family farm has followed the track of gradual development, breakthrough development and normal standardization development. In order to promote the family farm to develop rapidly, orderly and healthily, work must be well done to land circulation, scale management, financial support, financial subsidy, cultivation of leading talents and professional farmers, and providing all-round services.

Laser Ablation ICP-MS Titanite U-Th-Pb Dating of the Tonglushan Cu-Fe-Au Skarn Deposit,Southeastern Hubei Province

Titanite(CaTi2SiO5) is an important accessory mineral not only in magmatic and metamorphic rocks,but also commonly in hydrothermal mineral deposits. It incorporates appreciable amounts(usually 10×10-6 s to 100×10-6 s) of U and Th into its structure and has a closure temperature of Pb diffusion higher than 660～700 ℃(Scott and St-Onge,1995) ,making it an ideal U-Th-Pb geochronometer. The Daye metallogenic district is located in the west of the giant Middle-Lower Yangtze River(MLYR) Cu-Fe-Au province,eastern China and is well endowed with Fe,Cu,and polymetallic skarn deposits.

Evolution Process of Urban Spatial Pattern in Hubei Province Based on DMSP/OLS Nighttime Light Data

This paper intends to investigate the urban spatial patterns of Hubei Province and its evolution from three different perspectives: urban nodes, urban connections and urban clusters. The research adopts nighttime light imagery of cities in Hubei Province, the viewpoint of ′point-axis-area′ in the ′point-axis system′ theory, and employs light index model, gravity model and social network analysis. The findings are as follows: 1) In terms of urban nodes, the urbanization process of Hubei has been carried out mainly on the basis of external expansion rather than internal increasing. The polarization trend of urban connection network is strengthening. 2) As for urban connections, the estimation of urban connections using light index model is capable of containing various actual flow, and the connections are getting increasingly closer. 3) In regard to urban groups, seven urban groups of varying sizes have formed. On that basis, three stable and relatively independent urban groups as the centers, namely Wuchang, Yichang and Xiangyang emerge as well. But the structures of ′Wuhan Metropolitan Area′, ′Yichang-Jingzhou-Jingmen City Group′ and ′Xiangyang-Shiyen-Suizhou City Group′, which are defined by local development strategy in Hubei Province, are different from the above three urban groups.

Quantitative Study on the Relationship between Water Disaster and Grain Production of Hubei Province in the 1990s

The research explored variation coefficient of grains and analyzed the fluctuations of grains in Hubei in the 1990s in order to investigate quantitative cor- relation between grain production and water-related disaster. The conclusion is that the effective irrigated area and growing structure are major factors influencing grain production capacity, whose grey relational degrees were 0.91 and 0.85 with grain production, respectively. These indicated that water-related disasters have significant effects on grain yield in Hubei Province.

Impacts of the Minimum Purchase Price Policy for Grain on the Planting Area of Rice in Hubei Province Based on a Mixed Linear Model

Impacts of the minimum purchase price policy for grain on the planting area of rice in Hubei Province were analyzed based on a mixed linear model.After the indicator system containing the minimum purchase price policy and other factors influencing the planting area of rice was constructed,principal component analysis of the system was conducted,and then a mixed linear model where the planting area of rice was as the dependent variable was established.The results show that after the exclusion of the interference from other factors,the minimum purchase price policy for grain had a positive impact on the planting area of rice in Hubei Province.That is,the minimum purchase price policy significantly stimulated the growth of rice planting area in Hubei Province.

Financial Poverty Alleviation in Rural Areas of Hubei Province

In order to find out the various restrictions and difficulties of financial poverty alleviation in rural areas,taking Hubei Province as an example,this paper firstly introduced current situations of financial poverty alleviation in rural areas of Hubei Province. Then,it analyzed problems confronted by financial poverty alleviation in rural areas of Hubei Province:( i) subjects of financial poverty alleviation not mature and poverty alleviation risks increased,( ii) backward agricultural insurance system,( iii) rural credit system not perfect,and( iv) weak guiding policies of financial poverty alleviation. Finally,it came up with pertinent recommendations: improving rural financial environment,actively developing the innovation mode of financial poverty alleviation,and strengthening relevant supervision efforts.

Analysis of the First Heavy Rain in Hubei Province during Meiyu Season

[Objective]The aim was to analyze the first fit of rainstorm in southeast Hubei on June 9,2011.[Method]GFS reanalysis data with resolution 0.5°×0.5°,routine-observational data,the intensive observations of automatic weather station data,satellite image as well as satellite image were used in the analysis for the process of a heavy rain on June 9-10,2011 during Meiyu in Hubei province.[Result]The heavy rainfall occurred under the favorable environmental conditions,but the single-obstruction situation during Meiyu was different from the typical double-obstruction one.The affecting systems were the trough at 45° N on 500 hPa caused the systems moving slowly in the middle and low troposphere.The strong convergence of water vapor and conditional convective instability were provided from the shear line on 700 and 850 hPa,the southwest jet flow and dry lines in the middle and low troposphere for heavy rainfall.Three rain clusters which brought heavy rainfall had the features of meso-scale β system,which came from warm and humid airflow,the tail of shear line on 700 hPa and the head of shear line on 850 hPa.Through convergence and strengthening in southeast region of Hubei Province,the ribbon structure from northeast to southwest was formed to maintain the meso-scale β system.The cloud was the direct producer of precipitation.Heavy rainfall occurred in strengthening phase of strong convection zone on Tongcheng city.[Conclusion]The study provided theoretical reference for the report of rainstorm during Meiyu period.

Distribution of the Si-deficiency rice soil in Hubei Province

There are about 1 million ha of Si-deficiency paddy soils in Hubei Province. Practically, it is essential to study the Si nutrient status in those Si-deficiency rice soil and its regional distribution before the application of Si-fertilizer. According to the analysis of 50 rice soil samples which collected from 20 counties/cities in Hubei Province, the available Si content in rice soils derived from different parent materials varied greatly. The Si content from high to low was in sequence of limestone, redpurplish sandy shale with carbonate, alluvium and lacustrine deposits, quaternary period red clay, granitic gneiss, and sandy shale. In addition, the Si content in rice soil was remarkably related with its pH. It seems that the pH 6.5 might be a demarcation line that divided the supplying Si ability of rice soils into the low and high categories (Table 1). Integrating the results with a critical soil Si-deficiency as 100 mg/kg, the evaluation index of soil Si supplying capability of a rice soil

TREND OF PRECIPITATION VARIATION IN HUBEI PROVINCE SINCE THE 1960S

Through linear regression analysis to the trend of annual,seasonal and monthly precipitation of 72 meteorological stations in Hubei Province from 1961 to 1995,it is revealed that: 1) annual precipitation was increasing by 61.0mm/10a in the eastern part of Hubei (112°E as a dividing line) and decreasing by 34.9mm/10a in the western part; 2) precipitation in winter and summer (January,February,March,June and July) was increasing in almost whole province which usually with non-uniformity of precipitation distribution from the south to the north. The precipitation in spring,autumn and winter (April,September,November and December) was decreasing in most of the areas which usually with non-uniformity of precipitation distribution from the east to the west. March and December were transition periods between two spatial distribution patterns mentioned above; 3) the eastern part of Hubei has beome one of precipitation increasing centers in China. The results was consistent with the trend that more frequent flood and drought events happened in Hubei Province which are more different in spatial and temporal scales.

Analysis of Cultivated Land Change in Hubei Province for the Last 60 Years

[Objective] The aim was to study the characteristics of land resources changes in Hubei Province in recent 60 years. [Method] By dint of historical documents,statistics and prevailed data in Hubei Province from 1949 to 2009,the temporal and spatial changes of arable land resources in Hubei Province in recent 60 years were discussed in terms of human-land relation. [Result] The amount of arable land resources in Hubei Province in recent 60 years had gone through the dynamic changes of increasing first for a short time and then continuing to decrease and then increasing stably again. Because of different natural condition and social economy,the regional differences of arable land changes were distinct. The reduction of arable resources and population worsened the relation of human being and the land,intensified the contradiction and resulted in large impact on the sustainable development of agricultural production and social economy. [Conclusion] It provided theoretical basis for the sustainable development of Hubei Province.

The Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Grain Price on CPI in Hubei Province

The paper analyzes the change trend of Hubei province grain price and its influence on CPI, based on data from1990-2014. The analysis results show that the grain price goes through a change of early rising and later reducing during1990-2014, and smoothly fluctuated in recent years with a downward trend; grain price and CPI fluctuations have a consistent trend, but the grain price volatility is ahead of CPI fluctuation; grain price has positive influences on the CPI; there is a longterm equilibrium relationship between them, namely,grain price is a significant cause of CPI fluctuation. Therefore, we should take various measures to stabilize grain price in order to stabilize the CPI.

SWOT Analysis of Industrial Development of Double-low Rapeseed in Hubei Province

Based on SWOT analysis method,this paper conducts analysis on the industrial development environment of double-low rapeseed in Hubei Province from the following four aspects,in order to crystallize its resources advantage and disadvantage and make it know the opportunities and challenges that it is faced by.First,advantage analysis:excellent geographic conditions,vigorous government support,powerful scientific research force,sound industrial system support;second,disadvantage analysis:poor quality,low-level fine and deep processing,scant publicity and promotion,lagged infrastructure conditions,shortage of effective market access mechanism and sound industry regulation,no brand effect;opportunity analysis:the opportunities brought by low-carbon economy,the opportunities brought by consumers' preference,the opportunities brought by policy environment,the opportunities brought by establishment of strategic union;threat analysis:fierce external competition,continuous decline of comparative benefit.The results of research show that in order to promote industrial development of double-low rapeseed in Hubei Province,we should implement brand effect strategy,quality management strategy and strategy of deepening industrial system,give full play to existing geographic advantage and other advantages,grasp scarce opportunities and actively confront challenges.

Inheritance,Innovation and High-quality Development of Herbaceous Edible Oils in Hubei Province under the Strategy of Strengthening the Country with Intellectual Property

Only by improving the production capacity of domestic herbal edible oil can China ensure the safety of the supply chain of the important industrial chain of vegetable edible oil in China and practice the big food concept.In addition to rice,maize,and soybean for using as grain and oil,there are eight kinds of herbaceous edible oil crops in Hubei Province,including rape,peanut,sesame,sunflower,perilla(perilla seed),cotton,linen and tiger nut(Cyperus esculentus).This paper studies the main industries of herbaceous edible oil crops and their intellectual property resources in Hubei Province,and analyzes the main problems of its inheritance,innovation and high-quality development under the strategy of strengthening the country with intellectual property.Finally,it proposes the countermeasures of carrying forward and inheriting traditional knowledge and traditional culture,maintaining the biodiversity of crops,strengthening the creation of new plant varieties and breeding patents,and opening up the whole chain of intellectual property rights.

Intellectual Property Protection,Inheritance,Innovation and Development of Woody Edible Oilseeds in Hubei Province

Only by developing woody edible oilseeds industry can we ensure the safety of the important industrial chain and supply chain of vegetable edible oil in China.There are 13 kinds of woody edible oil plants in Hubei,including Camellia oleifera Abel(oil tea),Juglans regia L.(walnut),Olea europaea L.(olive)and Paeonia suffruticosa(oil peony).This paper studies the main industries of woody edible oilseeds in Hubei Province and their intellectual property resources,and analyzes the main problems in their intellectual property protection,inheritance,innovation and development.Finally,it proposes some strategies,including carrying forward the traditional knowledge related to woody edible oilseeds,innovating the"agricultural chip",creating key counties of national woody edible oil seeds,and developing industrial clusters with national advantages and characteristics.