A spatiotemporal deep learning method for excavation-induced wall deflections

Data-driven approaches such as neural networks are increasingly used for deep excavations due to the growing amount of available monitoring data in practical projects.However,most neural network models only use the data from a single monitoring point and neglect the spatial relationships between multiple monitoring points.Besides,most models lack flexibility in providing predictions for multiple days after monitoring activity.This study proposes a sequence-to-sequence(seq2seq)two-dimensional(2D)convolutional long short-term memory neural network(S2SCL2D)for predicting the spatiotemporal wall deflections induced by deep excavations.The model utilizes the data from all monitoring points on the entire wall and extracts spatiotemporal features from data by combining the 2D convolutional layers and long short-term memory(LSTM)layers.The S2SCL2D model achieves a long-term prediction of wall deflections through a recursive seq2seq structure.The excavation depth,which has a significant impact on wall deflections,is also considered using a feature fusion method.An excavation project in Hangzhou,China,is used to illustrate the proposed model.The results demonstrate that the S2SCL2D model has superior prediction accuracy and robustness than that of the LSTM and S2SCL1D(one-dimensional)models.The prediction model demonstrates a strong generalizability when applied to an adjacent excavation.Based on the long-term prediction results,practitioners can plan and allocate resources in advance to address the potential engineering issues.

Theoretical Analysis on Deflection and Bearing Capacity of Prestressed Bamboo-Steel Composite Beams

A theoretical analysis of upward deflection and midspan deflection of prestressed bamboo-steel composite beams is presented in this study.The deflection analysis considers the influences of interface slippage and shear deformation.Furthermore,the calculation model for flexural capacity is proposed considering the two stages of loading.The theoretical results are verified with 8 specimens considering different prestressed load levels,load schemes,and prestress schemes.The results indicate that the proposed theoretical analysis provides a feasible prediction of the deflection and bearing capacity of bamboo-steel composite beams.For deflection analysis,the method considering the slippage and shear deformation provides better accuracy.The theoretical method for bearing capacity matches well with the test results,and the relative errors in the serviceability limit state and ultimate limit state are 4.95%and 5.85%,respectively,which meet the accuracy requirements of the engineered application.

Effect of Deflected Disc's Thickness to the Damping Characteristic of Tube Shock Absorbers

Research is conducted on the relationship between thickness of deflected disc and damping force of tube shock absorbers. By analyzing performing characteristics of the throttling valve using throttling theory of small clearance space and thin place deformation theories, mathematical correlation between disc thickness and magnitude of damping force is formulated. Moreover, a rule concerning change of damping force in terms of disc thickness is concluded.

Modeling and Simulation of Deflected Anode Erosion in Vacuum Arcs

In vacuum switch devices, the connection bus bar out of the vacuum interrupter will generate a transverse magnetic field in the arc column region, and under the influence of this magnetic field, the whole arc column will deflect from the electrode center, thus leading to deflected anode erosion. In this paper, a two-dimensional deflected anode erosion model is established, anode erosions under different deflection distance are simulated and analyzed, and results of anode surface temperature, anode melting and surface evaporation flux are obtained. The simulation results show that the deflected heat flux density will lead to deflected distribution of anode temperature, saturated vapor pressure and vapor flux correspondingly, and the morphology of the anode melting pool has also the same deflection. Moreover, the anode center temperature and its gradient along the y direction decrease with the increase of deflection distance. On the contrary, the temperature of the anode side surface, toward which the heat flux density deflects, increases with increasing deflection distance. Related experiments also verify the correctness of the model and simulation results.

Height connection across sea by using satellite altimetry data sets,ellipsoidal heights,astrogeodetic deflections of the vertical,and an Earth Gravity Model

Islands and the mainland are separated by seas,and the distances between them might be so long that the height on the mainland cannot be exactly translated to the islands,resulting in different height systems on the mainland and the islands.In this study,we used astrogeodetic deflections of the vertical and ellipsoidal heights of points on the mainland and island near their coastlines to implement height connection across sea areas.First,the modeled gravity and modeled astrogeodetic vertical deflections of segmentation points along connecting routes over the sea between the mainland and the island were determined by Earth Gravity Model(EGM),and the ellipsoidal heights of segmentation points were determined by the satellite altimetry data sets.Second,we used a linear interpolation model to increase the precision of the vertical deflections of segmentation points.Third,we computed the geopotential difference of points between the mainland and the island using a method derived from geopotential theory and the astronomical leveling principle.Finally,we estimated the normal height of the point on the island using the geopotential-difference iterative computation approach.Using observed data of normal heights,ellipsoidal heights,and astrogeodetic vertical deflections referring to height sites in Qingdao,Shandong Province,we conducted a numerical experiment involving the normal height connection across sea regions.We determined the data of the ellipsoidal heights and gravity of segmentation points along the connecting route across the water in the numerical experiment using DTU10.The distance of the height connection across the sea was approximately 10.5 km.According to China's official leveling specifications,the experimental results met the criterion of third-class leveling precision.

Considerations of Area Parameter of the Deflection Basin on the Structural Evaluation of Flexible Pavements

By using the concept of modified structural number(SNC)and deflection measurements,a simplified calculation methodology,that permits the structural condition evaluation of an existing pavement,is being proposed.The values of SNC and the curvature parameters were first determined through simulations using the ELSYM-5 software.Deflection measurements were carried out in experimental segments of Brazilian highways.The resilient moduli of each layer were determined from backcalculation using the ELMOD program for a three-layer system.Theoretical correlation models between SNC and the basin deformation parameter were determined and later,calibrated with the results of experimental sections.Utilizing the studied models,a good correlation was found between SNC,area parameter and maximum deflection,enabling the determination of SNC through deflection measurements and assisting in the diagnostic of structural condition of asphalt pavements.

大跨度混凝土钢筋框架梁挠度超限研究

根据大量的工程实践,大跨度钢筋混凝土框架梁由于设计不合理引起大跨度梁超限的工程案例很少,大多数是施工原因导致挠度超限。以某工程挠度超限的大跨度钢筋混凝土梁为例,根据设计资料和现场检测资料,从设计和施工两方面,利用数值计算和有限元模拟,验证分析大跨度钢筋混凝土框架梁挠度超限的原因。验证分析表明,梁板混凝土实际浇筑厚度超限与梁模板起拱高度不足可能引起梁挠度增加。当梁下立杆稳定承载力不足时,梁也易随立杆屈曲变形产生较大挠度。

基于联合静动力修正的混凝土斜拉桥主梁挠度变化规律研究

针对混凝土斜拉桥服役期间主梁不断下挠的问题,该文基于修正模型分析大跨度混凝土斜拉桥服役期间主梁挠度变化规律。采用联合静动力的有限元模型修正方法,构造双目标优化问题,基于非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)求解,得到Pareto最优解集,从Pareto最优解集中找到协调最优解,从而实现有限元模型修正。模型修正后的静力位移和自振频率计算值与实测值吻合较好,能更好地反映结构的实际工作状态。在此基础上,结合主梁线形历年监测数据,分析不同徐变模式及拉索松弛效应等时变因素对主梁线形的影响,分析结果表明:采用CEB-FIP 2010徐变模式计算的挠度与实测挠度更加接近。中跨跨中下挠量最大,服役20年下挠量约为270 mm;主梁跨中挠度前5年平均增长率达33 mm/年,前5年挠度约占前40年的50%,后期主梁下挠趋于平缓。

基于Arduino的SMA丝材智能修复损伤钢筋混凝土梁试验研究

为修复钢筋混凝土梁在使用阶段中由于材料老化、裂缝开展等原因造成的损伤,提出一种基于Arduino智能平台和形状记忆合金(Shape Memory Alloy,SMA,具有形状记忆效应和超弹性特性)的智能修复控制系统,根据挠度及裂缝控制原理,设计智能修复控制装置。该装置由输入模块、处理模块和输出模块组成,当检测到钢筋应变超过限值时,输出模块升高SMA丝材温度对梁体进行修复。为验证该智能修复装置的修复性能,设计对比梁A(无修复装置)与试验梁B(加装智能修复控制装置),在加载过程中对试验梁B进行3次修复,对2根梁的跨中挠度、钢筋应变及裂缝宽度等进行对比分析。结果表明:破坏时试验梁B的跨中挠度、裂缝宽度均小于对比梁A,并且在3次修复中试验梁B的跨中挠度、裂缝宽度和钢筋应变最大回复率分别为31.0%、47.0%和71.5%。说明该智能修复控制装置可以监测试验梁受损情况并激发SMA材料对试验梁实施修复,实现钢筋混凝土梁的智能修复。

严寒地区光伏支架受力分析及优化

光伏支架作为光伏系统的重要组成部分,结构设计至关重要。为提升严寒地区光伏支架的安全性和经济性,采用有限元模拟方法对大庆市典型光伏工程进行了参数化分析和优化设计,主要探究檩条间距、立柱数量和前后立柱间距等不同结构参数对支架受力性能的影响。结果表明,支架挠度与檩条间距和立柱数量呈负相关,与前后立柱间距呈先增大后减小的趋势,临界荷载变化趋势与支架挠度变化趋势正好相反。并得出最佳优化方案:采用单块光伏板长度20%的檩条间距、斜梁水平投影60%的立柱间距、中间斜梁增加斜支撑和截面厚度2 mm的支架优化设计,此优化方案可使支架挠度降低71%。

基于光偏转原理的AFM光电检测系统设计

利用光偏转原理设计并实现了原子力显微镜(AFM)的光电检测系统,研究了影响光偏转噪声的影响因素。设计了新型螺旋式嵌套结构调节准直光斑,使激光发散角降低到0.053°,利用压电陶瓷特性设计了高精度三维调节结构,可以在α,β,γ方向精准调节偏转角度,36mm的聚焦焦距满足了小型化、集成化的设计目标。基于该高灵敏度光电检测系统的设计,AFM系统得到了清晰的硅材料表面台阶结构,系统分辨率达到了0.1nm,为今后的亚原子测量奠定了实验基础。

复合空间索对大跨度铁路悬索桥横向刚度影响的研究

为提升大跨度铁路悬索桥的横向刚度,提出一种由主、副斜拉索组成的复合空间索结构。然后,基于材料有效利用率和静力分析,对复合空间索的直径、主斜拉索在加劲梁和地表的锚点位置、副斜拉索的数量等参数进行了优化。最后,采用风-车-桥耦合振动分析法,基于行车性能得到了桥梁横向挠跨比限值,分析了主、副斜拉索对横向挠跨比限值提升率的影响。结果表明:基于材料有效利用率,主斜拉索与加劲梁的锚点位置宜设在1/4主跨附近,且主斜拉索的地表锚点、加劲梁锚点与桥塔的垂直距离相等时最优,每组复合空间索中副斜拉索设置1根即可;在复合空间索的最优布置形式下,桥梁横向挠跨比可降低14.18%,横向挠跨比限值可提升16.79%。

移动荷载下道路病害的弯沉盆特性

移动荷载作用下道路弯沉盆蕴含路基、路面的病害信息,充分利用移动弯沉盆信息开展道路病害快速无损检测受到行业重要关注。该文通过分析道路病害的弯沉盆特性,为移动弯沉车开发道路病害检测方法提供技术参考。首先建立半刚性基层沥青路面有限元模型,通过设置不同类型和程度的病害有限元模型,分析在移动荷载作用下路表弯沉盆的连续变化情况。结果表明:荷载移动到病害区域时,各病害模型中路表弯沉盆的中心弯沉值均会变大;路面结构层出现横向裂缝时,弯沉盆的形状会发生明显变化,贯通性横向裂缝对弯沉盆形状的影响最明显;基层与底基层局部松散对弯沉盆形状的影响比面层松散对弯沉盆的影响更明显;土基顶部出现空洞时,弯沉盆形状变化不明显;路基唧泥病害会严重影响路表弯沉盆形状与大小。

套筒灌浆搭接及对接接头高应力反复拉压试验

为比较套筒灌浆搭接及对接接头间力学性能差异,进行了41个搭接接头和20个对接接头的单拉及高应力反复拉压试验。结果表明:单拉及高应力反复拉压时,两种接头均能实现最大力下总伸长率大于6%、延性系数大于4,强度基本满足规范要求;高应力反复拉压后单拉时,两种接头承载力均有所提高,但接头初始刚度和延性下降;防偏转措施可减少搭接接头残余变形,但其约束刚度有限,搭接接头残余变形略大于对接接头,防偏转搭接接头及对接接头残余变形基本满足规范要求;高应力反复拉压后单拉时,搭接接头套筒中部截面在加载前期纵向受拉、环向受压,加载后期纵向受压、环向受拉,对接接头套筒加载过程中均为纵向受拉、环向受压;高应力反复拉压结束后单拉时,防偏转、不防偏转搭接接头套筒中部截面近钢筋侧最大纵向拉应变分别为对接接头的0.10~0.39倍、0.13~0.18倍,最大环向压应变分别为对接接头的0.09~0.49倍、0.02~0.32倍,搭接接头对套筒材性要求较低;钢筋直径相同时搭接接头材料成本较对接接头降低约35%。

系杆拱顶推施工方案及力学性能研究

为了探讨系杆拱结构的顶推方案及在顶推过程中的受力特点和设计要点,以某系杆拱桥的整体顶推施工工程为例,建立有限元模型,分析了系杆拱及导梁在不同顶推方案过程中的最值应力分布及挠度变形情况。研究结果表明:原吊杆连接方案(方案一)下,主梁及导梁变形过大,主梁应力过大,方案不可行,可通过增加梁高或者板厚来降低应力及变形,然而该法会造成外形不美观、造价偏高等情况;采用临时撑杆连接方案(方案二)时,受力得到优化,方案可行,然而靠近临时撑杆和端横梁的拱肋会出现较大应力,靠近顶推端部的两根临时撑杆中间主梁处会出现较大应力和变形;在导梁范围内,导梁端部会出现最不利挠度,需要注意控制导梁的整体刚度以及辅助墩上装置的竖向调节量,以免导梁和桥墩相撞。

底部双排配筋单孔空心预制梁力学性能试验研究

为了研究新型装配式单孔空心预制梁的抗弯承载力和变形性能,并提高其工作性能。试验共设计并制作了3根单孔空心预制梁和1根实心预制梁,通过试验和理论计算相结合的分析手段,重点研究单孔空心预制梁和实心预制梁的破坏机理、裂缝发展、荷载-挠度曲线、变形性能及抗弯承载力等。结果表明:单孔空心预制梁与普通实心预制梁的破坏特征相似,且其裂缝分布较均匀、间距小,延性好;在相同荷载作用下,单孔空心预制梁挠度大于实心预制梁,其整体受力变形性能相对优越。提出了截面有效面积等效法和混凝土轴心抗压强度等效法2种计算方法,通过对比分析发现,混凝土轴心抗压强度等效法计算值误差仅为0.82%,满足工程要求,而且单孔空心预制梁与实心梁相比还可节约材料8.72%。因此,单孔空心预制梁具有良好的应用前景。

基于ICESat-2多波束激光测高数据的全球海洋重力异常反演分析

卫星测高技术是获取精细海洋重力数据的重要技术手段之一。常规卫星测高反演海洋重力异常主要是利用沿轨测高数据,而跨轨数据因较长的时间间隔或者稀疏的地面轨间距往往不能用于海洋重力异常反演,进而影响了海洋重力异常模型精度的进一步改善。新型激光测高ICESat-2能够同时获得3对光束观测数据,相邻激光束的地面间距约为3 km,为结合跨轨数据改善海洋重力异常模型提供了可能。本文首先给出了集成沿轨和跨轨数据反演海洋重力异常的处理策略;然后,分别利用沿轨数据和集成的数据构建了ICESat-2全球海洋重力异常模型(IS2Gra_alo和IS2Gra_alo_acr),结果表明通过补充跨轨数据能够有效提高沿轨数据反演海洋重力异常的精度,并验证了ICESat-2测高数据反演全球海洋重力异常的可靠性。此外,本文还探讨了ICESat-2不同跨轨数据组合对海洋重力异常模型反演精度的影响,在沿轨数据的基础上集成适当距离的跨轨观测数据能够有利于改善海洋重力异常模型的精度。本文研究为后续SWOT宽刈幅测高数据和我国双星跟飞模式测高数据反演海洋重力异常模型提供了参考意义。

墙顶支撑对开挖前抽水引发基坑变形控制效果研究

基坑内抽水可诱发基坑围挡向坑内偏转并进而导致坑外土体随动沉降;在基坑土方开挖前,由于基坑内的支撑体系尚不能被完整架设,仅坑内土体可起到约束围挡变形的作用,此时,坑内抽水引起的围挡偏转十分明显。本文系统研究了围挡顶部支撑对土方开挖前抽水引发基坑变形的控制效果,首先通过抽水试验探究了坑内外强水力连通时墙顶支撑对抽水引发基坑变形的影响,并建立了三维数值计算模型,研究了若干典型参数(如,坑内降水深度等)对围挡顶部支撑控制基坑变形效果的影响。研究发现,围挡顶部支撑仅能有效限制浅埋范围内的围挡侧移(本文约埋深11 m范围内),对深埋位置围挡侧移的限制效果十分有限,且随着降水深度的增加,变形控制效果越弱;对于开挖前抽水深度较大的工程,仅采用围挡顶部设置支撑的方法可能无法有效限制围挡侧移的发展;另外,围挡顶部支撑仅能有效限制基坑围挡后方一定范围内(本文约10 m)的地表沉降,且当坑内外有水力联系时,由于坑外水位下降是引起地面沉降的主导因素,围挡顶部支撑并不能明显体现限制坑外最大地面沉降的作用,此时,应结合坑外地下水回灌进行沉降控制。

偏转工况L型吊舱推进器敞水性能数值研究

针对吊舱推进器在偏转时诱发的剧烈的水动力不稳定问题,以某L型吊舱推进器为研究对象,采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法和滑移网格技术对不同偏转角β(β=0°、±10°、±20°、±30°)下L型吊舱推进器进行敞水性能数值研究。研究结果表明:吊舱推进器螺旋桨的推力、扭矩以及吊舱单元的侧向力均随偏转角的增大而变大,其中吊舱推进器螺旋桨的推力系数、扭矩系数受偏转方向影响较小。β=0°时,受螺旋桨旋转时产生的周向诱导速度的影响,吊舱推进器在直航工况下也会受到侧向力作用,当吊舱推进器向右偏转时,其迎流侧产生的侧向力会与螺旋桨旋转尾流产生的侧向力相互抵消,导致吊舱推进器在向右偏转时产生的侧向力整体小于向左偏转时产生的侧向力;由于螺旋桨旋转尾流会与后方舱体、支架相互干扰,吊舱推进器整体推力系数并不是关于直航时对称,小偏转角(|β|≤15°)对吊舱推进器整体的推力系数影响较小,当偏转角|β|>15°时,推力系数会迅速下降。

弹体尾部斜锥面形状对侵彻偏转的影响

针对弹体斜侵彻多层靶时弹道发生的偏转问题,建立了弹体尾部为斜锥面结构的弹体侵彻偏转理论计算模型,获得了当速度为0.2~1.2km/s、着角为-30°~20°、弹体半径为30~60 mm、尾飘斜面与弹轴的夹角为0°~4°时偏转随尾部结构的变化规律,通过与试验结果进行对比,验证了模型的准确性。结果表明:弹体侵彻仰靶时,弹尾形成负的偏转力矩,弹体产生“低头”效果;弹体侵彻俯靶时,弹尾形成正的偏转力矩,弹体产生“抬头”效果;弹体尾部斜锥面产生的垂直弹轴的偏转力矩约为平行弹轴的偏转力矩的100倍;增大尾飘斜面与弹轴的夹角、尾飘长度、弹体半径均可增大偏转力矩;与增大尾飘长度相比,增大尾飘斜面与弹轴的夹角对增大偏转力矩更有效。