Decision-Making and Management of Self-Care in Persons with Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries: A Preliminary Study

Patients and physicians understand the importance of self-care following spinal cord injury (SCI), yet many individuals with SCI do not adhere to recommended self-care activities despite logistical supports. Neurobehavioral determinants of SCI self-care behavior, such as impulsivity, are not widely studied, yet understanding them could inform efforts to improve SCI self-care. We explored associations between impulsivity and self-care in an observational study of 35 US adults age 18 - 50 who had traumatic SCI with paraplegia at least six months before assessment. The primary outcome measure was self-reported self-care. In LASSO regression models that included all neurobehavioral measures and demographics as predictors of self-care, dispositional measures of greater impulsivity (negative urgency, lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance), and reduced mindfulness were associated with reduced self-care. Outcome (magnitude) sensitivity, a latent decision-making parameter derived from computationally modeling successive choices in a gambling task, was also associated with self-care behavior. These results are preliminary;more research is needed to demonstrate the utility of these findings in clinical settings. Information about associations between impulsivity and poor self-care in people with SCI could guide the development of interventions to improve SCI self-care and help patients with elevated risks related to self-care and secondary health conditions.

Non-Cooperative Behavior Management in Large-Scale Group Decision-Making Considering the Altruistic Behaviors of Experts and Its Application in Emergency Alternative Selection

Emergency decision-making problems usually involve many experts with different professional backgrounds and concerns,leading to non-cooperative behaviors during the consensus-reaching process.Many studies on noncooperative behavior management assumed that the maximumdegree of cooperation of experts is to totally accept the revisions suggested by the moderator,which restricted individuals with altruistic behaviors to make more contributions in the agreement-reaching process.In addition,when grouping a large group into subgroups by clustering methods,existing studies were based on the similarity of evaluation values or trust relationships among experts separately but did not consider them simultaneously.In this study,we introduce a clustering method considering the similarity of evaluation values and the trust relations of experts and then develop a consensusmodel taking into account the altruistic behaviors of experts.First,we cluster experts into subgroups by a constrained Kmeans clustering algorithm according to the opinion similarity and trust relationship of experts.Then,we calculate the weights of experts and clusters based on the centrality degrees of experts.Next,to enhance the quality of consensus reaching,we identify three kinds of non-cooperative behaviors and propose corresponding feedback mechanisms relying on the altruistic behaviors of experts.A numerical example is given to show the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed method in emergency decision-making.The study finds that integrating altruistic behavior analysis in group decision-making can safeguard the interests of experts and ensure the integrity of decision-making information.

On the role of impulsivity and decision-making in suicidal behavior

Suicide risk constitutes a complex set of interacting demographic, clinical, psychobiological and environmental variables. Impulsivity is a long-known risk factor for suicide attempts. However, research based on clearer conceptual refinement in this area is imperative. One emerging field of study is that of decision-making. Impulsivity involves a failure of higher-order control, including decision-making. Using standardized operational definitions that take into consideration relevant aspects of impulsivity, including state- and trait-components and a deeper understanding of the process of decision-making in the suicidal mind, we may come a step closer to understanding suicidality and winning the fight in this scourge of human suffering.

Study on Tourism Decision-making Pattern of European Tourists in China——With European Tourists in Xi’an City as a Study Case

With the inbound tourism market data supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China as the basis, this study through researching the tourism decision-making behaviors of inbound tourists, adopting questionnaire survey among European tourists in Xi'an City, analyzed their tourism decision behaviors and influencing factors, and aimed to propose pertinent suggestions for the expansion of European tourist market for Xi'an City.

COLLISION AVOIDANCE DECISION-MAKING MODEL OF MULTI-AGENTS IN VIRTUAL DRIVING ENVIRONMENT WITH ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS

Collision avoidance decision-making models of multiple agents in virtual driving environment are studied. Based on the behavioral characteristics and hierarchical structure of the collision avoidance decision-making in real life driving, delphi approach and mathematical statistics method are introduced to construct pair-wise comparison judgment matrix of collision avoidance decision choices to each collision situation. Analytic hierarchy process （AHP） is adopted to establish the agents＇ collision avoidance decision-making model. To simulate drivers＇ characteristics, driver factors are added to categorize driving modes into impatient mode, normal mode, and the cautious mode. The results show that this model can simulate human＇s thinking process, and the agents in the virtual environment can deal with collision situations and make decisions to avoid collisions without intervention. The model can also reflect diversity and uncertainly of real life driving behaviors, and solves the multi-objective, multi-choice ranking priority problem in multi-vehicle collision scenarios. This collision avoidance model of multi-agents model is feasible and effective, and can provide richer and closer-to-life virtual scene for driving simulator, reflecting real-life traffic environment more truly, this model can also promote the practicality of driving simulator.

Neural mechanism of proposer's decision-making in the ultimatum and dictator games

Previous studies have demonstrated that reactions to unfair offers in the ultimatum game are correlated with negative emotion. However, little is known about the difference in neural activity between a proposer＇s decision-making in the ultimatum game compared with the dictator game. The present functional magnetic resonance imaging study revealed that proposing fair offers in the dictator game elicited greater activation in the right supramarginal gyrus, right medial frontal gyrus and left anterior cingulate cortex compared with proposing fair offers in the ultimatum game in 23 Chinese undergraduate and graduate students from Beijing Normal University in China. However, greater activation was found in the right superior temporal gyrus and left cingulate gyrus for the reverse contrast. ＂The results indicate that proposing fair offers in the dictator game is more strongly associated with cognitive control and conflicting information processing compared with proposing fair offers in the ultimatum game.

The ＂Win-Win-Win Papakonstantinidis Model＂ as a Bargaining Solution Analysis for Local Government Decision From Territory-Community to ＂Behavioral＂ Community： The Case of Greece

Local development as a local management process tables a number of questions, mainly concerning on conflict resolution between the three power local poles： （1） State and its appointed State peripheral Departments; （2） Local authorities; and （3） Local people and their local movements/lobbies. As the three poles are in a constant negotiations, then each of them should prevail over the other two, thus be introduced in the bargaining problem. Bargaining behavior must therefore be defined. The suggested ＂＇win-win-win papakonstantinidis model＂ （coming from Nash win-win extended approach） tries to find ways for the three-pole bargaining conceptual equilibrium, under conditions, thus maximizing expected utilities for all the involved parts in local decision-making by applying a combination of Descriptive Behavior （DB）, Rational Choice, Instrumental Rationality, and the Applied Behavioral Analysis （ABA） methodologies, then an updating community＇s behavioral state is expected, thus transforming the technical territory-community perception to a behavioral community perception, by sensitizing its population, towards the ＂guanxi relations＂ paradigm.

A Theoretical Approach to the Effective Decision-Making Process

This research develops and elaborates studies done for a contribution to the 2019 PIC International Conference 2019 in Malta, about the decision-making process. Decision-making is the act of choosing between two or more courses of action. In the wider process of problem-solving, decision-making involves choosing between possible solutions to a problem, and these decisions can be made through either an intuitive or reasoned process, or a combination of the two. The study of decision-making processes, to be understood as the role of human factors, becomes particularly interesting in complex organizations. This research aims to analyze how an effective team, within organizations, can develop a more correct and effective decision-making, in order to get an optimal solution, overcoming the typical uncertainty. The paper describes the point of departure of decision in complex, time-pressured, uncertain, ambiguous and changing environments. The use of a leading case (the Tenerife air accident, 1977), will lead us to the desired results, i.e. to demonstrate how an effective decisional process, including team dynamics, can be useful to reduce the risk, present in all decisions, and reduce errors. The case of Tenerife air disaster, confirm our research. In that case, in fact, the group dynamics prove not to have worked. Thus, we can state that if a team approach had been followed instead of a more individual one, the results would probably have been different. The central belief of the research, is that classic decision theory could benefit from a team approach, which reduces the risk that a decision may lead to undesirable consequences. As demonstrated with the case study, within organizations, the decision-making is not a solitary action. Decisions, in fact, are made within a team and in order to be able to function effectively in a group, and manage group situations, there are essential skills. The team can then become a resource for the decisional process and problem solving, but it is necessary to understand the dynamics.

基于DEMATEL-AISM的起重驾驶员态势感知与行为响应模型

为深入挖掘起重驾驶员态势感知信息-行为的因果关系,结合ENDSLEY态势感知模型与决策实验室分析(DEMATEL)-对抗解释结构模型(AISM)方法,构建起重驾驶员态势感知与行为响应模型。首先,以起重作业任务为研究对象,使用态势感知理论分析驾驶员行为响应过程,获取信息要素;其次,基于DEMATEL法,量化研究要素间的相互关系,得到综合影响矩阵,进而分析要素的属性及特征值,确定模型的关键要素;最后,采用AISM获得原因-结果属性稳定的层级结构,据此构建起重驾驶员态势感知与行为响应信息模型。结果表明:得到包含轨迹预测与规划、避碰等关键要素的22个要素及影响关系构成的5层信息模型;而且,模型明确了信息要素属性特征、影响关系及影响程度,较好地解释了驾驶员态势感知及行为响应过程。

Ethical decision-making in older drivers during critical driving situations: An online experiment

The present study examined the impact of aging on ethical decision-making in simulated critical driving scenarios.204 participants from North America,grouped into two age groups(18–30 years and 65 years and above),were asked to decide whether their simulated automated vehicle should stay in or change from the current lane in scenarios mimicking the Trolley Problem.Each participant viewed a video clip rendered by the driving simulator at Old Dominion University and pressed the space-bar if they decided to intervene in the control of the simulated automated vehicle in an online experiment.Bayesian hierarchical models were used to analyze participants’responses,response time,and acceptability of utilitarian ethical decision-making.The results showed significant pedestrian placement,age,and time-to-collision(TTC)effects on participants’ethical decisions.When pedestrians were in the right lane,participants were more likely to switch lanes,indicating a utilitarian approach prioritizing pedestrian safety.Younger participants were more likely to switch lanes in general compared to older participants.The results imply that older drivers can maintain their ability to respond to ethically fraught scenarios with their tendency to switch lanes more frequently than younger counterparts,even when the tasks interacting with an automated driving system.The current findings may inform the development of decision algorithms for intelligent and connected vehicles by considering potential ethical dilemmas faced by human drivers across different age groups.

基于Grey-DEMATEL-ISM法的化学化工类专业学生实验不安全行为的影响因素研究

为预防和减少化学化工类专业学生实验安全事故,综合分析了2012—2022年间发生的66起高校实验室安全事故致因,并参照人因分析和分类系统模型,共提取出实验不安全行为的17个影响因素;应用基于灰色理论的决策试验评价与解释结构模型(Grey-DEMATEL-ISM)法对影响因素及其相互关系进行了评估和判断,构建了影响因素的多层递阶解释结构模型,并分析了各因素对实验不安全行为的影响情况。结果表明:高校实验室的组织制度和组织过程是影响学生实验不安全行为的本质因素;物理环境、监督检查、技术环境、精神状态、实验指导、资源管理、管理计划、问题纠正和生理状态是造成学生实验不安全行为的过渡因素;学生的偶然性违规、认知偏差、习惯性违规、机体活动能力、决策偏差和技能偏差是导致实验不安全行为的表层因素,对不安全行为有直接影响。各种影响因素的属性分类可为有效防控高校实验室安全事故提供参考。

基于FD-TODIM的混杂空战多目标动态威胁评估

针对传统空战态势威胁评估存在“状态失衡”以及难以体现决策者个体行为差异的问题,首先针对空战过程中多时刻态势信息,提出基于变权理论的态势权重解析方法,并结合基于正态累积分布生成时间序列权重的算法,解决属性参数与权值动态匹配的问题。其次,基于混杂态势信息,综合考虑飞行员有限理性和个体行为存在差异的特点,提出基于模糊动态交互式多准则决策(fuzzy dynamic interactive multi-criteria decision-making,FD-TODIM)算法的混杂空战多目标威胁评估方法。最后,进行了仿真验证和分析。仿真结果表明,该模型可充分挖掘历史信息影响,有效融合多个时刻混杂空战态势的混杂信息,并根据不同飞行员个体差异,生成具有实际意义的空战威胁态势评估结果。

Insensitivity to Unethical Behavior in Dictator Game When Indirectly Intermediated-Implications of Indirect Blindness for Safety Management

The aim of this study was to demonstrate that indirect mediation in behaviors leads to insensitivity to unethical behavior through a dictator game and to give some implications for safety management. The indirect involvement in the unethical behavior such as the violation of regulation is believed to lessen the responsibility and the criticism from others for the unethical behavior as compared to the direct involvement in it. The instruction condition for the evaluator of behavior in a dictator game was taken up as an experimental variable. Instruction condition 1 was to pay attention to the behavior of only a dictator. In instruction condition 2, the participant (evaluator) was required to review all players’ behavior and evaluate a dictator. It has been investigated whether allowing indirect actions (mediations) leads to reduced punishment as a function of the instruction condition. While the punishment to the indirectness did not get smaller for instruction condition 2, the punishment to the indirectness tended to get smaller only for instruction condition 1.

数智时代人机协同的研究现状与未来方向

数智时代因人机协同情境的普遍存在而出现新的决策范式。本专栏旨在促进学者研究与人机协同中的管理决策与组织行为有关的重要问题。尽管在20世纪人工智能的起始阶段学者注意到人与机器共同决策的重要问题,但因人工智能技术在很长时间内没有取得重要突破而没有被继续关注。伴随着人工智能的广泛应用以及认知科学在过去几十年取得的长足进步,学界研究人机协同中的决策和行为问题有了丰富的数据、场景、理论和方法。同时,实践界对于人机协同的新现象还存在认识上的不足和适应性困难,阻碍了企业和组织成员借助数智技术实现智能增强。本文总结了在商业与管理、计算机和心理学领域的学者所从事的有关人们对于机器算法的信任或依赖的研究,特别介绍了在企业情境下开展的人机协同研究。在简要介绍本专栏收录的七篇文章的主要研究发现后,我们指出了未来人机协同研究的重要方向,旨在倡导学界同行开展深入的研究,既能够建立数智化情境下的人机协同理论,又为中国企业顺利实现数智化转型提供参考。

Modeling heterogeneous behaviors with different strategies in a terrorist attack

Existing simulations of terrorist attacks do not consider individual variations.To overcome this lim-itation,we propose a framework to model heterogeneous behavior of individuals during terrorist attacks.We constructed an emotional model that integrated personality and visual perception for pedestrians.The emotional model was then integrated with pedestrian relationship networks to establish a decision-making model that sup-ported pedestrians’altruistic behaviors.A mapping model has been developed to correlate antisocial personality traits with attack strategies employed by terrorists.Experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can generate practical heterogeneous behaviors that align with existing psychological research findings.

基于前因因素的建筑工人安全行为评价模型与应用

建筑项目中的事故主要与建筑工人的不安全行为有关,因此对建筑工人安全行为进行事前评价是预防事故发生的关键。首先通过文献可视化分析初步筛选建筑工人安全行为前因因素,结合专家意见构建建筑工人安全行为评价的指标体系;然后采用群决策改进的层次分析法确定各评价指标的综合权重,并建立可拓物元评价模型;最后对某施工项目建筑工人安全行为进行评价与分析,以验证模型的合理性和可靠性。结果表明:建筑工人安全行为评价指标中安全意识所占权重较高,是事故预防的重要因素;实例应用结果表明该项目建筑工人总体安全行为等级处于“Ⅲ级”为一般安全,说明该项目施工作业人员整体处于比较安全的水平;建筑工人个体安全行为的维度指标评价结果为正态分布或偏正态分布,表明该评价模型能够有效识别建筑工人的安全行为水平,可为建筑安全管理的研究和实践提供参考。

校园足球政策执行利益主体决策行为的演化博弈研究

校园足球政策执行涉及利益主体众多,均衡各方主体利益是校园足球政策有效执行的关键所在.从利益视角出发,构建地方校足办、学校和家长三方利益主体的动态演化博弈模型,以Matlab为工具仿真分析三方主体决策行为的演化路径和演化规律.结果表明:地方校足办、学校、家长三方初始策略概率相互影响,不同概率取值对三方主体向理想状态收敛速度产生差异化影响,当三方达到较高水平的初始概率时,动态系统更易达到理想稳定状态;地方校足办的收益水平对系统趋于理想状态具有正向作用,收益越高,系统收敛于理想稳定状态的速度越快.为促使三方策略选择趋向利益均衡状态,从加大理念价值传播、提高三方参与意愿、建立利益表达机制、降低信息不对称程度、完善执行考核机制、构建监督评价体系等方面提出相应的政策建议.

情绪对低感觉寻求者安全行为决策的影响:来自ERPs的证据

为从神经层面深究不同偶然情绪对低感觉寻求者的不安全行为决策过程的影响作用,采用事件相关电位(ERPs)技术进行试验研究。使用中国版大学生感觉寻求问卷筛选低感觉寻求者和中感觉寻求者(对照组)。采用视频片段作为情绪刺激材料在试验前诱发正性和负性情绪,并设置风险情景任务进行风险决策试验。结果表明:不考虑情绪变量时,低感觉寻求组与感觉寻求对照组在安全行为决策上无显著差异;正性情绪下,低感觉寻求个体保持风险规避倾向;负性情绪下,在行为表现上,低感觉寻求者更倾向作出不安全行为决策;负性情绪下,在ERPs成分上,低感觉寻求者诱发的晚期正成分(LPP)潜伏期更晚,表明负性情绪的干扰导致个体在风险分类与评价时难度增大,故此从神经层面解释其外在行为表现的内在原因。总之,情绪在感觉寻求影响安全行为决策过程中产生调节作用。

基于深度强化学习的无信号灯路口决策研究

无信号灯左转路口是自动驾驶场景中最为危险的场景之一,如何实现高效安全的左转决策是自动驾驶领域的重大难题。深度强化学习(DRL)算法在自动驾驶决策领域具有广阔应用前景。但是,深度强化学习在自动驾驶场景中存在样本效率低、奖励函数设计困难等问题。提出一种基于专家先验的深度强化学习算法(CBAMBC SAC)来解决上述问题。首先,利用SMARTS仿真平台获得专家先验知识;然后,使用通道-空间注意力机制(CBAM)改进行为克隆(BC)方法,在专家先验知识的基础上预训练模仿专家策略;最后,使用模仿专家策略指导深度强化学习算法的学习过程,并在无信号灯路口左转决策中进行验证。实验结果表明,基于专家先验的DRL算法比传统的DRL算法更具优势,不仅可以免去人为设置奖励函数的工作量,而且可以显著提高样本效率从而获得更优性能。在无信号灯路口左转场景下,CBAM-BC SAC算法与传统DRL算法(SAC)、基于传统行为克隆的DRL算法(BC SAC)相比,平均通行成功率分别提高了14.2和2.2个百分点。

作品演绎行为的决策机制构建

著作权法调整原作品著作权人与演绎作者基于作品演绎行为产生的法律关系,通过改变原作品产生新的独创性表达,以实现著作权制度鼓励作品创作和传播的基本目标。演绎行为的规则适用直接决定了作品演绎行为的法律性质,而演绎行为的合法性直接影响原作品著作权人与演绎作者的决策选择。帕累托最优的经济学标准要求制度规则的设计最大化规则适用的收益,整体上减少规则适用的成本。作品演绎行为的决策机制构建应当完善规则共识形成的制度性规范,以明确的规则与稳定的预期促进行为主体在决策过程中实现帕累托最优结果。