The dynamic load characteristics of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell（PEMFC） with a dead-ended anode were studied. In a 70 h experiment, the effects of anode pressure, operating temperature, and relative humidity...The dynamic load characteristics of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell（PEMFC） with a dead-ended anode were studied. In a 70 h experiment, the effects of anode pressure, operating temperature, and relative humidity of the cathode on the performances of the fuel cell were investigated. The obtained results show that, with different relative humidity of the cathode at 65 ℃, dynamic loading has little effect on the performances of fuel cell and the electrochemically active surface area（ECSA）. However, the fuel cell operating under dynamic load is unstable when the relative humidity is 50%, and at 50 ℃ with 100% relative humidity, applying a dynamic load has a significant influence on the fuel cell performances. Scanning electron microscopy（SEM） showed that both the upstream and middle catalyst layers of the cell were unchanged, whereas the downstream cathode catalyst layer thinned as a response to dynamic load.展开更多
This article explores the dead universe theory as a novel interpretation for the origin and evolution of the universe, suggesting that our cosmos may have originated from the remnants of a preceding universe. This per...This article explores the dead universe theory as a novel interpretation for the origin and evolution of the universe, suggesting that our cosmos may have originated from the remnants of a preceding universe. This perspective challenges the conventional Big Bang theory, particularly concerning dark matter, the expansion of the universe, and the interpretation of phenomena such as gravitational waves.展开更多
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51476119 and 51576147)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(No.2016CFA041)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2017 IVA 031)
文摘The dynamic load characteristics of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell（PEMFC） with a dead-ended anode were studied. In a 70 h experiment, the effects of anode pressure, operating temperature, and relative humidity of the cathode on the performances of the fuel cell were investigated. The obtained results show that, with different relative humidity of the cathode at 65 ℃, dynamic loading has little effect on the performances of fuel cell and the electrochemically active surface area（ECSA）. However, the fuel cell operating under dynamic load is unstable when the relative humidity is 50%, and at 50 ℃ with 100% relative humidity, applying a dynamic load has a significant influence on the fuel cell performances. Scanning electron microscopy（SEM） showed that both the upstream and middle catalyst layers of the cell were unchanged, whereas the downstream cathode catalyst layer thinned as a response to dynamic load.
文摘This article explores the dead universe theory as a novel interpretation for the origin and evolution of the universe, suggesting that our cosmos may have originated from the remnants of a preceding universe. This perspective challenges the conventional Big Bang theory, particularly concerning dark matter, the expansion of the universe, and the interpretation of phenomena such as gravitational waves.
