A Study on Plastic Deformation Resistance of Sn-Pb-RE Solder

The plastic deformation of solder joint depends on the plastic deformation resistance of solder. The studyon plastic deformation resistance of Sn-Pb-RE solder at room temperature shows that with the increase 0f RE content, theplastic deformation resistance of Sn-Pb-RE solder enhances. The microstructure investigation reveals'that the addition ofRE makes the microstructure of solder fine and homogeneous, which enhances hwher hardening and multi-sliding hardening. Moreover, RE on grain boundaries hinders the grain boundary sliding. Therefore, the deformation resistance ofsolder enhances. However, since it is very hard, the intermetallic compounds of RE near fracture surface will cause intergranular cracks around it.

Mathematical model of deformation resistance of 30 MnSi V steel

Based on 30MnSiV steel, the deformation resistance was studied by using Gleeble 1500 thermomechanical simulator. The mathematical model of the deformation resistance is established by analyzing the relationship of the deformation temperature, deformation rate and deformation resistance. The regression equation is highly noticeable by means of regression analysis. The mathematical model corresponds to test data by means of the contrast.

Deformation resistance prediction of tandem cold rolling based on grey wolf optimization and support vector regression

In the traditional rolling force model of tandem cold rolling mills,the calculation of the deformation resistance of the strip head does not consider the actual size and mechanical properties of the incoming material,which results in a mismatch between the deformation resistance setting and the actual state of the incoming material and thus affects the accuracy of the rolling force during the low-speed rolling process of the strip head.The inverse calculation of deformation resistance was derived to obtain the actual deformation resistance of the strip head in the tandem cold rolling process,and the actual process parameters of the strip in the hot and cold rolling processes were integrated to create the cross-process dataset as the basis to establish the support vector regression(SVR)model.The grey wolf optimization(GWO)algorithm was used to optimize the hyperparameters in the SVR model,and a deformation resistance prediction model based on GWO–SVR was established.Compared with the traditional model,the GWO–SVR model shows different degrees of improvement in each stand,with significant improvement in stands S3–S5.The prediction results of the GWO–SVR model were applied to calculate the head rolling setting of a 1420 mm tandem rolling mill.The head rolling force had a similar degree of improvement in accuracy to the deformation resistance,and the phenomenon of low head rolling force setting from stands S3 to S5 was obviously improved.Meanwhile,the thickness quality and shape quality of the strip head were improved accordingly,and the application results were consistent with expectations.

Numerical simulation of rockburst disaster and control strategy of constant resistance and large deformation anchor cable in Gaoloushan tunnel

The Gaoloushan Tunnel in Longnan City,Gansu Province,China,frequently experiences rockburst disasters due to high in-situ stress.Managing rockburst in deep-buried tunnels remains a challenging issue.This paper employs RFPA(Rock Failure Process Analysis)software to establish a calculation model of constant resistance and large deformation(CRLD)anchorages and analyzes the effects of different support methods and pre-stress levels on rockburst.We simulate the process of tunnel rockburst disasters and find that ordinary anchor support incurs rockburst on the right arch waist and arch top,forming a V-shaped explosion pit.CRLD anchor support has several advantages in rockburst control,such as more uniform stress distribution in the surrounding rock,a uniform distribution of plastic zones,less noticeable damage to the tunnel,and effective control of the arch top displacement.The effectiveness of the CRLD anchor support under varying pre-stress conditions shows that a higher prestress results in a smaller plastic zone of the surrounding rock and arch top displacement and a lower number of acoustic emission signals,which better explains the excavation compensation effect.Moreover,adding long anchorages in the deep surrounding rock area can better control rockburst and reduce surrounding rock deformation.Based on these findings,we propose a comprehensive control system that combines long and short anchorages and provides the optimal scheme based on calculations.Therefore,by using high-prestress CRLD anchor support and the combination of long and short anchorages at critical positions,we can enhance the integrity of the surrounding rock,effectively absorb the energy released by the surrounding rock deformation,and reduce the incidence of rockburst disasters.

Deformation resistance of Fe-Mn-V-N alloy under different deformation processes

The deformation resistance of Fe-Mn-V-N alloy under different deformation conditions was investigated by hot compression method on thermal simulator. Effects of deformation degree, deformation temperature, and strain rate on deformation resistance were analyzed. The results show that when other conditions are constant, the deformation resistance increases with the increase in deformation degree and strain rate and decreases with the increase in deformation temperature. At the same time, the mathematical model of deformation resistance for Fe-Mn- V-N alloy was established by lstOpt software using the Levenberg-Marquardt optimization algorithm carried out on the fitting of regression coefficients, which has higher fitting precision.

Modeling deformation resistance for hot rolling based on generalized additive model

A model of deformation resistance during hot strip rolling was established based on generalized additive model.Firstly,a data modeling method based on generalized additive model was given.It included the selection of dependent variable and independent variables of the model,the link function of dependent variable and smoothing functional form of each independent variable,estimating process of the link function and smooth functions,and the last model modification.Then,the practical modeling test was carried out based on a large amount of hot rolling process data.An integrated variable was proposed to reflect the effects of different chemical compositions such as carbon,silicon,manganese,nickel,chromium,niobium,etc.The integrated chemical composition,strain,strain rate and rolling temperature were selected as independent variables and the cubic spline as the smooth function for them.The modeling process of deformation resistance was realized by SAS software,and the influence curves of the independent variables on deformation resistance were obtained by local scoring algorithm.Some interesting phenomena were found,for example,there is a critical value of strain rate,and the deformation resistance increases before this value and then decreases.The results confirm that the new model has higher prediction accuracy than traditional ones and is suitable for carbon steel,microalloyed steel,alloyed steel and other steel grades.

HOT DUCTILITY OF 304HC STAINLESS STEEL AND THE MODEL OF RESISTANCE TO DEFORMATION

The ductility map of 304HC stainless was determined by using the Gleeble-1500 dynamic thermal-mechanical simulator. The effect of Cu on the hot ductility of 304HC stainless steel was analyzed and the mathematical model of resistance to deformation was established. The microstructure, inclusion and fracture surface were studied by using the method of micro structure analysis, scanning, energy spectrum and electron microscope. The results show that Cu has effect on the hot ductility, and the hot ductility of 304HC stainless steel decrease with the increase of content of Cu. The deformation temperature also has much effect on the hot ductility, the suitable deformation temperature are 1100-1200℃. The reason of it is that the Cu rich chemical compounds were precipitated from austenite phase during cooling. The Cu rich chemical compounds are brittle substance such as Cu2S, Cu2O and ε-Cu etc.

High-Temperature Deformation and Low-Temperature Fracture Behavior of Steel Slag Rubber Asphalt Mixture Surface Layer

Steel slag is regarded as one of the most widespread solid by-products of steel smelting with little commercial value.It can play a vital role in the construction industry especially in the field of transportation infrastructure construction.However,there are few evaluation systems established on the high-temperature deformation and low-temperature fracture behavior of steel slag rubber asphalt mixture(SSRAM).This study explores the perfor-mance of SSRAM by uniaxial penetration test,Semi-Circular Bending(SCB)test and evaluates test data through regression analysis.The uniaxial penetration test results shows that the failure deformation of SSRAM increases with the increase of steel slag content.According to the minimum allowable permanent deformation(R TS-min),the deformation of SSRAM should be controlled within 3 mm.Meanwhile,the cracking index of the SSRAM surface layer calculated at low temperature can meet the design requirements.The SCB test results show that the stress peak degradation rate(specimens with 10 mm notch are compared with 0 mm)of SSRAM with 40%steel slag content is 20.04%.That means proper steel slag content makes the stress peak degradation rate of SSRAM reaches the lowest value.The calculation results of fracture energy density(J_(1C))show that the steel slag additive reduced the fracture energy density of SSRAM.However,it is still proved that SSRAM with 40%steel slag has the best low-temperature fracture performance based on critical fracture toughness(K_(1C))and fracture stress peak.Further-more,the crack propagation velocity parametric equation of SSRAM is proposed through fracture mechanics theory and the increase of velocity is exponential.Considering the high-temperature deformation resistance and low-temperature fracture property,the SSRAM surface layer with 40%steel slag content showed a batter application potential.

Transformation of low carbon steel during deformation at γ/α temperature based on online rolling data

Alloying elements, such as silicon and manganese, have a major impact on the phase transformation point of steel. Specifically, manganese is an element for the expansion and stability of the austenite region, while silicon can expand and stabilize the ferrite region. Phase transformation occurs during the hot rolling process for the steel with certain silicon content, which leads to great changes of the deformation resistance, thereby affecting the rolling stability. Consequently, a better understanding of phase transformation in the rolling process will contribute to the enhancement of product quality. In this paper ,the on-line rolling data were processed by means of the inverse calculation method. In this method, the steel deformation resistance with various silicon and manganese contents was obtained and analyzed to determine the deformation behavior of the steel, which can help improve the on-line control model and enhance the steel quality.

Study on the Thermal Fatigue Behavior of Hot Deformed Wear Resistance Cast Iron and Effect of Carbide

The thermal fatigue behavior of wear resistance cast iron with different quantity of deformation has been investigated. The results show that eutectic carbide is the main location and passage for initiation and extension of thermal fatigue cracks, approving that the more serious, the carbide breaks. The higher thermal fatigue resistance of wear resistance cast iron will be and thermal fatigue fracture belongs mainly to brittleness.

Effects of Filler-Asphalt Ratio on the Properties of Lignin and Polyester Fiber Reinforced SMPU/SBS Modified Asphalt Mortar

To understand the effects offiller-asphalt ratio on different properties of lignin and polyesterfiber reinforced shape memory polyurethane(SMPU)/styrene butadiene styrene(SBS)composite modified asphalt mortar(PSAM),as well as to reveal the reinforcing and toughening mechanisms of lignin and polyesterfibers on PSAM,SMPU,SBS and mineral powder werefirst utilized to prepare PSAM.Then the conventional,rheological and anti-cracking properties of ligninfiber reinforced PSAM(LFAM)and polyesterfiber reinforced PSAM(PFAM)at dif-ferentfiller-asphalt ratios were characterized.Test results indicate that the shear strength,deformation resistance and viscosity are increased after adding 0.8wt%ligninfiber or polyesterfiber and increasing thefiller-asphalt ratio from 0.8 to 1.2.The optimalfiller-asphalt ratio of 1.0 is proposed after comprehensive performance assessments of PSAM.Polyesterfiber shows a better reinforcing effect than ligninfiber,but its improvement in the thermal stability of PSAM is not significant at high temperatures.Additionally,the complex modulus,storage modulus,loss modulus and rutting resistance factor of PSAM are improved after adding ligninfiber and polyesterfiber,as well as show an increasing trend as thefiller-asphalt ratio is raised,but the phase angle is gradually decreased.Further,the increase of elastic components in PSAM effectively enhances the anti-deformation ability of PSAM at high temperatures,and polyesterfiber more obviously improves the high-temperature deformation resistance of PSAM than ligninfiber.Finally,the anti-cracking performance of PFAM and LFAM at low temperatures is reduced by 74.2%and 46.7%,respectively,as thefiller-asphalt ratio is raised from 0.8 to 1.2.The low-temperature anti-cracking performance of LFAM is lower than that of PFAM at the samefiller-asphalt ratio,even lower than that of PSA.Compared with ligninfiber,the anti-cracking performance and deformation resistance of PSAM at low temperature is more greatly enhanced by polyester fiber.

Force analysis and experimental study of pure aluminum and Al-5%Ti-1%B alloy continuous expansion extrusion forming process

The deformation zone of CONFORM extrusion was divided into primary gripping zone,gripping zone,conical expansion chamber zone,cylindrical zone and sizing zone of die,and corresponding force equilibrium equations were established using the Slab method.The deformation force formulae of CONFORM machine at any wrapping angle with an expansion chamber were obtained.Experiment on pure aluminum and Al-5%Ti-1%B alloy was conducted on the CONFORM machine self-designed.The resistance to deformation of Al-5%Ti-1%B alloy at the deformation temperature of 400℃ and the strain rate of 3.07 s-1 was measured to be 50 MPa using Gleeble-1500 thermal simulation machine.The calculation results of deformation forces for CONFORM process with an expansion chamber for pure aluminum and Al-5%Ti-1%B alloy were given.The experimental CONFORM radial force is in agreement with the radial force obtained by theoretical formula.

Flow stress equation in range of intermediate strain rates and high temperatures to predict roll force in four-pass continuous rod rolling

A flow stress equation was proposed to compute the roll force in the finishing stands of an actual rod mill where the strain rate and the temperature of the material range from 100 to 400 s-1 and from 900 to 1050 ℃,respectively.The underlying idea is to modify the Shida model and Misaka model,which provide flow stress equations（constitutive equations） frequently used to depict deformation behavior of high temperature material at different strain rates.The modified model was coupled with finite element method to compute the roll force during four-pass continuous rod rolling,where strain rates are in the range of 100-400 s-1 at high temperatures（900-1050 ℃）.The roll forces and the surface temperatures of the material at each stand were measured,and the measured data were compared with the computed values.Results reveal that the Misaka model is better than the Shida model for high temperatures and intermediate strain rates.The roll force error was-5.7 % when the Misaka model was used at 900 ℃.However,the error increased by-15.2% at 1050 ℃.When the modified Misaka model was used,the error was reduced to 1.8% on average.It can consequently be deduced that the modified Misaka model can be used to depict the deformation resistance behavior in intermediate ranges of strain rate and high temperature ranges in continuous rod rolling process.

Steady State Rheological Characteristic of Semisolid Magnesium Alloy

Isothermal compressive experiments at different temperatures, strain rates and holding time for semisolid AZ91D, Zr modified AZ91D and MB15 alloy with higher solid volume fraction were carried out by using Gleeble-1500D simulator and the true stress-strain curves were given directly. The relationship of apparent viscosity vs temperature, shear rate and holding time of the three kinds of semi-solid magnesium alloys, as well as isothermal steady state rheological characteristic and mechanical behavior were studied. The results show that the three magnesium alloys had the characteristic of shear-thinning. The rheological characteristic of the semi-solid MB15 is different from that of semi-solid AZ91D. The semi-solid MB15 has higher apparent viscosity and deformation resistance.

Modeling hot strip rolling process under framework of generalized additive model

This research develops a new mathematical modeling method by combining industrial big data and process mechanism analysis under the framework of generalized additive models(GAM)to generate a practical model with generalization and precision.Specifically,the proposed modeling method includes the following steps.Firstly,the influence factors are screened using mechanism knowledge and data-mining methods.Secondly,the unary GAM without interactions including cleaning the data,building the sub-models,and verifying the sub-models.Subsequently,the interactions between the various factors are explored,and the binary GAM with interactions is constructed.The relationships among the sub-models are analyzed,and the integrated model is built.Finally,based on the proposed modeling method,two prediction models of mechanical property and deformation resistance for hot-rolled strips are established.Industrial actual data verification demonstrates that the new models have good prediction precision,and the mean absolute percentage errors of tensile strength,yield strength and deformation resistance are 2.54%,3.34%and 6.53%,respectively.And experimental results suggest that the proposed method offers a new approach to industrial process modeling.

High-precision Thickness Setting Models for Titanium Alloy Plate Cold Rolling without Tension

Due to its highly favorable physical and chemical properties,titanium and titanium alloy are widely used in a variety of industries.Because of the low output of a single batch,plate cold rolling without tension is the most common rolling production method for titanium alloy.This method is lack of on-line thickness closed-loop control,with carefully thickness setting models for precision.A set of high-precision thickness setting models are proposed to suit the production method.Because of frequent variations in rolling specification,a model structural for the combination of analytical models and statistical models is adopted to replace the traditional self-learning method.The deformation resistance and friction factor,the primary factors which affect model precision,are considered as the objectives of statistical modeling.Firstly,the coefficient fitting of deformation resistance analytical model based on over-determined equations set is adopted.Additionally,a support vector machine（SVM）is applied to the modeling of the deformation resistance and friction factor.The setting models are applied to a 1450 plate-coiling mill for titanium alloy plate rolling,and then thickness precision is found consistently to be within 3%,exceeding the precision of traditional setting models with a self-learning method based on a large number of stable rolling data.Excellent application performance is obtained.The proposed research provides a set of high-precision thickness setting models which are well adapted to the characteristics of titanium alloy plate cold rolling without tension.

Classification of inelastic deformation and material-intrinsic indices about mechanical performance of general solid matter

The present article is aimed to detect material-intrinsic indices that can be used to supervise the mechanical performance of general solid matter.The novelty carried in this article can be summarised as follows.Firstly,an inelastic deformation state of almost any solid matter can be treated as the combination of two fundamental modes due to different microscopic causation:Mode I inelastic distortion due to the movement of sliding types of defects and Mode II inelastic dilation due to the evolution of voids/bubbles.Secondly,each inelastic deformation mode is characterised by a single principal inelastic deformation descriptor(PIDD):Mode I by a newly introduced quantity of maximum distortional angle changeαand Mode II by the logarithm of dilating magnificationω.In particular,the concept of maximum distortional angle change gives rise to a geometrically intuitive yield criterion ofα>α_(c),which in situations of small deformation,is shown to asymptote von Mise's,and to become Tresca's in cases of plane stress.Thirdly,the deformation process of a solid matter under monotonic and ambient loads is formulated by means of trajectories of thermodynamic equilibria with respect to the PIDD pair.Then a pair of physical quantities which measure the stresses needed to change the local PIDD state are singled out.Being termed as inelastic deformation resistances(IDRs),these two quantities are shown to depend only on the onsite atomic configurations.It is also shown that key descriptive properties about the mechanical behaviours of materials,such as ductility,are encoded in IDRs as functions of PIDDs.Hence the IDR pair may serve as material performance indices that may be more intrinsic than conventional stress-strain relationships.

High Temperature Deformation Behavior of Fe-9Ni-C Alloy

The high temperature deformation behavior of the 9Ni steel has been studied by the Gleeble-3500 tester. The relationship between deformation resistance and deformation degree, deformation temperature and deformation rate was revealed. The results show that when the deformation degree is less than 0.2, the deformation resistance increases by about 70 to 200 MPa, while the deformation degree varied between 0.2 and 0.4, the deformation resist- ance increases by about 30--40 MPa, when the deformation degree is larger than 0.4, the deformation resistance in- creases slowly, some become stable gradually. The influence of deformation temperature on deformation resistance is larger, and deformation resistance at higher temperature is about 160 MPa smaller than at lower temperature. Higher deformation rate leads to larger deformation resistance. The deformation resistance increases about 70 to 110 MPa with the increase of the deformation rate. A new and highly accurate mathematical model of the steel was established to describe the deformation behavior during rolling.

Warm Deformation Behavior of Steels Containing Carbon of 0.45% to 1.26% With Martensite Starting Structure

Warm deformation was investigated for steels containing carbon of 0. 45%,0. 79%, and 1. 26% respeetively with martensite starting structure, using Gleeble 3500 thermomechanical simulator at the temperature ranging from 873 K to 973 K and the strain rate ranging from 0.1 s^-1 to 0. 001 s^-1. The effect of carbon content on the deformation activation energy, Z value and the deformation resistance was analyzed, The results showed that the deformation resistance decreased with increasing carbon content. The peak stress of the steel containing earbon of 1.26% was decreased by 16.2% compared to the steel containing carbon of 0.45% under the same condition. This may be attributed to the weakening effect of solid solution strengthening which outweighs the precipitation strengthening of cementite.

Assessment of Elasticity,Plasticity and Resistance to Machining-induced Damage of Porous Pre-sintered Zirconia Using Nanoindentation Techniques

Porous pre-sintered zirconia is subject to white machining during which its elasticity, plasticity and resistance to machining-induced damage determine its machinability and final quality. This study used nanoindentation techniques and the Sakai＇s series elastic and plastic deformation model to extract the resistance to plastic deformation from the plane strain modulus and the contact hardness for presintered zirconia. The modulus and the resistance to plasticity were used to calculate the relative amount of elasticity and plasticity. The fracture energy and the normalized indentation absorbed energy were used to deconvolute the resistance to machining-induced cracking based on the Sakai-Nowak model. All properties were extracted at a 10 mN peak load and loading rates of 0.1-2 mN/s to determine the loading rate effects on these properties. We found that the resistance to plasticity and the resistance to machining-induced cracking were independent of the loading rate （ANOVA, p 〉 0.05）. The elastic and plastic displacements depended on the loading rate through power laws. This loading rate-dependent deformation behaviour was explained by the maximum shear stress generated underneath the indenter and the indentation energy. The plastic deformation components and the indentation absorbed energy at all loading rates were higher than the elastic deformation components and the elastic strain energy, respectively. Finally, we established the linkage among the pore structure, indentation behaviour and machinability of pre-sintered zirconia.