Variance Type of Capsule Morphological Characters in Platycodon grandiflorum Population

[ Objective] The aim was to study variance type of capsule morphological characters in Platycodon grandiflorum population, and provide some theoretical basis for seeking to genetic markers which can differentiate different P. grandiflorum and breeding new varieties. [ Method] According to shape morphological characters of capsule from the same population of perennial purple P. gandiflorum, seven types of distinct di- versity capsule were selected, variance analysis and multiple comparison on the length, diameter, length/diameter of the different types of capsule were carried out. [ Result] There is unicolor and bicolor, even trichrome, among main color was brown and purple. Capsule shape was main cone, furthermore, containing long roller type, spheroidicity and sphericity. [ Conclusion] P. gandiflorum capsule was divided into long form, short form and middle type from length/diameter size in perennial culture P. gandiflorum population.

10种菊属(Dendranthema)植物的细胞学研究

对菊属（Dendranthema）在中国分布的10种20个居群的材料进行了细胞学研究，首次报道了异色菊（2n＝18，36）、银背菊（2n＝56）、楔叶菊（2n＝18，72）的染色体数目和核型，以及蒙菊（2n＝18）的染色体数目新纪录，并结合前人的工作，分析了菊属的核型特征和演化趋势，及其与该属分类群的关系。

桔梗(Platycodon grandiflorum A.DC)胚胎学研究——Ⅱ.大孢子发生、雌配子体发育、胚及胚乳发育

本文对桔梗(Platycodon grandiflarum A.DC)的大孢子发生、雌配子体发育、胚及胚乳发育进行了较为系统的研究。结果表明,大孢子母细胞经减数分裂形成四个线形捧列或T形排列的大孢子,合点端或珠孔端第三个大孢子具功能,雌配子体发育为蓼型;细胞型胚乳吸器为Codonopsis型。合子休眠期较长,大约在5～8天内进行分裂,胚为茄型。

Comparative Study on Seed Traits of Purple Flower Platycodon grandiflorum and White Flower Platycodon grandiflorum

[ Objective] The experiment aimed to carry out investigation and analysis on seed traits of white flower Platycodon grandiflorum and purple flower Platycodon grandif/orum. [Method] 13 white flower Plalycodon grandiflorumand purple flower Platycodon grandiflorumfrom China and foreign countrias were taken as research objects. Their seed traits such as seed length, seed width, thickness of seed and 1 000-grain weight were comparatively analyzed. [ Result] The average seed length, average seed width, average seed thickness and average 1 000-grain weight of white flower Platycodon grandiflorum were all smaller than these of purple flower Platycodon grandiflorum. The seed length of Korean white flower Platycodon grandiflorum was relatively longer and seed lengths of other white flower Platycodon grandiflorum were all shorter than these of purple flower Platycodon grandiflorum. The seed widths of white flower Platycodon grandiflorum were smaller than these of purple flower P/atycodon grandiflorum, except these of Korean white flower Platycodon grandiflorum, Heilongjiang Ning＇an and South Korean Jiangyuan. The 1 000-grain weights of white flower Platycodon grandiflorum were all smaller than these of purple flower Platycodon grandiflorum, except these of Korean Rajin and Sancheng white flower Platycodon grandiflorum. [ Conclusion] The result of this experiment provided reference for rational utilizations of purple flower Platycodon grandiflorum and white flower Platycodon grandiflorum.

草原龙胆(Eustoma grandiflorum)单、重瓣花器官分化的形态学观察

本篇论文主要研究了草原龙胆单重瓣花器官的发育特征。取花部发生的第1个和第2个花芽为试材,直接用于实体解剖观察。结果表明:1.单瓣花和重瓣花花芽分化过程均可分形态分化前期、萼片原基分化期、花瓣原基分化期、雄蕊原基分化期、雌蕊原基分化期5个时期,各轮花器官按照向心顺序发育。2.到雌蕊原基形成为止,单瓣花花器官各原基的分化过程大约需要12d,重瓣花的整个分化过程大约需要15d。3.单瓣花和重瓣花都包含5枚萼片、5枚雄蕊和1枚雌蕊,而单瓣花花瓣是5枚,重瓣花约是15枚。

桔梗(Platycodon grandiflorum(Jacq.)A.DC.)的组织培养和植株再生

为了建立桔梗(Platycodon grandiflorum(Jacq.)A.DC.)的组织培养快速繁殖体系,以桔梗的幼茎和幼叶为外植体,进行愈伤组织及再生芽的诱导。研究结果表明,幼茎较容易脱分化与再分化,发现3种激素组合中6-BA、2,4-D和NAA,MS+6-BA 0.5mg/L+NAA 1.0mg/L为最佳的愈伤组织诱导及芽再生培养基;在3种生长素组合中,IAA、IBA和NAA分别诱导,1/2 MS+NAA 0.1mg/L为最佳,其生根率90%以上。

A new triterpenoid saponin from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum

A new triterpenoid saponin, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl 16-oxo-platycodigenin 28-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-（1 → 3）-β-D-xylopyra- nosyl-（1→4）-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-（1 → 2）-α-L-arabinopyra-nosyl ester, was isolated from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum, together with three known saponins, including platycodin D, deapio platycoside E and platycoside E. The structure of the new compound, named 16-oxo-platycodin D, was elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data.

A New Sesquiterpene from Transformation of Curdione by Cell Suspension Culture of Platycodon Grandiflorum

A new sesquiterpene was isolated from transformation of curdione by cell suspension culture of Platycodon grandiflorum. The structure of the new compound was elucidated on the basis of spectral methods including 2D NMR.

Several Influencing Factors on Fluorescent in situ Hybridization Experimental System Applied to Dendranthema spp.

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was applied to investigate the phylogenetic relationship among Dendranthema spp. Genomic DNA of wild species which was used as probe did not give specific signals, while 18S-26S rDNA from Arabidopsis, which was used as control probe, showed the loci on the target chromosomes clearly. Satisfied results of FISH were gotten when denaturing digoxingenen-labeled probe and chromosome together in oven at 80℃ for 1015min. There is little influence on the result by the stringency of washing when rDNA was used as probe. The result also indicates the limitation of genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) when used as an approach to analyze the phylogenetic relationship among Dendranthema spp. and the origin of cultivated chrysanthemum.

Platycodon grandiflorum extract represses up-regulated adipocyte fatty acid binding protein triggered by a high fat feeding in obese rats

AIM: To investigate the effect of Platycodon grandi- florum extract (PGE) on lipid metabolism and FABP mRNA expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue of high fat diet-induced obese rats. METHODS: PGE was treated to investigate the inhibitory effect on the pre-adipocyte 3T3-L1 differentiation and pancreatic lipase activity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats with an average weight of 439.03 ± 7.61 g were divided into four groups: the control groups that fed an experimental diet alone (C and H group) and PGE treatment groups that administered PGE along with a control diet or HFD at a concentration of 150 mg/kg body weight (C + PGE and H + PGE group, respectively) for 7 wk. Plasma total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerol (TG) concentrations were measured from the tail vein of rats. Adipocyte cell area was measured from subcutaneous adipose tissue and the fatty acid binding protein (FABP) mRNA expression was analyzed by northern blot analysis. RESULTS: PGE treatment inhibited 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte differentiation and fat accumulation, and also decreased pancreatic lipase activity. In this experiment, PGE signifi cantly reduced plasma TC and TG concentrations as well as body weight and subcutaneous adipose tissue weight. PGE also significantly decreased the size of subcutaneous adipocytes. Furthermore, it significantly repressed the up-regulation of FABP mRNA expression induced by a high-fat feeding in subcutaneous adipose tissue. CONCLUSION: PGE has a plasma lipid lowering-effect and anti-obesity effect in obese rats fed a high fat diet.From these results, we can suggest the possibility that PGE can be used as a food ingredient or drug component to therapeutically control obesity.

Enhancement of Power Generation in Microbial Fuel Cells through Supplementation of <i>Platycodon grandiflorum</i>in Doraji Roots

The current study reports the evidence of enhancement in power generation from cellulosic biomass in microbial fuel cell (MFC) systems by supplementing dried Doraji (Platycodon grandiflorum) roots powder. Mediator-less two chamber H-type MFCs were prepared using rumen fluid as anode inocula to convert finely ground pine tree (Avicel) at 2% (w/v) to electricity. Dried Doraji roots were ground to pass 1 mm sieve and added to the anode of MFC at 0.1% w/v dosage for treatment. MFC power and current across an external resistor were measured daily for 10 d. At the end of incubation on d10, collected gases were measured for total gas volume and analyzed for gas composition on gas chromatography. Supplementation of Doraji roots powder to MFC anode chamber increased power generation and CO2 production. Over the 10d experimental period, power density normalized to anode surface area were between 17.0 and 37.7 with average of 32.5 mW/m2 in Doraji MFCs, and between 16.8 and 19.8 with average of 18.2 mW/m2 in control group. CO2 production increased and methane to CO2 ratio decreased in Doraji root treatment comparing to control group. These observations imply that Doraji root components would inhibit methanogenesis and alter microbial fermentation of cellulose compounds favorable to produce bioenergy efficiently in MFC.

Study on Extraction and Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoids from Dendranthema indicum

[Objectives] To determine the optimal extraction technology of flavonoids in Dendranthema indicum,and analyze the antioxidant activity of total flavonoids in D. indicum. [Methods]D. indicum was used as raw material to extract the total flavonoids by water extraction,alcohol extraction,freeze-thaw,microwave assisted extraction and ultrasonic extraction. [Results]Microwave assisted extraction had the highest extraction rate. Therefore,the microwave assisted extraction was selected as the main method,the ethanol aqueous solution was used as the solvent,and the single factor experiment was carried out with microwave power,ethanol volume fraction,solid-to-liquid ratio and microwave time as the variables. The optimal extraction process of flavonoids was microwave power 400 W,solid-to-liquid ratio 1 ∶ 30,extraction time60 s,ethanol volume fraction 70%,under this condition,the extraction yield was 10. 65 mg/g. The antioxidant activity of flavonoids in D. indicum was determined. The results showed that the highest scavenging rate of DPPH·free radicals was 47. 89%,and the highest scavenging rate of hydroxyl radicals was 98. 00%. [Conclusions]The flavonoids in D. indicum have excellent antioxidant activity. This study is expected to provide a basis for further development of D. indicum products.

Hair Protective Effect of Argan Oil (Argania spinosa Kernel Oil) and Cupuassu Butter (Theobroma grandiflorum Seed Butter) Post Treatment with Hair Dye

Hair coloring is widely used by women and men either to change their natural hair color or to delay the onset of gray hair. Oxidative dyes may damage the hair, since chemical and physical procedures are involved to alter the structure hair and consequently, alterations in its mechanical and of surface properties. One benefit of hair conditioners is to prevent flyaway hair, make the hair “shine”, and protect the hair from further damage. In this research we analyzed the hair protective effect conditioner agents Argania spinosa kernel oil and/or Theobroma grandiflorum seed butter in hair care on Caucasian hair post treatment with hair dye. The hairs were submitted by quantifying protein loss. The samples were classified as: hair untreated (I);hair treated with a commercial oxidative ultra-blond hair dye (II);hair post treatment II and F1: Base hair care formulation (III), hair post treatment II and F2: Base hair care formulation containing 1.0% (w/w) Argania spinosa kernel oil (IV), hair post treatment II and F3: Base hair care formulation containing 1.0% (w/w) Theobroma grandiflorum seed butter (V) and hair post treatment II and F4: Base hair care formulation containing 0.5% (w/w) Argania spinosa kernel oil and 0.5% (w/w) Theobroma grandiflorum seed butter (VI). For the protein loss, the results were: IIA = IIIA > IB = IVB = VB = VIB. Results classified with different letters present statistically significant differents, for α = 5, p ≤ 0.05, n = 6. Based on the results, the incorporation of conditioners agents Argania spinosa kernel oil and/or Theobroma grandiflorum seed butter in base hair care formulation applied in Caucasian hair post treatment with hair dye decreased the damage caused to hair by the coloring process.

Platycodon grandiflorum （ Jacq. ） A. mey extracts inhibits hepatic fibrosis DC. and Panax Ginseng C. A. in activated hepatic stellate cells

Fibrosis is a phenomenon of fibrous connective tissue increase in the organs. Activated hepatic stellate cells （HSCs） are the preferred targets of anti-hepatic fibrotic therapies. Ginseng and Platycodon grandiflorum are impor- tant traditional Chinese medicine herbs. The study was to investigate the anti-fibrosis effects of ginseng extract and Platycodon grandiflorum extract in HSCs. Extract include Ginseng water extract and alcohol extract, Platycodon gran- diflorum water extract and alcohol extract, combination of both water extract and alcohol extract. Activated hepatic stellate cells were treated with Ginseng and Platycodon grandiflorum extracts for 24h. The maximum concentration of the drug is 2000 mg · L^-1, the lowest concentration of 7.8 mg · L^-1 , with concentration gradient dilution. 3-（4 , 5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2, 5-diphenylte-trazolium bromide （MTT） can evaluate the survival rate of cells. The expres- sions of SIRT1, NF-KB and p53 were detected by western blot. The results showed that extract effectively decreased the HSC cells viability in concentration dependent manner. Among them, the effect of combination of both extract is best. Ginseng and Platycodon grandiflorum activated the protein expressions of SIRT1 in activated HSCs. The expres- sion of NF-KB and p53 were significantly decreased by Ginseng and Platycodon grandiflorum. This study demonstrated that ginseng extract and Platycodon grandiflorum extract showed obviously anti-fibrosis effect, and decreased expres-sion of NF-KB and p53 via SIRT1 signaling pathway.

Effect of Dendranthema on Cotesia plutellae Parasitism in Brassicaceous Crops： Control of Diamondback Moth （DBM）, Plutella xylostella （Linnaeus）

The parasitism rate and the caterpillar infestation were studied by intercropping Dendranthema flowering plants with some cruciferous crops. These flowering plants increased significantly the rate of Cotesia plutellae parasitism in the adj acent plots. It reached to 42.96% in treatment plot and 18.19% in the control. Although there was no significant difference in no. of diamondback moth （DBM） larvae per plant, 29.09% in population reduction was occurred in treatment plot. Abundance of cabbage looper and armyworm were also lower in adjacent plot. But, small white butterfly population （23.46%） was higher in adjacent plots as the result of Dendranthema plant. From the present experiment, Dendranthema flowering plants should be cultivated in Brasssicaceous crops for the control of DBM by providing the essential resources to larval parasitoid C. plutellae adults and then, this plant can be used as attractive plant in the control of small white butterfly. Serious elimination （Rating 4） of candidate insecticides to adult C. plutellae was observed at their recommendation doses. Among them, less toxic effect to C. plutellae was occurred in O,O-dimethyl S-methylcarbamoylmethyl which is the highest LC50 （4,765 ppm） to DBM by leaf-disc bioassay method and the lowest LC50 （2,903 pprn） was found in marlathion. It was occurred that the test strain have resistance to the recommended dose of marlathion （1,243 ppm） and O,O-dimethyl S-methylcarbamoylmethyl （3,750 ppm）.

Subcellular Distribution and Chemical Forms of Cadmium in the Medicine Food Homology Plant Platycodon grandiflorum(Jacq.)A.DC.

Although Platycodon grandiflorum(Jacq.)A.DC.is a renowned medicine food homology plant,reports of excessive cadmium(Cd)levels are common,which affects its safety for clinical use and food consumption.To enable its Cd levels to be regulated or reduced,it is necessary to first elucidate the mechanism of Cd uptake and accumulation in the plant,in addition to its detoxification mechanisms.This present study used inductively couple plasma-mass-spectrometry to analyze the subcellular distribution and chemical forms of Cd in different tissues of P.grandiflorum.The experimental results showed that Cd was mainly accumulated in the roots[predominantly in the cell wall(50.96%-61.42%)],and it was found primarily in hypomobile and hypotoxic forms.The proportion of Cd in the soluble fraction increased after Cd exposure,and the proportion of insoluble phosphate Cd and oxalate Cd increased in roots and leaves,with a higher increase in oxalate Cd.Therefore,it is likely that root retention mechanisms,cell wall deposition,vacuole sequestration,and the formation of low mobility and low toxicity forms are tolerance strategies for Cd detoxification used by P.grandiflorum.The results of this study provide a theoretical grounding for the study of Cd accumulation and detoxification mechanisms in P.grandiflorum,and they can be used as a reference for developing Cd limits and standards for other medicine food homology plants.

野菊Dendranthema indicum(L.)Des Moul的大孢子发生和胚囊的发育

对菊科的野菊D.indicum进行了大孢子发生和胚囊发育的研究。单层的肥厚珠被起源于大孢子母细胞的基部附近。珠被内表皮早期就开始分化为珠被绒毡层。珠心属于瘦心式,单层的珠心表皮细胞在有效大孢子增大时开始解体。一个孢原细胞位于珠心表皮之下,直接起着大孢子母细胞的作用,大孢子四分体呈线形排列。胚囊的发育过程遵循正常的蓼型,但反足细胞核的产生有变化。胚胎学的资料不支持广义菊属Chrysanthemum L.的成立。著者在观察中发现因虫害形成胚囊吸器的例外情况。胚囊吸器的形成可能是因为胚珠不能满足胚囊发育所需营养而产生的一种生理适应。著者建议在今后的胚胎学研究中注意对珠被绒毡层进行观察和分类。

Effects of Illumination on Growth and Development and Quality of Cut Flowers of Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinners

Lucetta,a cultivar of Eustoma grandiflorum( Raf.) Shinners,was subjected to treatments of different light intensities( 100%,85%,70% and 55% of natural light intensity) and different light durations( 10-h natural lighting,12-h natural lighting,12-h natural lighting+ 2-h LED lighting,12-h natural lighting + 4-h LED lighting),and then its plant height,crown width,stem thickness,stalk thickness,total flower number,flowering period and growth situation were analyzed. The results show that E. grandiflorum( Raf.) Shinners is sensitive to the changes in light intensity. Under 85% of natural light intensity( 40 000-50 000 lux),E. grandiflorum( Raf.) Shinners grew faster,bloomed earlier with more flowers,and was taller,thicker,more robust,higher in yield,larger in pedicel length,and better in cut flower quality,without rosette phenomenon. Long-term exposure to low-intensity light would led to slow growth,thin stalk,delayed flowering,low yield and reduced cut flower quality in E. grandiflorum( Raf.) Shinners. The illumination duration of more than 12 h could promote the differentiation of flower buds,increase the plant height,increase the length of pedicels of E. grandiflorum( Raf.) Shinners. Extending the light duration by 2-4 h at night,that is,14-16 h of illumination was the most ideal illumination time for the growth of E. grandiflorum( Raf.)Shinners. A longer photoperiod could promote the growth and bring forward the blooming of E. grandiflorum( Raf.) Shinners. The longer the illumination time,the higher the plant. The optimum illumination time was between 14 and 16 h. When the illumination duration was shorter than 12 h,the growth of E. grandiflorum( Raf.) Shinners was retarded,and its flowering was also delayed.

The pharmacological mechanism and molecular details of Platycodon grandiflorum in the treatment of novel coronavirus Pneumonia(COVID-19)

Background:Novel coronavirus pneumonia(COVID-19)has developed as a pandemic of global concern.There is an urgent need to develop effective and safe therapies.Platycodon grandiflorum(PG),one of the most famous traditional Chinese herbs,may be satisfied.In this study,we explored the pharmacological mechanism of PG in the treatment of COVID-19.Method:The active compounds and potential targets were acquired from public databases.The protein-protein interaction,the Gene Ontology,and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes were determined through bioinformatics analysis.Molecular docking and molecular dynamics were performed to further verify the findings.Result:A total of 38 bioactive ingredients and 276 gene targets of PG were identified.There were 78 intersected targets of PG and COVID-19.The network analysis revealed that luteolin,Platycogenic acid A,Platycogenic acid C,Polygalacic acid,and acacetin may be candidate agents.The AKT1,VEGFA,TP53,MAPK3,TNF,IL6,CASP3,EGFR,STAT3,and CCND1 were the important potential drug targets.Gene Ontology terms are involved in biological processes,which are mainly concentrated in inorganic substances and apoptosis,etc.The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway was involved in several aspects,such as Virus infection and immune regulation-related pathways.Molecular docking results showed that compounds of PG are closely bound to related targets.Molecular dynamics further found that Robin,Flavplatycoside,and dimethyl 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosylplatycogenate A can maintain good stability and flexibility in the composite system.Conclusion:PG has multicomponent,multitarget,and multichannel characteristics,which can provide an important theoretical basis to treat patients with COVID-19.

基于无机元素指纹分析的桔梗产地溯源

为比较四川梓潼(SCZT)、云南玉龙(YNYL)、安徽太和(AHTH)、湖北英山(HBYS)、河南桐柏(HNTB)无机元素含量差异,结合计量学方法,探讨桔梗产地溯源应用的可行性,为桔梗产地溯源提供新方法。利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定四川、云南、安徽、湖北、河南5个主产区共75份桔梗样品中K、P、Fe、Mn、B等37种元素的含量,通过主成分分析对5大产区桔梗进行聚类,运用KNN、Bayes、SVM-ga、BP-NN、LS-SVM、SVM-grid算法,建立桔梗产地溯源模型。结果表明:五大产区桔梗中无机元素含量差异显著(P<0.05),其中Sb、Sn、Ge、Nb、Ag 5种元素,在不同产区间差异最为明显;由主成分分析发现不同产地桔梗样品分布集中且相对独立,SVM-grid桔梗溯源模型能够100%将五大产区桔梗进行区分;Sb、Sn、Ge、Nb、Ag 5种元素含量分布具有明显的地域特征。以无机元素结合计量学方法可以对桔梗进行有效的产区判别,且准确率高,是产地溯源的有效方法。