Late Paleoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic Multi-rifting Events Accompanied by Four Stages of Magmatism in the North China Craton and Their Geological Significance

An important Paleoproterozoic mobile belt event took place in the North China Craton(NCC),termed the Hutuo Movement.This has been interpreted as a cratonic reworking event with rifting-subduction-collision

Major Advances in the Study of the Precambrian Geology and Metallogenesis of the North China Craton:A Review

The North China Craton （NCC） is one of the most ancient cratons in the world and records a complex geological evolution since the early Precambrian. In addition to recording major geological events similar to those of other cratons, the NCC also exhibits some unique features such as multi- stage cratonization （late Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic） and long-term rifting during the Meso- Neoproterozoic. The NCC thus provides one of the best examples to address secular changes in geological history and metallogenic epochs in the evolving Earth. We summarize the major geological events and metallogenic systems of the NCC, so that the evolutionary patterns of the NCC can provide a better understanding of the Precambrian NCC and facilitate comparison of the NCC with other ancient continental blocks globally. The NCC experienced three major tectonic cycles during the Precambrian： （1） Neoarchaean crustal growth and stabilization; （2） Palaeoproterozoic rifting-subduction-accretion-collision with imprints of the Great Oxidation Event and （3） Meso-Neoproterozoic multi-stage rifting. A transition from primitive- to modern-style plate tectonics occurred during the early Precambrian to late Proterozoic and is evidenced by the major geological events. Accompanying these major geological events, three major metallogenic systems are identified： （1） the Archaean banded iron formation system; （2） Palaeoproterozoic Cu-Pb-Zn and Mg-B systems and （3） a Mesoproterozoic rare earth element-Fe- Pb-Zn system. The ore-deposit types in each of these metallogenic systems show distinct characteristics and tectonic affinities.

Metallogenic Systems on the Paleocontinental Margin of the North China Craton

The North China Craton (NCC) is one of the largest blocks composing the continent. Different types of continental margins well developed around the NCC, along with lots of metallogenic systems of different metals and different times. Based on the study on the structural evolution of the NCC, the authors made a new division of tectonic units of the NCC. Through an analysis of the data of 1:25000 geochemical survey on stream sediments, regional geochemical features of main ore-forming elements including Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, W, Ni, Co and Mo of the NCC are discussed in the paper. Then different metallogenic systems and their forming processes and geodynamics are discussed in detail. At last, temporal and spatial distribution regularities are summarized and ten favorable ore-control factors on the paleocontinental margins are put forward, including (1) abundance of ore sources; (2) rendezvous of ore-forming fluids; (3) high thermo-dynamic anomaly; (4) remarkable Earth crust-mantle interaction; (5) cluster of macroscopic structures and their long activities; (6) diversity of ore-forming environments; (7) long geohistory; (8) multiforms of critical transitional ore-forming mechanisms; (9) multi-staged and superimposed ore-formation; and (10) suitable preservation condition.

High oxygen fugacity magma:implication for the destruction of the North China Craton

The mechanism of lithospheric removal and destruction of the North China Craton(NCC)has been hotly debated for decades.It is now generally accepted that the subduction of the(Paleo)-Pacific plate played an important role in this process.However,how the plate subduction contributed to the craton destruction remains unclear.Here we report high oxygen fugacity(fO2)characteristics of the Yunmengshan granite,e.g.,hematitemagnetite intergrowth supported by zircon Ce^4+/Ce^3+ratios and apatite Mn oxygen fugacity indicator.High fO2 magmas are widely discovered in Late Mesozoic(160-130 Ma)adakitic rocks in central NCC.The origin of high fO2 magma is likely related to the input of the"oxidized mantle components",which shows a dose connection between plate subduction and destruction of the craton.The research area is^1500 km away from the current Pacific subduction zone.Considering the back-arc extension of Japan Sea since the Cretaceous,this distance may be shortened to^800 km,which is still too far for normal plate subduction.Ridge subduction is the best candidate that was responsible for the large scale magmatism and the destruction of the NCC.Massive slab-derived fluids and/or melts were liberated into an overlying mantle wedge and modified the lithospheric mantle.Rollback of the subducting plate induced the large-scale upwelling of asthenospheric mantle and triggered the formation of extensive high fO2 intraplate magmas.

Decoding Provenance and Tectonothermal Events by Detrital Zircon Fission-Track and U-Pb Double Dating: A Case of the Southern Ordos Basin

Multi-dating on the same detrital grains allows for determining multiple different geo-thermochronological ages simultaneously and thus could provide more details about regional tectonics.In this paper,we carried out detrital zircon fission-track and U-Pb double dating on the Permian-Middle Triassic sediments from the southern Ordos Basin to decipher the tectonic information archived in the sediments of intracratonic basins.The detrital zircon U-Pb ages and fission-track ages,together with lag time analyses,indicate that the Permian-Middle Triassic sediments in the southern Ordos Basin are characterized by multiple provenances.The crystalline basement of the North China Craton(NCC)and recycled materials from pre-Permian sediments that were ultimately sourced from the basement of the NCC are the primary provenance,while the Permian magmatites in the northern margin of NCC and Early Paleozoic crystalline rocks in Qinling Orogenic Collage act as minor provenance.In addition,the detrital zircon fission-track age peaks reveal four major tectonothermal events,including the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic post-depositional tectonothermal event and three other tectonothermal events associated with source terrains.The Late Triassic-Early Jurassic(225–179 Ma)tectonothermal event was closely related to the upwelling of deep material and energy beneath the southwestern Ordos Basin due to the coeval northward subduction of the Yangze Block and the following collision of the Yangze Block and the NCC.The Mid-Late Permian(275–263 Ma)tectonothermal event was associated with coeval denudation in the northern part of the NCC and North Qinling terrane,resulting from the subduction of the Paleo-Asian Ocean and Tethys Ocean toward the NCC.The Late Devonian-early Late Carboniferous(348±33 Ma)tectonothermal event corresponded the long-term denudation in the hinterland and periphery of the NCC because of the arc-continent collisions in the northern and southern margins of the NCC.The Late Neoproterozoic(813–565 Ma)tectonothermal event was associated with formation of the Great Unconformity within the NCC and may be causally related to the Rodinia supercontinent breakup driven by a large-scale mantle upwelling.

Geology and mineralization of the Dongping supergiant alkalic-hosted Au-Te deposit(>100 t Au)in Northern Hebei Province,China:A review

The Dongping deposit is the largest alkalic-hosted gold deposit in China containing>100 t of Au.This paper presents a new understanding for Dongping ore system,based on the previous studies.The mineralization originally occurred at 400-380 Ma,simultaneous with emplacement of the Shuiquangou alkaline complex,and was overprinted by the hydrothermal activity in the Yanshanian.Isotope compositions of ores indicate metals of the deposit are mainly provided by the Shuiquangou complex.Ore-forming fluids are characterized by increasing oxygen fugacity and decreasing sulfur fugacity,while tellurium fugacity increased in the Stage II-2 and decreased in Stage II-3.These systematic changes are closely related to the processes of mineral precipitation and fluid evolution.Sulfide precipitation from Stage Ⅰ to Stage Ⅱ was triggered by fluid boiling,which leads to the precipitation of Pb-Bi-Te,due to decrement of sulfur fugacity.Condensation of gas phase containing high concentration of H_2Te leads to precipitation of Te-Au-Ag minerals and native tellurium.Based on these hypotheses,this paper present a polyphase metallogenic model as follow.During the Devonian,fluids were released from alkaline magmas,which carried ore-forming materials form the surrounding rocks and precipitate the early ores.During the Jurassic-Cretaceous,fluorine-rich fluids exsolved from highly factionated Shangshuiquan granite,which extracted and concentrated Au from the Shuiquangou complex and the Sanggan Group metamorphic rocks,and finally formed the Dongping gold deposit.

Identification of Five Stages of Dike Swarms in the Shanxi-Hebei-Inner Mongolia Border Area and Its Tectonic Implications

Dike swarms are generally ascribed to intrusion of mantle-source magma result from extension. Basic dike swarms around the Shanxi-Hebei-Inner Mogolia borders in the northern peripheral area of the North China Craton can be divided into five age groups according to isotopic dating: 1800-1700 Ma, 800-700 Ma, 230 Ma, 140-120 Ma, and 50-40 Ma. Geological, petrological and isotope geochemical features of the five groups is investigated in order to explore the variation of the mantle material composition in the concerned area with time. And the various extensional activities reflected by the five groups of dike swarms are compared with some important tectonic events within the North China Craton as well as around the world during the same period.

Geodynamics of decratonization and related magmatism and mineralization in the North China Craton

The North China Craton(NCC)experienced strong destruction(i.e.,decratonization)during the Mesozoic,which triggered intensive magmatism,tectonism and thermal events and formed large-scale gold and other metal deposits in the eastern part of the craton.However,how the decratonization controls the formation and distribution of large-scale of gold and other metal deposits is not very clear.Based on a large number of published data and new results,this paper systematically summarizes all the data for the rock assemblages,chronology,geochemistry and petrogenesis of Mesozoic magmatic rocks,as well as for the mineralizing ages of gold and other metal deposits and the evolution of the Mesozoic basins in the eastern NCC.The results are used to restore the extensional rates of Mesozoic to Cenozoic basins and the strike-slip distance of the Tanlu Fault,to ascertain the location of the Paleo-Pacific plate subduction zones during the Mesozoic to Cenozoic,and to reconstruct the temporal and spatial distribution of Mesozoic gold and other metal deposits and magmatic rocks in the eastern NCC.It is obtained that the magmatism and mineralization in the eastern NCC westward migrate from east to west during the Early to Middle Jurassic,but they eastward migrate from west to east during the Early Cretaceous.The metallogenesis of these deposits is genetically related to magmatism,and the magmas provided some ore-forming materials and fluids for the generation of metal deposits.The geodynamic mechanism of decratonization and related magmatism and mineralization is proposed,i.e.,the westward low-angle subduction of the Paleo-Pacific slab beneath the NCC formed continental magmatic arc with plenty of porphyry Cu-Mo-Au deposits in the Jurassic,similar to the Andean continental arc in South America.The mantle wedge was metasomatized by the fluids/melts derived from the subducting slab,laying a material foundation for hydrothermal mineralization in the Early Cretaceous.While the rollback of the subducting slab with gradually increasing subduction angle and the retreat of the subduction zones during the Early Cretaceous induced strong destruction of the craton and the formation of extensive magmatic rocks and large-scale gold and other metal deposits.

The amalgamation of the supercontinent of North China Craton at the end of Neo-Archaean and its breakup during late Palaeoproterozoic and Meso-Proterozoic

The most important geological events in the formation and evolution of the North China Craton concentrate at two stages: 2 600-2 400 Ma and 2 000-1 700 Ma (briefly, we call them 2.5 Ga event and 1.8 Ga event respectively in this paper). We propose that the essences of these two events are: Several Archaean micro-continents amalgamated to form one supercontinent according to the plate tectonic principle with a small scale at about 2.5 Ga, and the supercontinent broke down by upwelling of an ancient mantle plume at about 1.8 Ga.

Triassic magmatism and its relation to decratonization in the eastern North China Craton

Lithospheric removal and destruction of the North China Craton have been hotly discussed recently. It has been confirmed that the timing of a strong lithospheric removal took place in Late Mesozoic; however, little is known about when the lithospheric removal was initiated and how the Late Permian to Early Triassic deep subduction of Yangtze continental crust affected the cratonic destruction. This paper presents an overview on the temporal and spatial framework and geochemical characteristics of the Triassic intrusive rocks in the eastern North China Craton and use these data to trace their sources and petrogenetic processes, in order to constrain the tectonic setting in which they evolved. It is concluded that the destruction of the North China Craton was initiated in the Late Triassic and induced by delamination of the thickened continental crust by deep subduction of Yangtze continental crust and continent-continent collision. This suggests that the subduction of the continental crust and continent-continent collision are possibly interpreted as the inducement of Late Mesozoic decratonization of the North China Craton.

华北克拉通东北缘改造:来自吉林辉南地区构造热事件的古地磁记录

华北克拉通东北缘处于构造运动活跃地区,古地磁研究可为构造演化和岩浆热事件提供依据。笔者在吉林辉南地区中寒武统32个采点共采集246块样品进行了岩石学、岩石磁学及系统热退磁实验。古地磁实验表明,徐庄组砂质泥岩主要磁性矿物是赤铁矿和磁铁矿,张夏组灰岩主要磁性矿物是颗粒较小的磁铁矿和黄铁矿,且均发生了重磁化,并记录了稳定的中温分量,前者中温分量地理坐标平均方向为D/I=10.9°/50.8°,α_(95)=11.7°,对应的极位置为76°N,264.6°E,A_(95)=13°,与早白垩世岩浆活动记录的古地磁极位置一致;后者中温分量地理坐标平均方向为D/I=29.1°/59.0°,α_(95)=6.5°,对应的极位置为68°N,213.7°E,A_(95)=8.4°,与第四纪火山岩记录的古地磁极位置一致。综合区域地质背景分析,早白垩世—第四纪,吉林辉南及邻区古地磁记录的2次较为强烈的构造热事件,以及因敦化-密山断裂带左旋走滑运动造成的北向运移形成的古纬度差,一定程度上对华北克拉通东北缘起到双重改造作用。

内蒙古白云鄂博矿床年代学特征及其地质意义

内蒙古白云鄂博矿床是世界罕见的特大型REE-Nb-Fe多金属共生矿床,由于经历了复杂的区域地质演化历史,至今仍对稀土成矿时代认识不一。基于前人的同位素年代学研究成果,结合矿床地质特征对稀土成矿时代进行讨论。研究表明,白云鄂博矿区经历了华北克拉通2.5~1.8 Ga的前寒武纪构造演化过程;哥伦比亚超大陆裂解的最后阶段,约1.3 Ga在白云鄂博裂谷形成了巨型稀土矿床,与同期碳酸岩墙形成时代一致;受后期华北克拉通北缘古亚洲洋俯冲碰撞造山的影响,白云鄂博地区引发热液交代活动,形成了晚期稀土矿脉和原有稀土矿物的重结晶,导致H 8赋矿白云岩同位素系统受到扰动,呈现出多期次(1.0~0.2 Ga)的同位素年龄结果。总之,白云鄂博是一个在约1.3 Ga裂谷成矿并叠加了加里东和海西2期热扰动事件的巨型稀土矿床。

Summary of technology for a comprehensive geophysical exploration of gold mine in North China Craton

The North China Craton is the oldest continental block,and has suffered from large-scale lithospheric thinning and destruction,which in turn led to gold deposits in northern China.The decratonic gold deposits in the North China Craton became the most important gold deposits in China,and geophysical methods are key means to detect and discover gold deposits there.In this paper,based on the geological and petrophysical characteristics of the North China Craton,the geological model of the decratonic gold deposits is transformed into a geophysical model.At present,two methods of geophysical exploration of decratonic gold deposits are in use:rapid and efficient exploration on the scale of the ore concentration area,and large depth exploration on the scale of the deposit area.In detail,the airborne electromagnetic,magnetic and gravity methods are used to detect the shallow(1,500 m)anomaly area on the scale of the ore concentration area.Through the ground-controlled source electromagnetic and ground magnetotelluric methods,explorations for targets at significant depth(5,000 m)are carried out in the mining area.Then,taking the Liaodong ore concentration area as an example,geophysical methods are used to discover two prospecting areas around the Jianshanzi Fault in the Qingchengzi ore concentration area,Baiyun-Xiaotongjiapuzi deep prospecting area,and Qingchengzi deep prospecting area.Next,three prospecting areas are delineated around the Jixingou Fault in the Wulong mining area,Wulong deep prospecting area,Weishagou deep prospecting area,and Chang’an deep prospecting area.The anomalies in the ore concentration area and mining area are revealed by means of three-dimensional exploration methods,thereby providing technical support for the exploration of metal minerals such as decratonic gold deposits.

辽东五龙金矿鸡心岭断裂的年代学约束及其对成矿潜力的指示

五龙金矿是辽东地区形成于早白垩世的代表性石英脉型金矿,与胶东地区“玲珑式”金矿相似。胶东地区早白垩世金矿受北东向断裂控制且规模宏大,五龙金矿已知矿体主要赋存于北西向和近南北向断裂内,其北东向断裂研究程度较低、成矿潜力尚不清楚。针对五龙矿区的鸡心岭断裂开展了地质调查,对侵位其中的岩脉和热液白云母进行定年,为断裂内构造-岩浆-热液活动提供年代学约束。调查发现,鸡心岭断裂整体为脆性变形,具有多期活动的特征,依次有煌斑岩、含白云母石英脉和闪长岩脉侵入其中。测年结果显示,煌斑岩的锆石^(206)Pb/^(238)U年龄加权平均值为132.1±1.7 Ma,热液白云母的40 Ar/39 Ar坪年龄为126.8±0.5 Ma,闪长岩的锆石^(206)Pb/^(238)U年龄加权平均值为112.9±1.4 Ma。年龄数据指示,鸡心岭断裂在132 Ma之前形成,在132~113 Ma之间经历了岩浆-热液活动,依次对应区域上的早白垩世初期北北西—南南东向挤压和早白垩世中期北西—南东向/北西西—南东东向伸展背景。从现有调查程度看,鸡心岭断裂较胶东地区北东向断裂具有序次低、规模小、构造和流体活动较弱的特征。辽东地区燕山期金矿找矿应注意关注更高序次的低角度断裂,五龙一带的北东向断裂找矿工作应优先评价断裂走向变化、深部由陡变缓的部位。

华北石炭纪艾雨头大型喀斯特铝土矿成因机制研究

喀斯特型铝土矿中硬水铝石的成因机制对准确认识该矿床的成因至关重要,也是业界长期争论的焦点。早期普遍认为风化作用阶段形成的三水铝石经历后期压实变质作用脱水形成硬水铝石,然而近期大量研究显示自然界铝土矿中硬水铝石多为地表喀斯特型环境下结晶形成。华北晚石炭世发育大规模硬水铝石型喀斯特铝土矿,本文选取华北北部艾雨头大型铝土矿床为研究对象,在翔实的矿床地质研究基础上,借助X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜-能谱分析(SEM-EDS)及激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)技术,探索硬水铝石的地表结晶条件和铝土矿的形成过程。艾雨头铝土矿含矿岩系剖面自下而上依次包括铁质粘土岩、铝土矿和粘土岩,其中:铁质粘土岩矿物组成主要为伊利石、高岭石、针铁矿、赤铁矿、硬水铝石和锐钛矿;铝土矿主要为硬水铝石、高岭石、赤铁矿、针铁矿和锐钛矿;粘土岩为高岭石、针铁矿、赤铁矿和锐钛矿。艾雨头喀斯特铝土矿顶底板岩石未发生变质作用,而且原位分析显示硬水铝石中含有较高含量的Si、Fe、Ti、Cr、V、Pb等元素,指示硬水铝石为表生沉淀成因。矿石中发现硬水铝石与赤铁矿和针铁矿密切共生,表明硬水铝石可在氧化条件下形成(Eh>0.2)。硬水铝石中氧化还原敏感元素间良好的线性关系(包括V/Mn-Cr/Mn、V/Fe-Cr/Fe、V/Fe-U/Fe和U-Cr)以及V、Cr、U元素的共同富集,指示硬水铝石沉淀时氧化还原阈值为T_(1)-T_(3)(即低氧-还原环境(-0.4<Eh<0.4))。硬水铝石中较高含量的Fe元素以及与硬水铝石共生的赤铁矿和针铁矿中较高含量的Al元素反映成矿前期已形成了大量的铁铝固溶体(Al_(x)Fe_(1-x)(OH_(y))^(3-y))。这些不稳定的铁铝固溶体在成岩阶段转变为含铁硬水铝石(Fe-AlOOH)和含铝针铁矿、赤铁矿(Al-FeOOH、Al-Fe_(2)O_(3));含铁硬水铝石在后期压实成岩过程中进一步转变为硬水铝石。该研究结果解释了艾雨头铝土矿中硬水铝石地表大规模结晶的基本条件和过程,对全面认识华北喀斯特铝土矿具有重要意义。

内蒙古四子王旗小文公乡古元古代基性岩墙锆石测年及其构造意义

通过对内蒙古中部四子王旗小文公乡地区侵入华北克拉通结晶基底的辉长辉绿岩墙样品开展锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年,共获得3组年龄数据,结合锆石CL图像特征分析认为:第一组位于锆石核部的测点获得207 Pb/206 Pb年龄为1925~1934 Ma,应为捕获锆石,揭示出与华北克拉通北缘基底一致的1930 Ma左右的年龄信息;第二组6个测点位于锆石幔部,207 Pb/206 Pb年龄分布在1798~1865 Ma之间,加权平均年龄为1838 Ma±30 Ma(MSWD=8.0),代表该岩墙的辉绿岩墙侵位年龄,与华北克拉通早期非造山岩浆岩、结晶基底广泛经历的1850~1800 Ma的麻粒岩相-高角闪岩相变质作用以及裂谷沉积时代相对应,暗示华北克拉通在古元古代末已经成为前罗迪尼亚大陆的一部分,此后进入相对稳定时期,于1830Ma左右开始经历伸展作用;第三组年龄为变质年龄,4个测点的206 Pb/238 U加权平均年龄为281.0 Ma±7.8 Ma(MSWD=6.0),可能是兴蒙造山带碰撞造山事件的响应。本文所揭示的三期热事件,对华北克拉通构造演化历史的对比研究工作具有重要意义。

阿拉善北大山地区花岗斑岩岩石成因及构造启示:元素地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学及Hf同位素约束

阿拉善地块位于华北克拉通西南部,其早前寒武纪地质演化及板块归属一直存在争议。北大山杂岩作为阿拉善地块少有出露的前寒武纪变质基底,记录了前寒武纪岩浆-变质事件,为上述问题的制约提供了良好的研究窗口。本文对北大山地区次井子花岗斑岩开展系统的岩石学、地球化学、锆石年代学及Hf同位素数据研究。结果表明,岩石具有较高的SiO_(2)(73.85%~75.41%)、Al_(2)O_(3)(13.40%~14.19%)和K_(2)O(3.83%~4.80%)值,较低的Na_(2)O(2.10%~3.31%)和Fe_(2)O_(3)^(T)(0.93%~1.33%)值。岩石相对富集轻稀土元素而亏损重稀土元素,具有明显的负铕异常(δEu=0.15~0.29),亏损Nb、Ta和Ti等高场强元素,显示高分异I型花岗岩特征。岩浆锆石U-Pb年龄揭示岩体形成于(2035.6±8.4)Ma,锆石εHf(t)值(0.48~7.04)均为正值且变化范围较大,Hf同位素地壳模式年龄T_(DM)^(C)介于2627 Ma和2222 Ma之间,显示岩浆具有壳幔混合的成因特征。综合分析认为,阿拉善地块约2.0 Ga的岩浆事件存在双峰式火山岩组合的特征,且其中的酸性岩多为A型花岗岩,指示伸展的构造背景。锆石年龄和Hf同位素组成的系统对比分析表明,西阿拉善地块与华北克拉通孔兹岩带岩浆在古元古代存在明显的亲缘关系。

中国陆壳演化、多块体拼合造山与特色成矿的关系

矿产资源的种类、时空分布、形成演化与成岩作用和大地构造格局密切相关。中国地质构造复杂,成矿条件多样(发育裂谷成矿、碰撞成矿、地幔柱成矿、低温成矿等特色成矿系统),矿床类型比较齐全,如大宗矿产(铁、铝、铜、钾盐)短缺,小宗矿产中盛产稀土元素(REE)、钨、锡、钼矿。中国早前寒武纪矿床相对较少,燕山期成矿集中爆发。这种矿产资源分布格局与中国大陆地壳的性质与演化、多块体拼合造山格局之间的内在联系尚待深入揭示。本文基于对中国陆壳演化、陆块与造山带组成格局和多块体拼合造山的系统分析总结,试图阐明中国成矿特色与其内在联系,从陆壳形成与造山带演化的宏观视角来研究中国大陆成矿特色、成矿物质时空分布规律,其特色包括:(1)中国陆壳的地台区与造山带区质量比约3∶7(全球陆壳地台区占69.6%),太古界面积小且支离破碎,地壳固化时间晚且运动频繁强烈,因此难以形成巨型条带状铁建造(BIF)富铁矿床、太古代火山岩块状硫化物型(VMS)铜锌矿带和元古代内克拉通裂谷有关的扎伊尔-赞比亚巨型铜矿。(2)环绕中朝-塔里木和扬子板块的增生造山带由老到新依次形成,并镶接于古板块边缘,使中国大陆逐渐增生扩展,导致火山岩型、与岩浆岩类和沉积岩系有关的大型矿床空间上向板块边缘推移,时间上越来越新,地壳演化成矿作用和矿床类型越来越多样化。(3)中亚成矿域以古生代多陆块拼合造山、中新生代陆内造山与山盆体系构成独特的地质构造格局。既发育增生造山阶段的弧环境相关矿床(蛇绿岩型铬铁矿、斑岩铜矿、VMS),也发育与碰撞造山有关的矿床(造山型金矿、石棉、滑石、白云母)、地幔柱叠置造山带背景下的岩浆铜镍矿和后碰撞陆内岩石圈伸展相关的大陆环境矿床(斑岩钼矿、热液金矿、伟晶岩型稀有金属矿)。(4)青藏高原(特提斯成矿域)系特提斯洋长期增生演化、印度-欧亚大陆碰撞的产物。其成矿条件优越,具有多期成矿作用、多矿种和多类型的复合成矿系统特点。形成了蛇绿岩套型铬铁矿、密西西比河谷型(MVT)铅锌矿和独具特色的碰撞环境超大型斑岩铜钼矿。(5)我国东部环太平洋成矿域,伴随晚中生代克拉通性质的根本转变及岩石圈明显的减薄过程与破坏,在华北克拉通周缘发生大规模的岩浆活动和强烈的金、铜、钼和轻稀土等成矿作用。不同时期的造山带干涉叠加使得南岭地区盛产花岗岩有关的钨、锡、钼矿,具有叠加改造成矿、大器晚成的鲜明成矿特色。由于中国成矿特色与大陆地壳演化密切相关,中国的找矿勘探部署必须立足于中国大陆演化与多块体拼合造山的基本地质事实,方能取得好的勘查效果。中国大陆小陆块拼合造山成矿还存在诸多未解之谜,文末提出了当前成矿学面临的一系列科学问题,对于今后我国找矿战略选区具有借鉴意义。

华北克拉通北缘及邻区前燕山期主要地质事件

近年来,华北克拉通北缘及邻区的研究进展集中在前燕山期的主要地质构造格架的廓清,以及晚中生代以来的构造岩浆事件和克拉通岩石圈减薄研究的深化。本文对前者的研究进展作评述和展望。华北克拉通自1.8～1.75Ga形成后,时有岩浆扰动。1.35Ga的基性岩床和岩墙群事件代表了华北克拉通与北美克拉通的裂解,说明华北克拉通曾经是哥伦比亚超大陆的组成部分。华北克拉通北缘大陆边缘的演化也应当从1.35Ga以后开始。早古生代时期,在华北克拉通以北的兴蒙造山带南部发育了白乃庙岛弧岩带,但此时华北克拉通依然记录的是稳定沉积。该岛弧岩带在早古生代末期可能通过弧-陆碰撞形式增生到华北克拉通北部边缘。早中泥盆世期间,在华北克拉通北缘发育了年龄为410～380Ma的碱性杂岩,可能与弧陆碰撞后的伸展有关。从晚石炭世(～320Ma)开始,华北克拉通北缘发展为安第斯型活动大陆边缘,古亚洲洋向南俯冲在华北克拉通之下。在相邻的兴蒙造山带,古亚洲洋还存在向北的俯冲,形成了白音宝力道岛弧岩带。古亚洲洋沿索伦缝合带的最终闭合发生在二叠纪末—三叠纪初期。华北克拉通北缘大量～250Ma以来的后碰撞岩浆活动记录了这一拼合过程。晚三叠世—早侏罗世华北克拉通北缘发生大规模逆冲推覆。早侏罗世时期,华北克拉通北缘已经出现基底结晶岩系的广泛剥露。在燕山期构造岩浆作用之前,华北克拉通北缘的东西向构造格架基本奠定。

华北克拉通绿岩带型金成矿系统初析

华北克拉通中绿岩带型金矿床是我国最重要的矿床类型之一 ,也是我国黄金产量和储量的主要来源 .从构造动力体制来看 ,华北克拉通在漫长的演化历史中曾经历过中晚元古代的离散型陆缘、早古生代到晚古生代的汇聚型陆缘和显生宙中生代克拉通活化多个构造阶段 .金矿床主要形成于克拉通活化阶段 ,其总的构造背景可概括为由挤压、碰撞作用晚期或期后向伸展构造的转变时期 .金成矿具有明显的区域地球化学背景 .虽然华北克拉通绿岩带型金矿床形成时代不尽相同 ,但具有相似的地质地球化学特征 ,并与显生宙花岗岩类侵入体具有密切的时空及成因联系 .年代学资料表明 ,金矿床 (化 )与有关的花岗岩大体同时形成或稍晚于花岗岩 ,指示金矿化是构造 -花岗岩浆演化晚期的产物 .因此 ,这些金矿床基本上可归为一个成矿系统 。