Relationship between serum adhesion molecules, trace elements and delayed union of tibial and fibula fractures

Objective:To investigate the relationship between serum adhesion molecules, trace elements and delayed union of tibial and fibula fractures.Methods:A total of 46 patients with delayed union of tibial and fibula fractures in our hospital from May 2014 to June 2016 were selected as the observation group, 46 patients with normal healing of tibial and fibula fractures were selected as the control group, then the serum adhesion molecules and trace elements levels of two groups at forth, eighth and sixteenth week after the surgery were compared.Results:The serum dhesion molecules levels of observation group at forth, eighth and sixteenth week after the surgery were all higher than those of control group, the serum trace elements levels were all lower than those of control group, and the serum adhesion molecules levels of two groups at eighth week after the surgery were all higher than those at other time, the trace elements levels were all lower than those at other time (allP<0.05).Conclusions:The serum adhesion molecules and trace elements of patients with delayed union of tibial and fibula fractures show obviously abnormal state, so those indexes of those patients should be paid to more monitoring and improvement.

Systematic review of dynamization vs exchange nailing for delayed/non-union femoral fractures

AIM To analyze the literature on efficacy of dynamamization vs exchange nailing in treatment of delayed and nonunion femur fractures.METHODS Ultimately, 31 peer-reviewed articles with 644 exchanged nailing patients and 131 dynamization patients were identified and analyzed. The following key words were inputted in different combinations in order to search the field of publications in its entirety: "nonunion", "delayed union", "ununited", "femur fracture", "femoral fracture", "exchange nailing", "dynaiz(s)ation", "secondary nailing", "dynamic", "static", and "nail revision". The initial search yielded over 150 results, and was refined based on the inclusion criteria: Only studies reporting on humans, non-unions and delayed unions, and the usage of exchange nailing and/or dynamization as a secondary treatment after failed IM nailing. The resulting 66 articles were obtained through online journal access. The results were filtered further based on the exclusion criteria: No articles that failed to report overall union rates, differentiate between success rates of their reported techniques, or articles that analyzed less than 5 patients. RESULTS Exchange nailing lead to fracture union in 84.785% of patients compared to the 66.412% of dynamization with statistically comparable durations until union(5.193 ± 2.310 mo and 4.769 ± 1.986 mo respectively). Dynamically locking exchange nails resulted in an average union time of 5.208 ± 2.475 mo compared to 5.149 ± 2.366 mo(P = 0.8682) in statically locked exchange nails. The overall union rate of the two procedures, statically and dynamically locked exchange nailing yielded union rates of 84.259% and 82.381% respectively. Therefore, there was no significant difference between the different locking methods of exchange nailing for union rate or time to union at a significance value of P < 0.05. The analysis showed exchange nailing to be the more successful choice in the treatment of femoral non-unions in respect to its higher success rate(491/567 EN, 24/57 dynam, P < 0.0001). However, there was no significant difference between the success rates of the two procedures for delayed union fractures(25/27 EN, 45/55 dynam, P = 0.3299). Nevertheless, dynamization was more efficient in the treatment of delayed unions(at rates comparable to exchange nailing) than in the treatment of non-unions.CONCLUSION In conclusion, after examination of factors, dynamization is recommended treatment of delayed femur fractures, while exchange nailing is the treatment of choice for non-unions.

Low-intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy for midshaft clavicular delayed union: A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND One of the most common complications following surgery for midshaft clavicle fracture is nonunion/delayed union.Extracorporeal shock wave therapy(ESWT)is an alternative to promote new bone formation without surgical complications.To date,no literature has reported low-intensity ESWT(LI-ESWT)in delayed union of midshaft clavicle fracture.CASE SUMMARY We reported a 66-year-old Chinese amateur cyclist with clavicle delayed union treated with 10 sessions of LI-ESWT(radial,0.057 mJ/mm^(2),3 Hz,3000 shocks).No anesthetics were applied,and no side effects occurred.At the 4 mo and 7 mo follow-ups,the patient achieved clinical and radiographical recovery,respectively.CONCLUSION In conclusion,our findings indicated that LI-ESWT could be a good option for treating midshaft clavicular delayed union.

Two-stage surgical treatment for septic non-union of the forearm

AIM To investigate the effectiveness of a two-stage surgical procedure for the treatment of septic forearm non-union.METHODS Septic non-unions are rare complications of forearm fractures. When they occur, they modify the relationship between forearm bones leading to a severe functional impairment. Treatment is challenging and surgery and antibiotic therapy are required to achieve infection resolution. It is even harder to obtain non-union healing with good functional results. The aim of this study is to present a two stages surgical treatment for septic forearm non-union with revision and temporary stabilization of the non-union until infection has cleared and subsequently perform a new synthesis with plate, opposite bone graft strut and intercalary graft. We retrospectively reviewed 18 patients with a mean age at the time of primary injury of 34.5 years(19-57 years) and a mean follow-up of 6 years(2-10 years). All patients presented an atrophic nonunion with a mean length of the bone defect of 1.8 cm(1.2-4 cm). Complications and clinical results after surgical treatment were recorded. RESULTS Mean time to resolution of the infectious process was 8.2 wk(range 4-20 wk) after the first surgery and specific antibiotic therapy. All the non-union healed with an average time of 5 mo(range 2-10 mo) after the second step surgery. Cultures on intraoperative samples werepositive in all cases. No major intraoperative complications occurred. Two patients developed minor complications and one needed a second surgical debridement for infection resolution. At the last follow-up functional results were excellent in 5(27.8%) patients, satisfactory in 10(55.5%) and unsatisfactory in 3(16.7%) patients. No activities of daily living(ADLs) limitations were reported by 12(66.6%) patients, slight by 3(16.6%) and severe limitation by 3(16.6%) patients. Mean visual analog scale at the last follow-up was 1(0-3).CONCLUSION The two-step technique has proven to be effective to achieve resolution of the infectious process and union with good functional results and low rate of complications.

骨折延迟愈合与骨不连现状与趋势:一项运用Citespace文献计量学及数据可视化研究

目的:使用文献计量学及数据可视化分析技术,对骨折延迟愈合与骨不连的相关文献进行综合分析,总结该领域的研究现状及前沿动态,并推测未来发展趋势。方法:检索Web of Science核心数据库中2002年1月1日至2023年12月31日的骨折延迟愈合与骨不连文献作为研究对象,使用Citespace软件对相关文献发表的国家、研究机构、杂志、作者、关键词等信息进行数据分析及可视化分析。结果:符合检索条件的文献9403篇,符合纳入标准的为9183篇,该领域发文量呈上升趋势,发达国家和相关国家的研究机构在该领域的研究中占据主导地位,但中国及上海交通大学等机构则在该领域发展迅速,处于追赶地位,频次最高的关键词为managemen(t治疗),关键词共形成15个聚类,突现关键词25个。结论:骨折延迟愈合与骨不连研究处于不断发展的状态,逐渐从手术治疗转向对疾病的发病机制及骨修复与再生领域的研究,研究层次不断加深。骨修复与再生将成为该领域未来研究的主要趋势。

生龙接骨胶囊对老年股骨脆性骨折延迟愈合或不愈合患者的临床疗效

目的探讨生龙接骨胶囊对老年股骨脆性骨折延迟愈合或不愈合患者的临床疗效。方法74例患者随机分为对照组和观察组,每组37例,对照组给予阿法骨化醇软胶囊,观察组在对照组基础上加用生龙接骨胶囊,疗程12周。检测临床疗效、骨代谢指标(ALP、BGP、β-CTx)、骨密度(股骨粗隆、股骨颈)、miR-186、BMP-2、BMP-7、Harris评分、SF-36评分、不良反应发生率变化。结果观察组总有效率高于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后,2组ALP、BGP、miR-186、BMP-2、BMP-7、Harris评分、SF-36评分升高(P<0.05),骨密度增加(P<0.05),β-CTx降低(P<0.05),以观察组更明显(P<0.05)。2组不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论生龙接骨胶囊可安全有效地改善老年股骨脆性骨折延迟愈合或不愈合患者骨代谢和髋关节功能,增加骨密度,提高血清miR-186、BMP-2、BMP-7水平和生活质量,促进骨折愈合。

长骨骨不连的发病率及手术治疗研究进展

骨不连是骨折并发症之一,其发病部位及病因多样化,治疗方式也不完全相同。不同因素之间相互作用,使之成为临床骨科医师棘手的难题。多数骨不连发生在长骨骨折后,以锁骨、肱骨、前臂、股骨、胫骨为主。临床治疗中,存在多种手术方式可供选择。笔者就近年来长骨骨不连的发病率及手术治疗现状进行综述,旨在为骨不连手术治疗方法的进一步研究和应用提供参考依据。

体外冲击波疗法与手术治疗骨折延迟愈合和骨不连的有效性与安全性比较:一项基于临床随机对照试验研究的Meta分析

目的采用Meta分析方法评价体外冲击波疗法(ESWT)与手术治疗骨折延迟愈合和骨不连的有效性和安全性。方法计算机检索中国知网、万方数据库、Pubmed、Cochrane Library等中、英文数据库关于ESWT对比手术治疗骨折延迟愈合和骨不连的临床随机对照试验(RCTs),试验组采用ESWT,对照组采用手术治疗。检索时间从建库至2023年10月。结局指标包括愈合率、愈合时间、不良反应发生率、治疗费用。结果共纳入16篇RCTs,Meta分析结果显示,对比对照组,试验组的愈合率更高(OR=1.720,95%CI:1.240~2.380,P=0.001),愈合时间(d)缩短约27 d(MD=-27.110,95%CI:-49.700~-4.510,P=0.020),治疗费用(万元)减少约3.2万元(MD=-3.200,95%CI:-3.850~-2.560,P<0.001),不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(RR=0.520,95%CI:0.100~2.860,P=0.450)。结论对比手术治疗骨折延迟愈合和骨不连,ESWT愈合率更高,愈合时间更短,无严重不良反应,成本-效益优势显著,具有较好的临床应用及推广价值。

生骨散外敷治疗四肢骨折延迟愈合或不愈合的疗效分析

目的探讨生骨散外敷治疗四肢骨折延迟愈合或不愈合的疗效。方法选取2018年4月—2021年6月期间解放军联勤保障部队第九八八医院收治的四肢骨折延迟愈合或者不愈合患者52例,采用随机数字表法将其分为对照组与观察组,每组各26例。对照组予以口服接骨七厘片和阿法骨化醇片进行治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上加以生骨散外敷治疗。治疗3个疗程后,观察比较两组患者临床疗效、骨折愈合时间和不良反应发生情况、患者满意度及治疗前后中医症状评分变化。结果治疗后观察组临床治疗总有效率100%(26/26)高于对照组76.92%(20/26),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后观察组骨折愈合时间短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后观察组满意率96.15%(25/26)高于对照组76.92%(20/26),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗期间,观察组不良反应发生率11.54%(3/26)低于对照组19.23%(5/26),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后两组患者叩击痛、压痛、肿痛、肢体功能丧失评分均低于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);且观察组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论生骨散外敷治疗四肢骨折延迟愈合或不愈合具有较高的安全性且可提高临床疗效,缩短骨愈合时间,改善临床症状及提高患者满意度。

江林主任医师治疗骨折延迟愈合或不愈合的经验总结

江林主任医师根据“气血分布失衡为本,血瘀阻络为标”的理论体系,以“衡”为主,以“通”为辅,同时十分注重用药平衡,药力动静结合,药味气血共助,药用攻补兼施,在治疗骨折延迟愈合或不愈合方面临床效果满意。此文通过对骨折延迟愈合或不愈合的病因病机分析、辨证论治阐释、典型案例剖析,总结江林主任医师治疗骨折延迟愈合或不愈合的思想与经验。

Clinical Research on Zishengukang Pill(滋肾骨康丸)Used to Treat Delayed Union of Fracture

Objective:To observe the curative effect of Zishengukang Pill(滋肾骨康丸) on delayed union of fracture.Methods:Sixty-four patients with delayed union of fracture were randomly divided into a control group of 32 cases treated with Western medicine and a treatment group of 32 cases treated with Western medicine and Zishengukang Pill.After 3 courses of treatment with 30 days as a course,the curative effects in the two groups were evaluated and their clinical symptoms,union rate and union time of fracture were compared.Results:The treatment resulted in cure in 25 cases,improvement in 6 cases and ineffectiveness in 1 case with the effective rate at 96.8% in the treatment group,higher than 81.3% in the control group(P<0.05).The union rate of fracture in the treatment group was higher than that in the control group(34.3% vs.12.5%,P<0.05).The union time of fracture in the treatment group was shorter than that in the control group((4.0±1.7) months vs.(5.0±1.4) months,P<0.05).Conclusion:Zishengukang Pill with obvious curative effect in the treatment of delayed union of fracture is worth popularizing.

Research advances of nanomaterials for the acceleration of fracture healing

The bone fracture cases have been increasing yearly,accompanied by the increased number of patients experiencing non-union or delayed union after their bone fracture.Although clinical materials facilitate fracture healing(e.g.,metallic and composite materials),they cannot fulfill the requirements due to the slow degradation rate,limited osteogenic activity,inadequate osseointegration ability,and suboptimal mechanical properties.Since early 2000,nanomaterials successfully mimic the nanoscale features of bones and offer unique properties,receiving extensive attention.This paper reviews the achievements of nanomaterials in treating bone fracture(e.g.,the intrinsic properties of nanomaterials,nanomaterials for bone defect filling,and nanoscale drug delivery systems in treating fracture delayed union).Furthermore,we discuss the perspectives on the challenges and future directions of developing nanomaterials to accelerate fracture healing.

经皮自体骨髓移植治疗胫骨骨折延迟愈合及不愈合的临床研究

目的 探讨经皮自体骨髓移植治疗胫骨骨折延迟愈合、不愈合的疗效.方法 按同一标准选取胫骨骨折延迟愈合、不愈合患者,治疗组30例,对照组28例,治疗组采用经皮自体骨髓移植技术治疗,对照组采用自体髂骨植骨治疗,术后均随访摄X线片,评估骨折愈合情况.结果 全部病例获得随访,随访时间为4~24个月,平均随访时间为12个月.治疗组中27例患者愈合良好,3例不愈合;对照组中26例愈合良好,2例不愈合.治疗组、对照组有效率分别为90.0%、92.9%,有效率相接近.依照疗效评价标准,对两组患者不同愈合程度骨痂形成时间进行比较（P均〉0.05）,疗效达4个阶段所需平均时间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,因此,可以认为两组患者疗效无差别.结论 经皮自体骨髓移植治疗胫骨骨折延迟愈合、不愈合疗效满意, 是临床上值得推广应用的方法.

改进的体外冲击波技术对骨组织影响的实验及临床研究

采用改进的体外冲击波作用于骨组织。通过动物实验，骨膜组织体外培养Ｈ３－ＴｄＲ掺入放射性自显影研究，证实冲击后１、２周实验侧骨膜组织Ｈ３－ＴｄＲ标记率明显高于对照侧（Ｐ＜０．０５），表明实验侧骨膜成骨细胞有丝分裂明显加强，骨膜成骨作用增强。通过体外冲击波治疗骨不连１６例及骨折延迟愈合１６例。治疗后１６周，１６例骨折延迟愈合均愈合。１６例骨不连中１３例愈合。文中还对体外冲击波治疗疾病的作用机理、疗效及治疗方法等进行了探讨。

带锁髓内钉并骨折端小钢板治疗股骨干骨折不愈合和延迟愈合15例临床分析

目的探讨使用交锁髓内钉并骨折端局部小钢板治疗股骨不愈合和延迟愈合的临床疗效。方法对股骨骨折不愈合及延迟愈合患者15例均采用有限切口切开复位顺行扩髓,静力锁定,骨折端应用小钢板加植骨治疗。结果所有病例均获随访,时间为11～24个月(平均18个月),骨折均达到骨性愈合,愈合时间为7～23个月。结论交锁髓内钉加骨折端钢板固定并植骨治疗骨不愈合及延迟愈合具有固定牢靠,利于关节早期活动,促进骨愈合等优点,值得推荐使用。

骨折延迟愈合患者血转化生长因子-β1的改变

目的 研究骨折延迟愈合患者外周血中转化生长因子（transforming growth factor，TGF）-β1表达水平的变化趋势，并与正常愈合患者进行对比。方法 共60例骨折延迟愈合患者，取其在骨折后1年内不同时间的外周血标本作为实验组；另取60例骨折后正常愈合的患者作为对照组。通过免疫酶标法分别检测骨折后1、2、4、8、12、24、36、48、60周，各组患者外周血中TGF-β1表达水平的变化趋势，并比较实验组与对照组之间的差异。另检测30例骨不连患者在手术前后及最终愈合时，外周血中TGF-β1的水平。结果 骨折2周后，各组患者的外周血TGF-β1水平都有显著升高（P〈0．01）。在2～4周间，实验组患者的TGF-β1水平急剧下降，又回到正常水平；而对照组患者的外周血TGF-β1仍维持在较高的水平，是实验组的1．2倍（P〈0．01）。对照组TGF-β1水平直至骨折后8周时，才回落至正常水平。术前骨不连患者外周血TGF-β1水平与正常人无差异，术后2周TGF-β1水平迅速上升（P〈0．01），维持到4周时逐步下降，直到最终愈合时又回落到正常值。结论 骨折患者外周血TGF-β1水平于较早期下降是骨折延迟愈合的一个重要指标。TGF-β1在骨折愈合过程中起关键作用，骨不连患者术后愈合与外周血TGF-β1也有密切联系。

骨愈宝治疗创伤骨折的临床与实验研究

研究骨愈宝治疗创伤骨折迟延愈合和不愈合的疗效并探讨其作用机理。临床选择 180例四肢创伤骨折迟延愈合和不愈合病例进行治疗观察。实验研究用 5 7只家兔 ,造双侧桡骨中段 0 73cm骨缺损 ,并随机分为A、B、C3组 ,A组常规喂养 ,B、C组常规喂养并加服强的松每日 6mg/kg ,C组同时服骨愈宝每日 1 5 g/kg ,强的松用 3周停止 ,骨愈宝全程给药。观察一般状况、骨缺损部X线表现、组织学变化 ,对骨痂及血液进行生化分析和血液流变学检查。结果 :临床治疗优良率 92 8% ,实验研究证明A组无肾虚 ,B组有肾虚 ,C组有肾虚并很快纠正。愈合状况C组愈合最好 ,B组最差。碱性磷酸酶在血及骨缺损间分布C组显著高于A、B组。低切态血浆和全血粘度C组显著低于A、B组。骨愈宝能有效治疗创伤骨折迟延愈合和不愈合 ,能纠正肾虚 ,提高成骨细胞活性 ,降低血粘度 。

股骨干骨折髓内钉固定术后骨折不愈合及延迟愈合原因分析及手术治疗

背景:带锁髓内钉固定作为股骨干骨折治疗的首选方法具有诸多优点,但术后仍存在一定程度的骨折不愈合率,同时对于术后骨折不愈合的处理尚无统一标准。目的:探讨股骨干骨折带锁髓内钉固定术后出现骨折不愈合及延迟愈合的原因,以及再次手术治疗的方法和疗效。方法:2005年1月至2011年12月共收治股骨干骨折带锁髓内钉固定术后骨折不愈合及延迟愈合22例,男13例,女9例;年龄18～66岁,平均41.5岁;骨折不愈合19例,延迟愈合3例。汇总骨折分型、手术方法及影像学资料特征等资料,分析造成骨折不愈合及延迟愈合的原因,并随访再次手术后的效果。结果:22例患者中切开复位11例;钢丝环扎3例;术后骨折间隙>10mm8例;髓内钉过细或过短3例;出现深部感染2例;伴随有糖尿病等慢性消耗性疾病6例。19例骨折不愈合患者进行再次手术治疗,包括骨折端清理、自体髂骨松质骨植骨、附加或更换内固定物稳定骨折端等,术后随访6～28个月,平均13.2个月,骨折愈合时间3～8个月,平均4.2个月,3例延迟愈合病例经7～13个月观察均获得骨性愈合。结论:股骨干骨折带锁髓内钉固定术后骨折不愈合及延迟愈合的原因既有自身因素,又存在手术干预过程的力学、生物学因素。骨折不愈合病例应根据其出现的原因及特点制定适当的手术方案,再次术后治疗效果满意。

逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨远端骨折延迟愈合及不愈合

目的观察逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨远端骨折延迟愈合、不愈合的临床疗效。方法9例股骨远端骨折延迟愈合及不愈合,并伴膝关节不同程度关节功能活动障碍患者,行手术取出内固定,膝关节软组织松解,骨折复位,逆行交锁髓内钉内固定,并取自体髂骨植骨,术后配合CPM行患肢膝关节功能锻炼。结果术后随访16～26个月全部患者均获得骨性愈合,无内固定物松动、断裂。膝关节功能活动明显改善。结论逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨远端骨折延迟愈合、不愈合,临床效果满意,特别适宜在其它内固定物失败的情况下使用。治疗的关键在于术中膝关节软组织充分松解,骨折块准确复位,扩髓并正确插入合适的髓内钉,静力固定,植骨及术后积极地功能锻炼。

附加侧板联合植骨治疗股骨干骨折髓内钉固定后骨不连

背景:对于股骨干粉碎性骨折、非峡部骨折、骨缺损等髓内钉固定后骨不连患者,更换髓内钉治疗的临床疗效并不理想。目的:对18例应用附加侧板联合植骨治疗的股骨干骨折髓内钉固定后非感染性骨不连患者进行回顾性分析,观察附加侧板联合植骨治疗股骨干骨折髓内钉固定后非感染性骨不连的疗效。方法:选择2001年4月至2011年6月在武警江苏省总队医院住院的股骨干骨折髓内钉固定后非感染性骨不连患者18例。所有患者均保留原髓内钉,附加6-11孔动力加压钢板或锁定加压钢板,远、近端各拧入2-4枚普通或锁定、单或双皮质螺钉,同期行自体髂骨植骨术。随访观察患者骨折愈合情况。根据Tohner-Wrnch标准评定附加侧板联合植骨治疗股骨干骨折髓内钉固定后非感染性骨不连的临床疗效。结果与结论:所有病例均获得随访,随访时间6-21个月,平均16个月。X射线片结果显示治疗后患者骨性愈合率为100%;其中13例患者于治疗后6-9个月达到骨性愈合,另5例患者于治疗后10-11个月达到骨性愈合。Tohner-Wrnch标准评定结果显示附加侧板联合植骨治疗股骨干骨折髓内钉固定后非感染性骨不连的优良率为100%。且植入物无腐蚀、断裂等情况,无植入物宿主反应。可见保留原髓内钉、附加侧板联合植骨治疗股骨干骨折髓内钉固定后非感染性骨不连临床疗效满意,是一种比较理想的治疗方法。