Structural Pattern Related to Gold Mineralization in the Essakane Area (Northern Burkina Faso, West African Craton)

The finite deformation structures recorded in the Essakane area, located in the northeast corner of Burkina Faso, highlight three major compressive deformation phases, successively named D1, D2, and D3. The D1 event phase, trending NE-SW, is characterised by P1 folds and S1 axial plane schistosity. The D2 phase trending NW-SE is characterised by folds P2, schistosity (S2) and shear (C) planes. And the D3 phase trending NNE-SSW to N-S is characterised by P3 folds, crenulation microfolds and S3 spaced schistosity. It has also been noted that gold mineralizations are mainly hosted in quartz, carbonate, pyrite, and arsenopyrite veins. Structural interpretation indicates that these veins are organized into lenticular bodies that were formed during the first two deformation phases (D1 and D2). This suggests a strong structural control typical of orogenic gold concentrations.

Tectonic Style Associated with the Doleritic Dykes of the Téra-Ayorou Pluton (Liptako, Western Niger)

The doleritic dykes present in the Téra-Ayorou pluton crosscut the basement of the Nigerien Liptako and are part of the system of intrusive mafic dykes in the Paleoproterozoic domain of the Léo-Man ridge. In the previous work, emphasis was placed on the petrology, geochemistry and geochronology of the Liptako doleritic dykes. This study aims to analyze the tectonic style of intrusive doleritic dykes in the Téra-Ayorou pluton. The characterization of the deformation which affected the doleritic dykes of the Téra-Ayorou pluton is important for the evaluation of their economic potential. To this end, measurements of tectonic structure planes were taken in the field, and samples were taken from the chilled margin and cores of dolerite dykes, before being processed in the laboratory. Analysis of the tectonic structures collected revealed a brittle tectonic pattern, characterizing a phase of deformation subdivided into two episodes D1 and D2. Episode D1, with its subvertically dipping normal faults and simple N70˚ - N110˚ fractures, is compatible with N-S extension. On the other hand, episode D2, which created shear corridors by reactivation of pre-existing fractures and oriented N150˚ - N170˚, is associated with a WSW-ENE extension. These results open up prospects for the exploration of gold, uranium mineralization and diamonds in the north-west of Niger.

Land deformation monitoring in mining area with PPP-AR

The mining area deformation monitoring theory and method using precise point positioning （PPP） ambi- guity resolution （AR） were studied, and an ambiguity fixing model with satellite and receiver combina- tion phase delay （CPD） was proposed for zero-differenced PPP ambiguity fixing and its corresponding formula derivation was given. The data processing results for I h at six IGS stations in China show that 93% of ambiguities can be fixed within 10 min and all ambiguities can be fixed within 15 min. After ambi- guity fixing, the positioning accuracy is improved by more than 85% in the E and N directions, with abso- lute positioning accuracy reaching millimeter level, and it was improved by 70% in the U direction, reaching centimeter level; the proposed zero-differenced ambiguity fixing model can effectively improve the convergence rate and positioning accuracy in PPP. Data monitoring continuously conducted for half a year at four COPS stations of Shanxi China Coal Pingshuo Group validated the feasibility of using PPP in mining area deformation monitoring.

Study on temper embrittlement control technique in steel 12Cr1MoV

Failure may occur catastrophically by fracture along grain boundaries when temper embrittlement induced by non-equilibrium grain-boundary segregation (NGS) of phosphorus atoms. Temper embrittlement control technigue based on the theory of NGS and deformation induced phase transformation method was studied in this paper. Grain refinement technique by deformation induced phase transformation in low-alloy steel,12Cr1MoV( which is used in steam pipeline of ships),was experimentally investigated. A single-pass hot rolling process by using a Gleeble-1500 system was performed and the experimental results showed that the grain sizes were obviously affected by the deforming temperature,strain,strain rate and the quenching cooling rate. Temper embrittlement may be controlled and obviously improved by grain refinement.

Microstructural evolution during ultra-rapid annealing of severely deformed low-carbon steel: strain, temperature, and heating rate effects

An interaction between ferrite recrystallization and austenite transformation in low-carbon steel occurs when recrystallization is delayed until the intercritical temperature range by employing high heating rate. The kinetics of recrystallization and transformation is affected by high heating rate and such an interaction. In this study, different levels of strain are applied to low-carbon steel using a severe plastic deformation method. Then, ultra-rapid annealing is performed at different heating rates of 200–1100°C/s and peak temperatures of near critical temperature. Five regimes are proposed to investigate the effects of heating rate, strain, and temperature on the interaction between recrystallization and transformation. The microstructural evolution of severely deformed low-carbon steel after ultra-rapid annealing is investigated based on the proposed regimes. Regarding the intensity and start temperature of the interaction, different microstructures consisting of ferrite and pearlite/martensite are formed. It is found that when the interaction is strong, the microstructure is refined because of the high kinetics of transformation and recrystallization. Moreover, strain shifts an interaction zone to a relatively higher heating rate. Therefore, severely deformed steel should be heated at relatively higher heating rates for it to undergo a strong interaction.

Simultaneous 2D in-plane deformation measurement using electronic speckle pattern interferometry with double phase modulations

Electronic speckle pattern interferometry（ESPI） and digital speckle pattern interferometry are wellestablished non-contact measurement methods. They have been widely used to carry out precise deformation mapping. However, the simultaneous two-dimensional（2D） or three-dimensional（3D） deformation measurements using ESPI with phase shifting usually involve complicated and slow equipment. In this Letter, we solve these issues by proposing a modified ESPI system based on double phase modulations with only one laser and one camera. In-plane normal and shear strains are obtained with good quality. This system can also be developed to measure 3D deformation, and it has the potential to carry out faster measurements with a highspeed camera.

Kerr effect and Kerr constant enhancement in vertically aligned deformed helix ferroelectric liquid crystals

In this article,we review recently achieved Kerr effect progress in novel liquid crystal（LC） material：vertically aligned deformed helix ferroelectric liquid crystal（VADHFLC）.With an increasing applied electric field,the induced inplane birefringence of LCs shows quadratic nonlinearity.The theoretical calculations and experimental details are illustrated.With an enhanced Kerr constant to 130 nm/V2,this VADHFLC cell can achieve a 2π modulation by a small efficient electric field with a fast response around 100 μs and thus can be employed in both display and photonics devices.

Effect of rolling deformation on microstructure and texture of spray-deposited magnesium alloy containing Mg-Nd-Zn typed LPSO

Billets of Mg-9Al-3Zn-1Mn-6Ca-2Nd alloy were produced by spray-deposition（the Osprey process）.Effect of rolling deformation（T = 350？C, ε = 5%, 10%, and 15%, respectively） on microstructure and texture evolution of the Mg-9Al-3Zn-1Mn-6Ca-2Nd alloy was investigated by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, transmission electron microscopy（TEM） and X-ray diffraction（XRD）. Results show that at pass reduction of ε = 5%, 10% and 15% at 350？C respectively, Mg-Nd-Zn typed 24R-LPSO structure was formed in（Ca, Nd）Al2phase（C15 Laves phase）. With the increase in pass reduction（i.e. 5%, 10% and 15%）, the texture pole density level of basal texture（0002） changed little and pyramidal texture（10 1ˉ3） were increased.In contrast, those of prismatic texture {101ˉ0} 〈11 2ˉ0〉 were increased initially and followed by a reduction, indicating texture randomization in the grain-refined Mg alloy. The combined contribution of LPSO phase and C15 phase was key to randomize the texture of the grain-refined Mg alloy. It was noted that the microcosmic plastic deformation of LPSO phase and nanometer-sized dispersed C15 phase impeded dislocation movement, led to dislocation tangles, and facilitated recrystallization.

Growth Kinetics of Laves Phase and Its Effect on Creep Rupture Behavior in 9Cr Heat Resistant Steel

The effects of Laves phase formation and growth on creep rupture behaviors of P92 steel at 883 K were studied.The microstructural evolution was characterized using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.Kinetic modeling was carried out using the software DICTRA.The results indicated Fe_2（W,Mo）Laves phase has formed during creep with 200 MPa applied stress at 883 Kfor 243 h.The experimental results showed a good agreement with thermodynamic calculations.The plastic deformation of laths is the main reason of creep rupture under the applied stress beyond 160 MPa,whereas,creep voids initiated by coarser Laves phase play an effective role in creep rupture under the applied stress lower than 160 MPa.Laves phase particles with the mean size of 243 nm lead to the change of creep rupture feature.Microstructures at the vicinity of fracture surface,the gage portion and the threaded ends of creep rupture specimens were also observed,indicating that creep tensile stress enhances the coarsening of Laves phase.

Conjugate adaptive optics extension for commercial microscopes

We present what we believe is the first conjugate adaptive optics(AO)extension that can be retrofitted into a commercial microscope by being positioned between the camera port and the image sensor.The extension features a deformable phase plate(DPP),a refractive wavefront modulator,and indirect wavefront sensing to form a completely in-line architecture.This allows the axial position of the DPP to be optimized by maximizing an image quality metric,which is a cumbersome task with deformable mirrors as the correction element.We demonstrate the performance of the system on a Zeiss AxioVert 200M microscope equipped with a 20×0.75 NA air objective.To simulate sample-induced complex aberrations,transparent custom-made arbitrary phase plates were introduced between the sample and the objective.We demonstrate that the extension can provide high-quality full-field correction even for large aberrations,when the DPP is placed at the conjugate plane of the phase plates.We also demonstrate that both the DPP position and its surface profile can be optimized blindly,which can pave the way for plug-and-play conjugate-AO systems.