Circulation Indices of the Aleutian Low Pressure System:Definitions and Relationships to Climate Anomalies in the Northern Hemisphere

In this study, a group of indices were defined regarding intensity （P）, area （S） and central position （λc, Фc） of the Aleutian low （AL） in the Northern Hemisphere in winter, using seasonal and monthly mean height field at 1000-hPa. These indices were calculated over 60 winter seasons from 1948/1949 to 2007/2008 using reanalysis data. Climatic and anomalous characteristics of the AL were analyzed based on these indices and relationships between the AL, and general circulations were explored using correlations between indicesP, λc, and Pacific SST, as well as Northern Hemisphere temperature and precipitation. The main results are these： （1） AL is the strongest in January, when the center shifts to the south and west of its climatological position, and it is the weakest in December when the center shifts to the north and east. （2） AL intensity （P） is negatively correlated with its longitude （λc）： a deeper low occurs toward the east and a shallower low occurs toward the west. On a decadal scale, the AL has been persistently strong and has shifted eastward since the 1970s, but reversal signs have been observed in recent years. （3） The AL is stronger and is located toward the east during strong E1 Nifio winters and vice versa during strong La Nifia years; this tendency is particularly evident after 1975. The AL is also strongly correlated with SST in the North Pacific. It intensifies and moves eastward with negative SST anomalies, and it weakens and moves westward with positive SST anomalies. （4） Maps of significance correlation between AL intensity and Northern Hemisphere temperature and rainfall resemble the PNA teleconnection pattern in mid-latitudes in the North Pacific and across North America. The AL and the Mongolian High are two permanent atmospheric pressure systems adjacent to each other during boreal winter over the middle and high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, but their relationships with the E1 Nifio/La Nifia events and with temperature and precipitation in the Northern Hemisphere are significantly different.

A Brief Introduction about Definitions of Rhetoric

This paper classifies the definitions of rhetoric into four groups based on the defining methods in Li’s English Rhetoric and Essay Writing so that one can have a deeper understanding of the term "rhetoric"?

A Brief Introduction about the Definitions of Rhetoric

This paper classifies the definitions of rhetoric into four groups based on the defining methods in Li’s English Rhetoric and Essay Writing so that one can have a deeper understanding of the term "rhetoric".

An Overview on Biological Markers in Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology: Concepts, Definitions and Use in Risk Assessment

Reproduction and development are complex couple-dependent processes. Risk assessment for these health outcomes requires the use of biomarkers to link exposures to disease. Biological markers of susceptability, external dose, internal dose, biologically effective dose, early or late biological responses, altered reproductive or developmental function, and reproductive or developmental disease are introduced. Using these biomarkers it is possible to define a biologically based risk assessment methodology for reproductive and developmental toxicity. Risk assessment for reproductive toxicity requires definition of male and female fecundity, couple-specific factors, spontaneous abortion, rate, and other factors. Using using sperm count as a biomarker for male fecundity, an example of a reproductive risk assessment using biomarkers is performed.

Partial Formalization: An Approach for Critical Analysis of Definitions and Methods Used in Bulk Extraction-Based Molecular Microbial Ecology

Partial formalization, which involves the development of deductive connections among statements, can be used to examine assumptions, definitions and related methodologies that are used in science. This approach has been applied to the study of nucleic acids recovered from natural microbial assemblages (NMA) by the use of bulk extraction. Six pools of bulk-extractable nucleic acids (BENA) are suggested to be present in a NMA: (pool 1) inactive microbes (abiotic-limited);(pool 2) inactive microbes (abiotic permissive, biotic-limited);(pool 3) dormant microbes (abiotic permissive, biotic-limited, but can become biotic permissive);(pool 4) in situ active microbes (the microbial community);(pool 5) viruses (virocells/virions/cryptic viral genomes);and (pool 6) extracellular nucleic acids including extracellular DNA (eDNA). Definitions for cells, the microbial community (in situ active cells), the rare biosphere, dormant cells (the microbial seed bank), viruses (virocells/virions/cryptic viral genomic), and diversity are presented, together with methodology suggested to allow their study. The word diversity will require at least 4 definitions, each involving a different methodology. These suggested definitions and methodologies should make it possible to make further advances in bulk extraction-based molecular microbial ecology.

The Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in an Apparently Healthy, Normotensive and Non-Diabetic Population in Saudi Arabia by Two Definitions: Implications for Local Practice

Objectives: We aimed to 1) investigate the prevalence of MS in apparently healthy, non-hypertensive non-diabetic individuals living in Jeddah using the IDF and the NCEP-ATP III criteria to test for agreement in classification, and to determine the characteristics of subjects identified by either definition, and 2) examine the significance of family medical history and life style habits. Methods: 557 apparently healthy individuals aged 18 - 50 y were randomly approached in Jeddah health centres. 412 agreed to participate, while 55 were excluded because they were found to be frankly hypertensive and/or diabetic. Finally, 357 apparently healthy subjects with no hypertension or diabetes were fully studied. Anthropometric and demographic information were collected. Insulin, glucose, and lipid profile were obtained in fasting blood samples. Individuals were identified using the two definitions of metabolic syndrome, and their characteristics were compared statistically to the rest of the population. Results: Of the 233 subjects fulfilling the inclusion criteria, 44 and 39 (18.9% and 16.7%) were identified as having MS by the IDF or ATPIII definitions, respectively. The most common characteristic was central obesity using the IDF definition, and low HDL-cholesterol using the NCEP-ATP III definition. As expected from our exclusion criteria, the least common feature was high blood pressure in both cases. There was no significant difference between subgroups with and without MS with regard to smoking, exercise, and family history of disease. Regression analysis indicated the strongest predictors of MS were: blood glucose, LDL-C/HDL-C ratio and plasma insulin using the NCEP-ATPIII definition, and blood glucose, Waist /Hip ratio and plasma atherogenic index (PAI) using the IDF definition. Conclusions: In the absence of local cut-off thresholds for waist circumference, subjects might escape diagnosis using the IDF definition. The use of waist/Hip ratio, LDL-C: HDL-C, PAI and circulating insulin help with the diagnosis.

ESP Writing:The Teaching of Definitions

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Wetland Definitions:Creation,Evolution and Application

In this paper,we review the creation,evolution and application of wetland definitions.Varying wetlands are found from the tundra to the tropics and on every continent except Antarctica in the planet.Wetlands have many distinguishing features,the most notable of which are water presence,unique soil conditions,and biota that are adapted to or tolerant of saturated soils.Many wetland definitions have been developed by scientists,U.S.federal agencies,and the Ramsar Convention for both scientific and regulatory purposes.Wetlands are not easily defined but a well-conceived,science-based definition of wetlands is important for scientists and resource managers to understand the nature of wetlands and/or to use and protect wetlands.A scientific definition is the basis for wetland classification.Developing an effective wetland classification system requires a well-conceived,science-based definition and clearly explicit guidance on the appropriate use of various wetland indicators to verify the presence of wetlands on the ground.Based on a well-accepted wetland definition,both wetland classification and inventory further provide needed information and a working frame for wise use and management of wetlands.

Definitions of Pseudocapacitive Materials: A Brief Review

Pseudocapacitive materials generally offer both high capacitance and high rate capability, which has stimulated great efforts in developing the materials system and related energy storage devices. In recent years, however, with the extensive use of nanomaterials in batteries, fast redox kinetics comparable to pseudocapacitive have been achieved in many kinds of battery materials due to the much shortened ion diffusion lengths and highly exposed surface/interface as a result of nanosize effect. Consequently, the terms"pseudocapacitive materials" and "battery materials" are becoming more and more confusing. In this review, different opinions on the definition of pseudocapacitive materials and the evolution of the definitions as well as the resulting confusion will be firstly reviewed. Then, to accurately distinguish pseudocapacitive and battery materials, method with the consideration of both the electrochemical signatures(CVs and GCD) and quantitative kinetics analysis as a supplement is proposed. Finally, we end this review by discussing the possible device configurations of asymmetric supercapacitors and hybrid supercapacitors. The present review will help understanding the differences between pseudocapacitive materials and battery materials, and thus avoiding the definition confusion.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetic patients: A comparative study using WHO, NCEP ATP III, IDF and Harmonized definitions

To determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Malaysian type 2 diabetic patients using WHO, NCEP ATP III, IDF and the new Harmonized definitions, and the concordance between these definitions. This study involved 313 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) at two Malaysian tertiary hospitals. Socio-demographic data were assessed using a pre-tested interviewer-administered structured questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements were carried out according to standard protocols. Clinical and laboratory characteristics were examined. Kappa (k) statistics were used for the agreement between the four MetS definitions. The overall prevalence rates of MetS (95% CI) were 95.8% (93.6-98.1), 96.1% (94.0-98.3), 84.8% (80.8-88.9) and 97.7% (96.1-99.4) according to the WHO, NCEP ATP III, IDF and the Harmonized definitions, respectively. The Kappa statistics demonstrated a slight to substantial agreement between the definitions (k = 0.179-0.875, p k = 0.875, p hest specificity (100%) in identifying MetS. In conclusion, the new Harmonized criteria established the highest prevalence of MetS among the four definitions applied. There was a very good concordance between the WHO and NCEP ATP III criteria. The extremely high prevalence of MetS observed in type 2 diabetic patients indicates an impending pandemic of CVD risk in Malaysia. Aggressive treatment of MetS components is required to reduce cardiovascular risk in T2DM.

The ins and outs of decentralized autonomous organizations(DAOs)unraveling the definitions,characteristics,and emerging developments of DAOs

Despite the increase in the number of blockchain-based Decentralized Autonomous Organizations(DAOs),there is no consensus on what constitutes a DAO.This paper provides an in-depth study of DAOs by analyzing their definitions,characteristics,and emerging developments.Existing definitions in the literature hardly recognize common functionalities and intermingle coded DAOs,DAO deployment platforms,and blockchain DAOs.We developed a comprehensive DAO definition by reviewing the literature and empirically analyzing 1,859 DAOs.The findings show that many DAOs were inactive and that a threshold of 20 tokenholders is a tipping point for DAOs to survive over time and maintain sustained levels of activity.Finally,based on an empirical analysis of 9,845 perceived DAOs,we identified the emerging development of off-chain voting.This emerging development challenges the autonomous nature of DAOs.We recommend further research to investigate the effect of governance structures on their long-term sustainability and viability for both on-chain and off-chain DAOs.

Comparative efficacy and safety between endoscopic submucosal dissection,surgery and definitive chemoradiotherapy in patients with cT1N0M0 esophageal cancer

BACKGROUND Endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD)and surgical resection are the standard of care for cT1N0M0 esophageal cancer(EC),whereas definitive chemoradiotherapy(d-CRT)is a treatment option.Nevertheless,the comparative efficiency and safety of ESD,surgery and d-CRT for cT1N0M0 EC remain unclear.AIM To compare the efficiency and safety of ESD,surgery and d-CRT for cT1N0M0 EC.METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the hospitalized data of a total of 472 consecutive patients with cT1N0M0 EC treated at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer center between 2017-2019 and followed up until October 30th,2022.We analyzed demographic,medical recorded,histopathologic characteristics,imaging and endoscopic,and follow-up data.The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards modeling were used to analyze the difference of survival outcome by treatments.Inverse probability of treatment weighting(IPTW)was used to minimize potential confounding factors.RESULTS We retrospectively analyzed patients who underwent ESD(n=99)or surgery(n=220)or d-CRT(n=16)at the Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center from 2017 to 2019.The median follow-up time for the ESD group,the surgery group,and the d-CRT group was 42.0 mo(95%CI:35.0-60.2),45.0 mo(95%CI:34.0-61.75)and 32.5 mo(95%CI:28.3-40.0),respectively.After adjusting for background factors using IPTW,the highest 3-year overall survival(OS)rate and 3-year recurrence-free survival(RFS)rate were observed in the ESD group(3-year OS:99.7% and 94.7% and 79.1%;and 3-year RFS:98.3%,87.4% and 79.1%,in the ESD,surgical,and d-CRT groups,respectively).There was no difference of severe complications occurring between the three groups(P≥0.05).Multivariate analysis showed that treatment method,histology and depth of infiltration were independently associated with OS and RFS.CONCLUSION For cT1N0M0 EC,ESD had better long-term survival and lower hospitalization costs than those who underwent d-CRT and surgery,with a similar rate of severe complications occurring.

Analysis on Definitions Related to Participation in Social Forestry

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General Definitions of Consonants and Vowels

This article discusses the definitions,classifications and features of consonants and vowels by listing different varieties of languages as examples.

A Supervised Learning Approach to Search of Definitions

This paper addresses the issue of search of definitions. Specifically, for a given term, we are to find out its definition candidates and rank the candidates according to their likelihood of being good definitions. This is in contrast to the traditional methods of either generating a single combined definition or outputting all retrieved definitions. Definition ranking is essential for tasks. A specification for judging the goodness of a definition is given. In the specification, a definition is categorized into one of the three levels： good definition, indifferent definition, or bad definition. Methods of performing definition ranking are also proposed in this paper, which formalize the problem as either classification or ordinal regression. We employ SVM （Support Vector Machines） as the classification model and Ranking SVM as the ordinal regression model respectively, and thus they rank definition candidates according to their likelihood of being good definitions. Features for constructing the SVM and Ranking SVM models are defined, which represent the characteristics of terms, definition candidate, and their relationship. Experimental results indicate that the use of SVM and Ranking SVM can significantly outperform the baseline methods such as heuristic rules, the conventional information retrieval--Okapi, or SVM regression. This is true when both the answers are paragraphs and they are sentences. Experimental results also show that SVM or Ranking SVM models trained in one domain can be adapted to another domain, indicating that generic models for definition ranking can be constructed.

Analytical solutions for deep tunnels in strain-softening rocks modeled by different elastic strain definitions with the unified strength theory

This paper presents the analytical solutions for the responses of tunnels excavated in rock masses exhibiting strain-softening behavior. Since previous analyses give little consideration to the effect of the intermediate principal stress on the strain-softening rock behavior, the unified strength theory was introduced to analyze the tunnel response. Four cases of different definitions of the elastic strain in the softening and residual regions, used in the existing solutions, were considered. The tunnel displacements,stresses, radii of the softening and residual zones and critical stresses were deduced. The proposed solutions were verified by comparing with numerical simulations, model tests and existing solutions. Furthermore, the solutions of the four cases were compared with each other to investigate the influence of the elastic strain expressions on the tunnel responses. The results showed that the intermediate principal stress coefficient b has a significant effect on the tunnel displacements, stress fields, and plastic radii. Parametric studies were performed to analyze the influences of the softening and residual dilatancy coefficients,softening modulus and residual strength on the tunnel responses. The parametric analysis indicated that the existing models should be carefully evaluated in the analysis of tunnels constructed through average-quality rocks;the proposed solutions outperformed the existing models in solving the mentioned problem.

Gender Ideology in the Definitions of Contemporary Chinese Dictionary

From the perspective of social semiotics,gender terms are important signs for meaning making in society,in that they not only reflect social norms regarding different genders,but also play an important role in the formation of a range of other equally important semiotic notions.This article studies the gender ideology as reflected in the definitions of a number of headwords in the 7th edition of Contemporary Chinese Dictionary(CCD7).The analyses reveal that CCD7’s definitions serve to construct gender and marriage norms in accordance with the prevalent gender ideology of the society.Based on a binary view of gender,CCD7 constructs a normal-abnormal continuum,which defines heterosexual relationships and heterosexual marriages as the social norms.This study regards the act of defining as a social semiotic process under the influence of the prevailing ideology,and reaffirms the status of gender terms as a significant shaping force in social semiotics.

A comparison between two definitions of contrast-induced acute kidney injury for risk of mortality in patients with anemia:A large cohort retrospective study with 5,406 patients

Background The relationship between contrast-induced acute kidney injury(CI-AKI)and long-term mortality of anemia patients still remain controversial.Previous researches indicated that inconsistent definition may contributed to this problem.Methods This study conducted a retrospective cohort study enrolling 5,406 patients with anemia undergoing coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention between January 2007 and December 2018 in Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital.The CI-AKI was evaluated according to two definitions:1.CI-AKIA:With a serum creatinine(SCr)elevation of 25%or 0.5 mg/d L from baseline in the first 72 hours after procedure;2:CI-AKIB:With a SCr elevation of 50%or 0.3 mg/d L from baseline in the first 72 hours after procedure.The endpoint was all-cause mortality.Univariable and multivariable Cox regression model were used to explore association between long-term all-cause mortality and CI-AKI.Population attributable risks(PARs)based on two different CI-AKI definitions for mortality were calculated.Results CI-AKIAwas associated with 1.36 fold risk of long-term death(HR:1.36,95%CI:1.18-1.57),while CI-AKIBwas associated with 1.32 fold risk of long-term death(HR:1.32,95%CI:1.13-1.54).Between two definitions,the prevalence of CI-AKI was higher for CI-AKIA(16.7%),compared with CI-AKIB(12.6%).For the PARs,PAR based on CI-AKIA(PAR:5.65,95%CI:2.91-8.67),was higher than that based on CI-AKIB(PAR:3.87,95%CI:1.61-6.36).Conclusions Patients complicated with CI-AKI had a higher risk of mortality than those without CI-AKI in all definitions.The prevalence and PAR of CI-AKI were higher when it was defined as CI-AKIA.CI-AKIAwas considered as a better definition to identify anemia patients with higher risk of CI-AKI and higher risk of CI-AKI-associated mortality.

一种基于MBD的三维尺寸完备性审查方法

为减轻人工审查MBD(model based definition)模型尺寸标注的劳动强度,对三维尺寸完备性的自动化审查进行了研究。将尺寸完备性问题归结为对相关几何要素是否定形定位的判断问题,建立了对应约束模型记录约束状态;建立了解析尺寸约束和拓扑约束的约束传播规则,并总结了几何约束的解析算法;针对尺寸缺失造成的约束不足,采用打分策略,并以指定基准或指出尺寸缺失的方式主动添加约束;提出了三维尺寸完备性检查的总体算法。通过对3DDFM原型系统的继续开发,并用三维模型实例验证了方法的有效性。

ZJ116A卷接机单支重量加工精度的优化研究

作为单支重量加工精度的重要指标,烟支的重量标准偏差反映了烟支内在品质的稳定性。前期研究找到了影响卷烟重量标准偏差的6项关键因子。该文的DOE试验选用确定性筛选设计(Definitive Screening Design,DSD)方法,通过合理安排试验的运行顺序和条件,找到了关键因子间的关系和最佳搭配。一次试验实现了筛选重要因子、描述基本特性以及找到最优方案等目标。经过ZJ116A试生产验证,重量标准偏差均值为18.86mg,重量标准偏差合格率为95%,取得了满意效果。