Analysis of Ethylene Glycol Degumming Process and Characterization of Hemp Fibers

To overcome the shortcomings of traditional degumming process,an efficient and environmentally friendly ethylene glycol(EG) degumming process was adopted to degum hemp fibers.The surface morphology,chemical composition,chemical structures,and mechanical properties of the fiber samples were analyzed to explore the mechanism of the degumming process.It was found that the EG degumming process could be divided into the main degumming stage(heating) and the supplementary degumming stage(insulation).The removal rates of hemicellulose and lignin in the main degumming stage were 70.56% and 60.17%,respectively.In the supplementary degumming stage,9.95% hemicellulose and 25.39% lignin were removed.It is confirmed that EG can separate hemp fibers effectively with less damage,which holds great potential for the biomass fiber separation technology.

Optimization for Microbial Degumming of Ramie with Bacillus subtilis DZ_(5) in Submerged Fermentation by Orthogonal Array Design and Response Surface Methodology

As a kind of natural fiber,ramie fiber has distinctive advantages in textile application,but the application is limited due to the traditional degumming mode.Compared with the traditional degumming process,the microbial degumming process has many advantages.To obtain the optimal conditions for degumming ramie with Bacillus subtilis DZ_(5)(BS DZ_(5)),a combined statistical approach of orthogonal array design(OAD)and response surface methodology(RSM)was used.The influences of initial pH of the bacteria medium,culture temperature,shaking speed,degumming time and inoculum size on submerged fermentation degumming were evaluated by using fractional factorial design.The main factors in the analysis were culture temperature,shaking speed and initial pH.The residual gum mass fraction was used as the optimization index,and the optimal conditions for degumming were determined by central composite design and RSM.Thus with only a limited number of experiments,an optimal ramie microbial degumming condition was found as the culture temperature of 40℃,the initial pH in the culture medium of 8.5,the shaking speed of 205 r/min,the degumming time of 96 h and the inoculum size of 5%.After microbial degumming of ramie under the optimal conditions,there was only 10.6%residual gum by mass in the fiber.In addition,the effective degumming of BS DZ_(5)was also confirmed by a scanning electron microscope(SEM).

Production of Pectinolytic Enzymes by Two Bacillus spp. Strains and Their Application in Flax Degumming

This study demonstrated that Bacillus licheniformis HDYM-03 and Bacillus megaterium HDYM-09, isolated from a liquid sample of fl ax retting pool, were able to produce pectinolytic enzymes using polysaccharides as substrates. Bacillus megaterium HDYM-09 produced pectin lyase that exhibited the highest activity of 2116.71 ± 11.55 U/mL. Bacillus licheniformis HDYM-03 produced pectate lyase that exhibited the highest activity of 611.21 ± 14.54 U/mL. Based on these fi ndings, we constructed four retting systems to degrade the pectin substance. The results showed that the content of galacturonic acid in the mixed system was 529.21 μg/mL, the content of reducing sugar was 98.14 mg/mL, and the weight loss ratio of cells reached 19.49%, which were signifi cantly higher than those in other systems. The mixed system has more advantages, and the utilization rate of degumming was higher, which further ensured that the degumming can be carried out effi ciently and quickly. The mixed system exhibits feasible applications in the fi ber and textile industry.

Degumming of Silk Fibers by CO₂Supercritical Fluid

This paper is to study a new method to remove sericin from raw silk fiber. This new process is done using an organic acid as a pretreatment and then using CO2 supercritical fluid to remove sericin from silk fiber. This method would be a huge break from the traditional environmentally unsustainable methods used today. This new processing method keeps the removed sericin in a clean state that can be used as a highly marketable silk protein in the medical and cosmetic industries.

Green Degumming of Silk by Enzyme Extracted from Natural Sources

The main objective of this work is to degum the silk with natural enzyme in lieu of conventional degumming to make it sustainable. Fibroin and sericin are the main composition of silk. Sericin provides a harsh and stiff effect of silk and decreases the valuable property like luster and whiteness and also leads to uneven dyeing. It is necessary to remove this sericin for the better post processing of silk. The removal process of sericin from silk is called degumming. Usually degumming process is done by using chemicals like soda (Na2CO3), detergent and other chemical staffs. But these chemicals are lethal to the environment. So, if such component found that can be substitute the fatal components and give the same required result or very close then that would be considered as an asset. This work deals with the different enzymes extracted from natural sources such as papaya skin, pineapple skin and guava leaf with variation of enzyme concentrations such as 10 (%), 15 (%) & 20 (%) as well as 35°C 45°C & 55°C temperatures that influence the degumming efficiency. By analyzing the various samples on the basis of degumming efficiency and other tests such as tensile strength, water vapor permeability, pilling and abrasion, crease recovery, whiteness test and spot test are done by standard method, it is found that the enzyme extracted from papaya skin shows the best degumming efficiency 15.9 (%) and other tests also show the good result at 15 (%) concentration and 45°C temperature whereas degumming efficiency 16.6 (%) for conventional process. From this work, it can be concluded that enzyme extracted from papaya skin can be substituted of conventional degumming which is also ecofriendly.

Properties and Processing of the Pineapple Leaf Fiber

The properties and constituent of pineapple fiber were tested, and on the base of that, chemical treatment was used to improve the spinnability of the fiber, and the pure and blended yarn of pineapple fiber were produced in worsted and cotton spinning system.

Production of Rice Bran Oil in India: a Technical Evaluation

India has the highest utilization of rice bran oil in terms of the available resources in the country.Parboiled rice tradition has made the available rice bran in relatively good quality.This makes the quality of crude rice bran oil being also high.Therefore the following processing is made relatively simple comparing with those high free fatty acid content crude rice bran oils.In India,physical refining is commonly used.Thus the oil refining yield is usually high.The unsaponifiable content is also higher comparatively.For example,oryzanol content is usually 1%to 1.5%in weight.Although there are a large number of rice bran oil small plants in India,the technology is relatively mature for the production of relatively good quality rice bran oil.In this short overview of the production technology of rice bran oil in India,the state of the art has been elaborated in a simple form.Particularly,the problems and challenges of the production technology have been evaluated with the background of decades of research and technology development work in India.