Propagation Characteristics of Ultrasonic Guided Waves in Grouted Rockbolt Systems with Bond Defects under Different Confining Conditions

A rockbolt acting in the rock mass is subjected to the combined action of the pull-out load and confining pressure, and the bond quality of the rockbolt directly affects the stability of the roadway and cavern. Therefore, in this study, confining pressure and pull-out load are applied to grouted rockbolt systems with bond defects by a numerical simulation method, and the rockbolt is detected by ultrasonic guided waves to study the propagation law of ultrasonic guided waves in defective rockbolt systems and the bond quality of rockbolts under the combined action of pull-out load and confining pressure. The numerical simulation results show that the length and location of bond defects can be detected by ultrasonic guided waves under the combined action of pull-out load and confining pressure. Under no pull-out load, with increasing confining pressure, the low-frequency part of the guided wave frequency in the rockbolt increases, the high-frequency part decreases, the weakening effect of the confining pressure on the guided wave propagation law increases, and the bond quality of the rockbolt increases. The existence of defects cannot change the strengthening effect of the confining pressure on the guided wave propagation law under the same pull-out load or the weakening effect of the pull-out load on the guided wave propagation law under the same confining pressure.

Effect of sensor quantity on measurement accuracy of log inner defects by using stress wave

Wood nondestructive testing （NDT） is one of the high efficient methods in utilizing wood. This paper explained the principle of log defect testing by using stress wave, and analyzed the effects of sensor quantity on defect testing results by using stress wave in terms of image fitting degree and error rate. The results showed that for logs with diameter ranging from 20 to 40 cm, at least 12 sensors were needed to meet the requirement which ensure a high testing accuracy of roughly 90% of fitness with 0.1 of error rate. And 10 sensors were recommended to judge the possible locations of defects and 6 sensors were sufficient to decide whether there were defects or not.

WAVELET METHOD FOR CALCULATING THE DEFECT STATES OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL PHONONIC CRYSTALS

Based on the variational theory, a wavelet-based numerical method is developed to calculate the defect states of acoustic waves in two-dimensional phononic crystals with point and line defects. The supercell technique is applied. By expanding the displacement field and the material constants （mass density and elastic stiffness） in periodic wavelets, the explicit formulations of an eigenvalue problem for the plane harmonic bulk waves in such a phononic structure are derived. The point and line defect states in solid-liquid and solid-solid systems are calculated. Comparisons of the present results with those measured experimentally or those from the plane wave expansion method show that the present method can yield accurate results with faster convergence and less computing time.

Defect detection in brazed weldment with lattice structure using ultrasonic Lamb wave technique

In this paper, defects detection in brazed weldment with lattice structure is studied using ultrasonic Lamb wave. Based on the ultrasonic guided wave theory, the frequency dispersion curves for phase and group velocity of I Cr18Ni9Ti are obtained by solving the Rayleigh-Lamb equation. The incident angles of different modes are determined through theoretical calculation and experimental analyses. Artificial defects of through-wall slots with different dimensions are made and tested. Experimental scattering effects of the fundamental symmetric mode S2 and asymmetric modes A1 and A0 are analysed and compared. The results show that mode Ao is suitable for detecting artificial defect, and the amplitude of the received signals are in good agreement with the defect size. Brazed weldment specimen containing lack of brazing with certain dimensions is made. Using the same methodology, scattering effects produced by weld defects are measured. The results show that the clutter wave brought about by the filler metal will certainly disturbs the identification of defect signal. But, when the defect is 3.0 mm in width, the presented mode Ao could be used potentially.

Propagation behavior of elastic waves in one-dimensional piezoelectric/piezomagnetic phononic crystal with line defects

Using a stiffness matrix method, we in- vestigate the propagation behaviors of elastic waves in one-dimensional （1D） piezoelectric/piezomagnetic （PE/PM） phononic crystals （PCs） with line defects by calculating energy reflection/transmittion coefficients of quasi-pressure and quasi-shear waves. Line defects are created by the re- placement of PE or PM constituent layer. The defect modes existing in the first gap are considered and the influences on defect modes of the material properties and volume fraction of the defect layers, the type of incident waves, the location of defect layer and the number of structural layers are discussed in detail. Numerical results indicate that defect modes are the most obvious when the defect layers are inserted in the middle of the perfect PCs; the types of incidence wave and material properties of the defect layers have important effects on the numbers, the location of frequencies and the peaks of defect modes, and the defect modes are strongly de- pendent on volume fraction of the defect layers. We hope this paper will be found useful for the design of PE/PM acoustic filters or acoustic transducer with PCs structures.

Fano resonance and wave transmission through a chain structure with an isolated ring composed of defects

We consider a discrete model that describes a linear chain of particles coupled to an isolated ring composed of N defects. This simple system can be regarded as a generalization of the familiar Fano Anderson model. It can be used to model discrete networks of coupled defect modes in photonic crystals and simple waveguide arrays in two-dimensional lattices. The analytical result of the transmission coefficient is obtained, along with the conditions for perfect reflections and transmissions due to either destructive or constructive interferences. Using a simple example, we further investigate the relationship between the resonant frequencies and the number of defects N, and study how to affect the numbers of perfect reflections and transmissions. In addition, we demonstrate how these resonance transmissions and refections can be tuned by one nonlinear defect of the network that possesses a nonlinear Kerr-like response.

基于超声导波的车用氢瓶在线检验技术研究

在役车用氢瓶的安全性能直接影响到氢能产业交通应用场景的可行性。传统拆卸离线检验模式制约了产业发展,结合前期研究成果,创新车用气瓶定期检验策略,通过定位损伤引导判断是否应进行拆卸离线验证气瓶安全性能。本文开展超声导波技术对车用氢瓶缺陷的定位算法研究及装置开发,进而攻克金属基碳纤维复合材料制气瓶噪声干扰大、信噪比高等不利因素,有效提取损伤信号,实现高精度损伤定位,经对极端冲量损伤、表面裂纹损伤后的车用氢瓶进行试验,验证其损伤定位误差可达到5%以内,对在役车用氢瓶安全性能评估具有非常重要的应用前景。

桩周土对桩身振动波传递及缺陷识别影响研究

针对基桩完整性的低应变检测方法仅能定性识别桩身缺陷程度,不能定量识别问题,本文根据动力学理论,建立了考虑桩周土作用的基桩动力控制方程,利用波动理论求得桩身任意截面的速度响应。通过不同龄期下模型桩试验和数值计算结果,研究发现:随着龄期的增加桩周土阻尼逐渐增大,速度反射波幅值与入射波幅值之比逐渐衰减的规律,依据此衰减规律和截面阻抗变化处的反射规律,建立了缺陷程度定量识别关系式,利用该关系式可以简便、快捷地定量识别桩身缺陷程度。

高纯度横波蝶形线圈电磁超声换能器优化设计

蝶形线圈电磁超声换能器(EMAT)能够在铝块中同时激发出超声横波和纵波,接收信号中存在横波反射回波和纵波反射回波,纵波回波会影响缺陷检测的准确性。该文设计了一种变尺寸蝶形线圈EMAT,通过改变线圈不同位置导线的宽度与间距,改变不同位置的换能效率,以实现横波的增强和纵波的抑制。首先,考虑永磁体的空间磁场分布,分析蝶形线圈EMAT不同位置导线所受洛伦兹力与激发超声波类型的关系,结合有限元声场云图,得到EMAT接收信号中存在多个回波的原因;其次,研究线圈参数对换能效率和横波纵波幅值比的影响规律,利用有限元仿真确定变尺寸EMAT的设计参数;最后,制备常规与变尺寸蝶形线圈EMAT,采集无缺陷铝合金试块的回波,结果表明,当永磁体直径与线圈中心宽度比为1.92时,纵波幅值削弱了66.1%,横波幅值增大了36.3%,横纵波幅值比从5.8升至23.1。该文设计的变尺寸蝶形线圈EMAT实现了对纵波的削弱和横波的增强,提升了横波电磁超声内部缺陷检测的可靠性。

固井水泥环内部缺陷超声波检测仿真研究

固井水泥环内部的各种缺陷会导致层间窜流、井口带压等事故。无损检测技术作为一种非破坏性的检测方法,可以对固井水泥环内部的缺陷进行检测。基于超声波在连续介质中的传播规律,采用COMSOL仿真软件模拟压电效应以及超声波在水泥环中的传播状态和反射规律,研究水泥环缺陷反射信号的相关特性。研究结果表明:选择1.0 MHz 5周期Hanning窗调制的超声正弦波作为激励信号,超声探头可以在50μs内接收到水泥环缺陷的反射信号;不同类型的缺陷中,矩形缺陷的检测效果最佳;当缺陷主方向与超声波入射方向垂直时,检测效果最佳。研究结果验证了超声波无损检测技术可以快速准确地确定固井水泥环内部缺陷的类型和位置,同时调整超声波入射角度有助于提升检测效果,可为超声波在水泥环内部缺陷检测中的应用提供一定的指导意义。

近表面疲劳裂纹的水浸式非共线横波混频检测方法研究

针对近表面疲劳裂纹检测问题,开展了水浸式非共线横波混频检测方法研究。在材料非线性、水/试件界面和疲劳裂纹不同非线性源情况下,分析相互作用角和频率比对混频非线性效应的影响规律。在此基础上,对有无近表面疲劳裂纹试件沿着深度方向进行扫查检测。结果表明,在不同非线性源情况下,混频特征图具有显著差异,根据混频特征图中和频纵波峰值及其对应相互作用角可对试件近表面疲劳裂纹进行检测;水/试件界面对近表面疲劳裂纹非共线横波混频检测具有一定影响,去参考检测方法可显著降低水/试件界面的影响,实现对近表面疲劳裂纹的有效检测。

基于电磁超声导波的管道损伤定量评估

作为能源运输工具,管道在工作时会受到内部运输介质的冲刷和外部环境的腐蚀,导致强度下降并出现损伤。考虑不规则缺陷量化研究的局限性,并依据管道常见腐蚀缺陷类型,将腐蚀缺陷大致分为槽形、月牙形和圆形3种具有不同几何边界的类型。利用COMSOL软件建立电磁-力多物理场耦合的电磁超声L(0,2)模态导波管道缺陷检测3D模型,得到在不同类型缺陷作用下的超声波传播过程和接收信号特点。同时根据仿真结果,利用L(0,2)导波及其模态转换F(1,3)信号,拟合反射系数与缺陷几何参数间的定量关系,并通过实验加以验证。结果表明,缺陷形状为槽形、圆形、月牙形时,缺陷反射系数与截面损失率分别呈二次函数、对数、指数关系,各量化模型平均绝对百分比误差分别为2.67%、1.79%和7.91%。

基于周向SH导波的钢制环氧套筒胶结缺陷检测方法研究

钢制环氧套筒目前已在油气管道损伤修复领域得到广泛应用,其树脂层的胶结质量对管道修复后的补强效果至关重要。对此,本文提出了基于电磁超声周向SH导波的钢制环氧套筒胶结缺陷检测方法。首先,通过建立有限元模型研究了周向SH0模态导波在钢制环氧套筒结构中的传播特性;其次,采用有限元仿真与实验研究相结合的方式探究了周向SH0模态导波检测钢制环氧套筒胶结层内预制的阶梯型贯穿空腔缺陷的可行性。仿真和实验结果均表明,SH0模态直达波幅值与空腔宽度基本呈线性正相关,说明该方法可实现对胶结层中贯穿型空腔缺陷的检测,并且可区分空腔大小,验证了所提方法用于检测钢制环氧套筒胶结缺陷的可行性。

超声导波相控阵脉冲压缩全聚焦缺陷成像方法

针对超声导波缺陷成像中存在的入射信号能量低、缺陷成像分辨率不足等成像质量不高的问题,提出了一种超声导波相控阵脉冲压缩全聚焦缺陷成像方法。首先在长时宽、大带宽线性调频信号激励下,基于超声导波相控阵列逐元激励模式,获取被测结构的全矩阵捕获数据;然后对各响应信号做匹配滤波,对长时宽响应信号波包进行脉冲压缩;接着采用虚拟时间反转法,对脉冲压缩后所得信号进行频散和幅值补偿,以消除大带宽导致的信号相位畸变和因波扩散传播而导致的幅值下降,从而获得无相位畸变的窄时宽信号波包;最后设计了同时包含信号相位和幅值信息的成像指标,进行加权全聚焦成像。在含裂纹、表面缺陷的碳钢板中进行了超声导波缺陷成像试验,结果表明,该方法可以实现单缺陷/双缺陷的高质量成像。

CFRP超声检测半波高度四邻域缺陷量化方法

复合材料缺陷面积准确量化是缺陷自动识别、自动分析的重要环节,对研究复材制造工艺性能具有指导作用。该研究基于碳纤维增强塑料(carbon fiber reinforced plastic,CFRP)的超声相控阵无损检测数据开展研究,分析比较了迭代阈值法、大津法两种图像分割方法对缺陷面积量化结果,结合超声A扫描信号与C扫描图像,提出一种半波高度四邻域缺陷量化算法,定位连通缺陷区域的超声信号最大幅值点,以最大幅值点处一半幅值为临界判断,扩展四邻域缺陷边界搜索,确定缺陷边界。与图像分割方法相比,精度有较大提高,针对较小缺陷,量化的缺陷面积与实际缺陷面积的偏差为13.2%,其余缺陷面积量化偏差均小于2%。

钢管混凝土内部孔洞缺陷监测试验

开展了钢管混凝土内部孔洞缺陷监测试验,提出了将压电材料制成埋入式压电传感器,通过布置监测系统,利用波动分析法的原理对钢管混凝土内部孔洞缺陷进行测量和分析的监测方法。设计了具有不同直径内部孔洞的钢管混凝土试件和间距不同的传感器监测组,从基于幅值和声时的时域分析角度和基于小波包能量的频域分析角度对应力波测量结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,提出的监测方法可以识别钢管混凝土内部孔洞缺陷的情况。

电磁超声SH波输电杆塔接地扁钢腐蚀缺陷检测

为实现接地扁钢腐蚀缺陷方便且快速的检测,提出了基于电磁超声SH波检测接地扁钢腐蚀缺陷的方法。建立接地扁钢及其腐蚀缺陷的三维有限元仿真模型,分析接地扁钢中SH0波的传播情况以及其缺陷检测时的衰减特性。结果表明,随着SH0波传播距离的增大,其回波信号位移幅值减小,且下降幅度逐渐减缓,并有转向稳定的趋势;腐蚀缺陷深度和长度增加会导致回波信号幅值增大,而腐蚀缺陷宽度对回波幅值影响很小。通过实验探究不同腐蚀缺陷对检测结果的影响,验证了电磁超声SH0波检测接地扁钢腐蚀缺陷的可行性。仿真和实验结果表明,电磁超声检测方法可以准确判断接地扁钢缺陷的位置。该方法为现场接地扁钢腐蚀缺陷的检测以及量化识别提供新思路,具有重要参考价值。

利用Lamb波时间反转法的套筒灌浆连接缺陷位置检测

针对装配式建筑中套筒灌浆连接件缺陷位置难确定的问题,建立套筒灌浆连接结构有限元模型,采用Lamb波研究套筒灌浆连接结构中的传播规律.在确定最佳激励信号的基础上,检测出灌浆料损伤缺陷位置,同时设置无损伤测区与有损伤测区.结果表明,有损伤测区聚焦峰值与无损伤测区聚焦峰值均值相比下降11.70%,说明采用Lamb波时间反转法可实现预埋状态下套筒灌浆连接结构内部缺陷位置的判断.其对套筒灌浆连接缺陷定位是有效的,在结构无损检测领域具有良好的应用前景.

基于兰姆波的木望板试件损伤缺陷检测研究

采用超声兰姆波对木望板试件的外表面损伤缺陷进行检查研究,旨在为基于兰姆波的古建筑望板腐朽损伤的现场无损检测及评定,打下一定的前期基础。选用北京古建筑望板常见树种落叶松木材,以去材的形式在试件上加工不同程度的损伤缺陷,结果发现:随着激励频率的增加,兰姆波信号的最大幅值随之增大;在尝试的12个激励频率中,30 kHz得到的检测结果更加稳定;兰姆波信号的最大幅值随损伤严重程度的增加而减小,且损伤深度较损伤长度对兰姆波信号的影响更大。设计的超声兰姆波检测方法,可作为基于兰姆波的木望板腐朽损伤检测进一步深入研究的基础。

基于超声导波和Y-Net的复合材料胶接质量检测研究

为实现复合材料胶接结构界面粘接质量的检测,本文提出了一种基于导波检测技术和Y-Net卷积神经网络的界面弱粘接缺陷反演成像方法。计算了超声导波在复合材料胶接结构中传播的相速度频散曲线和波结构,指出了适于实际检测的导波激励频率和激发模态;创建了基于有限元仿真的数据集,将缺陷导波检测数据及概率损伤成像(RAPID)结果作为输入,真实胶接质量结果作为标签数据,对Y-Net进行了搭建、训练、验证和泛化能力测试,并应用结构相似指数(SSIM)和峰值信噪比(PSNR)定量评估了Y-Net的反演能力;搭建了实验系统,开展了复合材料胶接板检测实验。结果表明,本文所提方法可以弱粘接缺陷反演成像方式实现胶接质量检测,成像结果可准确且高质量地表征弱粘接缺陷的位置、形状、大小和弱粘接程度等多个特性。