Ethanol changes Nestin-promoter induced neural stem cells to disturb newborn dendritic spine remodeling in the hippocampus of mice

Adolescent binge drinking leads to long-lasting disorders of the adult central nervous system,particularly aberrant hippocampal neurogenesis.In this study,we applied in vivo fluorescent tracing using NestinCreERT2::Rosa26-tdTomato mice and analyzed the endogenous neurogenesis lineage progression of neural stem cells(NSCs)and dendritic spine formation of newborn neurons in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus.We found abnormal orientation of tamoxifen-induced tdTomato+(tdTom^(+))NSCs in adult mice 2 months after treatment with EtOH(5.0 g/kg,i.p.)for 7 consecutive days.EtOH markedly inhibited tdTom^(+)NSCs activation and hippocampal neurogenesis in mouse dentate gyrus from adolescence to adulthood.EtOH(100 mM)also significantly inhibited the proliferation to 39.2%and differentiation of primary NSCs in vitro.Adult mice exposed to EtOH also exhibited marked inhibitions in dendritic spine growth and newborn neuron maturation in the dentate gyrus,which was partially reversed by voluntary running or inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycinenhancer of zeste homolog 2 pathway.In vivo tracing revealed that EtOH induced abnormal orientation of tdTom+NSCs and spatial misposition defects of newborn neurons,thus causing the disturbance of hippocampal neurogenesis and dendritic spine remodeling in mice.

The current role of dendritic cells in the progression and treatment of colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer(CRC)is the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide.Dendritic cells(DCs)constitute a heterogeneous group of antigen-presenting cells that are important for initiating and regulating both innate and adaptive immune responses.As a crucial component of the immune system,DCs have a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and clinical treatment of CRC.DCs cross-present tumor-related antigens to activate T cells and trigger an antitumor immune response.However,the antitumor immune function of DCs is impaired and immune tolerance is promoted due to the presence of the tumor microenvironment.This review systematically elucidates the specific characteristics and functions of different DC subsets,as well as the role that DCs play in the immune response and tolerance within the CRC microenvironment.Moreover,how DCs contribute to the progression of CRC and potential therapies to enhance antitumor immunity on the basis of existing data are also discussed,which will provide new perspectives and approaches for immunotherapy in patients with CRC.

Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm:Two case reports

BACKGROUND Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell tumor(BPDCN)is a rare and highly invasive lymphohematopoietic tumor that originates from plasmacytoid dendritic cells.BPDCN has an extremely poor prognosis.Skin lesions are usually the first manifestation of BPDCN,although the tumor may also invade the bone marrow,lymph nodes,peripheral blood,and other parts of the body,leading to several other manifestations,requiring further differentiation through skin biopsy and immunohistochemistry.CASE SUMMARY In the present paper,the cases of 2 patients diagnosed with BPDCN are discussed.The immunohistochemistry analysis of these 2 patients revealed positivity for CD4,CD56,and CD123.Currently,no standard chemotherapy regimen is available for BPDCN.Therefore,intensive therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia was applied as the treatment method for these 2 cases.CONCLUSION Although allogeneic bone marrow transplantation could be further effective in prolonging the median survival the ultimate prognosis was unfavorable.Future treatment modalities tailored for elderly patients will help prolong survival.

Relationship between Phenotypic Changes of Dendritic Cell Subsets and the Onset of Plateau Phase during Intermittent Interferon Therapy in Patients with CHB

Objective This study aimed to evaluate whether the onset of the plateau phase of slow hepatitis B surface antigen decline in patients with chronic hepatitis B treated with intermittent interferon therapy is related to the frequency of dendritic cell subsets and expression of the costimulatory molecules CD40,CD80,CD83,and CD86.Method This was a cross-sectional study in which patients were divided into a natural history group(namely NH group),a long-term oral nucleoside analogs treatment group(namely NA group),and a plateau-arriving group(namely P group).The percentage of plasmacytoid dendritic cell and myeloid dendritic cell subsets in peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes and the mean fluorescence intensity of their surface costimulatory molecules were detected using a flow cytometer.Results In total,143 patients were enrolled(NH group,n=49;NA group,n=47;P group,n=47).The results demonstrated that CD141/CD1c double negative myeloid dendritic cell(DNmDC)/lymphocytes and monocytes(%)in P group(0.041[0.024,0.069])was significantly lower than that in NH group(0.270[0.135,0.407])and NA group(0.273[0.150,0.443]),and CD86 mean fluorescence intensity of DNmDCs in P group(1832.0[1484.0,2793.0])was significantly lower than that in NH group(4316.0[2958.0,5169.0])and NA group(3299.0[2534.0,4371.0]),Adjusted P all<0.001.Conclusion Reduced DNmDCs and impaired maturation may be associated with the onset of the plateau phase during intermittent interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B.

Tumor-derived DEFB1 induces immune tolerance by inhibiting maturation of dendritic cell and impairing CD8+T cell function in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Objective:CD8+T cells are the key effector cells in the anti-tumor immune response.The mechanism underlying the infiltration of CD8+T cells in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)has not been clearly elucidated.Methods:Fresh ESCC tissues were collected and grouped according to the infiltration density of CD8+T cells.After the transcriptome sequencing on these samples and the combined analyses with The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)ESCC data,a secreted protein DEFB1 was selected to explore its potential role in the infiltration of CD8+T cells.Bioinformatics analyses,histological verification and in vitro experiments were then performed.Results:DEFB1 was highly expressed in ESCC,and the high expression of DEFB1 was an independent risk factor for overall survival.Since the up-regulation or down-regulation of DEFB1 did not affect the proliferation,migration and apoptosis of ESCC cells,we speculated that the oncogenic effect of DEFB1 was achieved by regulating microenvironmental characteristics.Bioinformatics analyses suggested that DEFB1 might play a major role in the inflammatory response and anti-tumor immune response,and correlate to the infiltration of immature dendritic cell(imDC)in ESCC.Histological analyses further confirmed that there were less CD8+T cells infiltrated,less CD83+mature DC(mDC)infiltrated and more CD1a+imDC infiltrated in those ESCC samples with high expression of DEFB1.After the treatment with recombinant DEFB1 protein,the maturation of DC was hindered significantly,followed by the impairment of the killing effects of T cells in both 2D and 3D culture in vitro.Conclusions:Tumor-derived DEFB1 can inhibit the maturation of DC and weaken the function of CD8+T cells,accounting for the immune tolerance in ESCC.The role of DEFB1 in ESCC deserves further exploration.

Overall clinical course of indeterminate dendritic cell tumor patients without skin lesions:A rare case report

BACKGROUND Indeterminate dendritic cell tumor(IDCT)is a rare tumor of immune cells,and IDCT patients without skin lesions are rarely reported.Therefore,the clinical course in this type of patient is unclear,and further research on the underlying pathological mechanisms and appropriate treatments is needed.CASE SUMMARY This study describes a female IDCT patient with bile duct lesions.The strong mimicry of IDCT lesions confused doctors,and consequently,this patient,who had no skin lesions,was first diagnosed with cholangiocarcinoma.Then,she presented with persistent abdominal distension without jaundice.Enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes along with massive ascites were observed in the subsequent imaging examination.However,no tumor cells or pathogens were found in the three subsequent ascites analyses.It took 2 years to reach the correct diagnosis,which was eventually obtained by performing surgery for biopsy of the patient’s abdominal lymph nodes.However,by then,she was already in a cachexic state.Finally,she received a cycle of cyclophosphamide therapy and was advised to visit a hospital specializing in rare diseases.CONCLUSION For IDCT patients without skin lesions,early biopsy is the key to obtaining a correct diagnosis.Moreover,the collective management of IDCT patients is important.Further histological and molecular biology studies based on human specimens are critical for understanding the pathological mechanism of dendritic cell tumors in the future.

Azacitidine maintenance therapy for blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm allograft: A case report

BACKGROUND Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm(BPDCN)is a rare,highly invasive malignant neoplasm.There is no universally accepted standard of care because of its rarity and the dearth of prospective research.It is still challenging for some patients to achieve persistent clinical remission or cure,despite the success of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(allo-HSCT),indicating that there is still a significant recurrence rate.We report a case of prevention of BPDCN allograft recurrence by azacitidine maintenance therapy and review the relevant literature.CASE SUMMARY We report a 41-year-old man with BPDCN who was admitted to hospital due to skin sclerosis for>5 mo’duration.BPDCN was diagnosed by combined clinical assessment and laboratory examinations.Following diagnosis,the patients underwent induction consolidation chemotherapy to achieve the first complete remission,followed by bridging allo-HSCT.Post-transplantation,azacitidine(75 mg/m2 for 7 d)was administered as maintenance therapy,with repeat administration every 4–6 wk and appropriate extension of the chemotherapy cycle.After 10 cycles,the patient has been disease free for 26 mo after transplantation.Regular assessments of bone marrow morphology,minimal residual disease,full donor chimerism,Epstein–Barr virus,and cytomegalovirus all yielded normal results with no abnormalities detected.CONCLUSION Azacitidine may be a safe and effective maintenance treatment for BPDCN following transplantation because there were no overt adverse events during the course of treatment.

Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm in Jinhua,China:Two case reports

BACKGROUND Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm(BPDCN)is a rare and clinically aggressive hematologic malignancy originating from the precursors of plasmacytoid dendritic cells.BPDCN often involves the skin,lymph nodes,and bone marrow,with rapid clinical progression and a poor prognosis.The BPDCN diagnosis is mainly based on the immunophenotype.CASE SUMMARY In this paper,we retrospectively analyzed 2 cases of BPDCN.Both patients were elderly males.The lesions manifested as skin masses.Morphological manifestations included diffuse and dense tumor cell infiltration of the dermis and subcutaneous tissues.Immunohistochemistry staining showed that cluster of differentiation CD4,CD56,CD43,and CD123 were positive.CONCLUSION In this paper,we retrospectively analyzed 2 cases of BPDCN.Both patients were elderly males.The lesions manifested as skin masses.Morphological manifestations included diffuse and dense tumor cell infiltration of the dermis and subcutaneous tissues.Immunohistochemistry staining showed that cluster of differentiation CD4,CD56,CD43,and CD123 were positive.

Advancing the understanding and management of blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm:Insights from recent case studies

We specifically discuss the mechanisms of the pathogenesis,diagnosis,and management of blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm(BPDCN),a rare but aggressive haematologic malignancy characterized by frequent skin manifestations and systemic dissemination.The article enriches our understanding of BPDCN through detailed case reports showing the clinical,immunophenotypic,and histopathological features that are critical for diagnosing this disease.These cases highlight the essential role of pathologists in employing advanced immunophenotyping techniques to accurately identify the disease early in its course and guide treatment decisions.Furthermore,we explore the implications of these findings for management strategies,emphasizing the use of targeted therapies such as tagraxofusp and the potential of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in achieving remission.The editorial underscores the importance of interdisciplinary approaches in managing BPDCN,pointing towards a future where precision medicine could significantly improve patient outcomes.

3D Collagen Gels:A Promising Platform for Dendritic Cell Culture in Biomaterials Research

The three-dimensional(3D)cell culture system has garnered significant attention in recent years as a means of studying cell behavior and tissue development,as opposed to traditional two-dimensional cultures.These systems can induce specific cell reactions,promote specific tissue functions,and serve as valuable tools for research in tissue engineering,regenerative medicine,and drug discovery.This paper discusses current developments in the field of three-dimensional cell culture and the potential applications of 3D type 1 collagen gels to enhance the growth and maturation of dendritic cells.

Study on mechanism of increased allergenicity induced by Ara h 3 from roasted peanut using bone marrow-derived dendritic cells

Little information was so far available about allergenic mechanism of the roasted peanut allergens during initial stages of allergy.The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of roasting(150℃,20 min)on biochemical and biological properties of Ara h 3,a major peanut allergen.Allergenicity of roasted peanut emulsion to mice,differences in uptakes between Ara h 3 purified from raw peanuts(named as Ara h 3-Raw)and that purified from roasted peanuts(named as Ara h 3-Roasted)by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells(BMDCs)and the implication of cell surface receptors involving in uptake,and changes in glycosylation and structure of Ara h 3 after roasting were analyzed in this study.This study suggested that roasting increased allergenicity of peanut to BALB/c mice.Maillard reaction and structural changes of Ara h 3 induced by roasting significantly altered the uptake of Ara h 3-Roasted by BMDCs,and modified Ara h 3 fate in processes involved in immunogenicity and hyper allergenicity,indicating that food processing pattern can change food allergenicity.

Dendritic cells engineered to secrete anti-Dc R3 antibody augment cytotoxic T lymphocyte response against pancreatic cancer in vitro

AIM To investigate the enhanced cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses against pancreatic cancer (PC) in vitro induced by dendritic cells (DCs) engineered to secrete anti-DcR3 monoclonal antibody (mAb). METHODS DCs, T lymphocytes and primary PC cells were obtained from PC patients. DCs were transfected with a designed humanized anti-DcR3 monoclonal antibody heavy and light chain mRNA and/or total tumor RNA (DC-tumor-anti-DcR3 RNA or DC-total tumor RNA) by using electroporation technology. The identification, concentration and function of anti-DcR3 mAb secreted by DC-tumor-anti-DcR3 RNA were determined by western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. After co-culturing of autologous isolated PC cells with target DCs, the effects of secreting anti-DcR3 mAb on RNA-DCs' viability and apoptosis were assessed by MTT assay and flow cytometry. Analysis of enhanced antigen-specific immune response against PC induced by anti-DcR3 mAb secreting DCs was performed using a Cr-51 releasing test. T cell responses induced by RNAloaded DCs were analyzed by measuring cytokine levels, including IFN-gamma, IL-10, IL4, TNF-alpha and IL-12. RESULTS The anti-DcR3 mAb secreted by DCs reacted with recombinant human DcR3 protein and generated a band with 35 kDa molecular weight. The secreting mAb was transient, peaking at 24 h and becoming undetectable after 72 h. After co-incubation with DCtumor- anti-DcR3 RNA for designated times, the DcR3 level in the supernatant of autologous PC cells was significantly down-regulated (P < 0.05). DCs secreting anti-DcR3 mAb could improve cell viability and slow down the apoptosis of RNA-loaded DCs, compared with DC-total tumor RNA (P < 0.01). The anti-DcR3 mAb secreted by DC-tumor-anti-DcR3 RNA could enhance the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) activity toward RNA-transfected DCs, primary tumor cells, and PC cell lines, compared with CTLs stimulated by DC-total tumor RNA or control group (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the antigen-specific CTL responses were MHC class I-restricted. The CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells incubated with anti-DcR3 mAb secreting DCs could produce extremely higher level IFN-gamma and lower level IL4 than those incubated with DC-total tumor RNA or controls (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION DCs engineered to secrete anti-DcR3 antibody can augment CTL responses against PC in vitro, and the immune-enhancing effects may be partly due to their capability of down-regulating DC apoptosis and adjusting the Th1/Th2 cytokine network.

Flow cytometry assay of myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs)in peripheral blood during acute hepatitis C:Possible pathogenetic mechanisms

AIM： To asses the expression of myeloid dendritic cells （CD11c＋） subset during acute HCV hepatitis and its possible involvement in natural history of the infection.METHODS： We enrolled 11 patients with acute hepatitis C （AHC） （Group A）, 10 patients with acute hepatitis A （AHA） （as infective control-Group B） and 10 healthy donors （group C） in this study. All patients underwent selective flow cytometry gating strategies to assess the peripheral number of the myeloid dendritic cells （mDCs） to understand the possible role and differences during acute hepatitis.RESULTS： Eight of 11 patients with acute HCV hepatitis did not show any increase of mDCs compared to healthy individuals, while a significant decrease of mDCs was found in absolute cell count （z=-2.37, P〈0.05） and percentage （z=-2.30; P〈 0.05） as compared with AHA. On the contrary, The remaining three patients of the group A had a higher mDCs number and percentage as occur in group B. Interestingly, after six months, those patients did not show any increase of mDCs subset were chronically infected, while the three subjects with an increase of peripheral mDCs, as in HAV acute infection, resolved the illness.CONCLUSION： The lack of increase of mDCs during acute hepatitis C might be an important factor involved in chronicization of the infection.

Changes of the Transcriptional Levels of Molecules Associated with Endogenous Antigen Processing and Presentation in Porcine Skin-derived Dendritic Cells Infected with PCV2 in vivo

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the changes of the transcriptional levels of molecules associated with endogenous antigen processing and presenta- tion in porcine skin-derived dendritic cells infected with PCV2 in vivo. [Method] Healthy 40-day-old Landrace piglets were infected with porcine circovirus type 2 （PCV2） and euthanized on the 34, 7rd, 14th, 21st and 35th d post inoculation （DPI）. The porcine skin-derived dendritic cells （DCs） were collected to analyze the transcrip- tional levels of molecules （LMP7, UBP, MHC-I, calreticulin） associated with endogenous antigen processing and presentation by using real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR （real-time FQ-PCR）. [Result] The results showed that the level of LMP7 mR- NAs was reduced significantly on the 3DPI （P〈0.05）; the level of UBP mRNAs was consistently up-regulated, which increased significantly on the 21DPI and 35DPI （P〈 0.05）; the level of MHC-I mRNAs was significantly down-regulated on the 7DPI （P〈 0.05）; the level of calreticulin mRNAs was up-regulated slightly without significant dif- ference. [Conclusion] PCV2 can inhibit the endogenous antigen processing and presentation ability of porcine skin-derived DCs at early stages of infection.

Impact of nanoparticles on immune cells and their potential applications in cancer immunotherapy

Nanoparticles represent a heterogeneous collection of materials,whether natural or synthetic,with dimensions aligning in the nanoscale.Because of their intense manifestation with the immune system,they can be harvested for numerous bio-medical and biotechnological advancements mainly in cancer treatment.This review article aims to scrutinize various types of nanoparticles that interact differently with immune cells like macrophages,dendritic cells,T lymphocytes,and natural killer(NK)cells.It also underscores the importance of knowing how nanoparticles influence immune cell functions,such as the production of cytokines and the presentation of antigens which are crucial for effective cancer immunotherapy.Hence overviews of bio-molecular mechanisms are provided.Nanoparticles can improve antigen presentation,boost T-cell responses,and overcome the immunosuppressive tumor environment.The regulatory mechanisms,signaling pathways,and nanoparticle characteristics are also presented for a comprehensive understanding.We review the nanotechnology platform options and challenges in nanoparticlesbased immunotherapy,from an immunotherapy perspective including precise targeting,immune modulation,and potential toxicity,as well as personalized approaches based on individual patient and tumor characteristics.The development of emerging multifunctional nanoparticles and theranostic nanoparticles will provide new solutions for the precision and efficiency of cancer therapies in next-generation practice.

Culture of Porcine Peripheral Blood Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells in vitro

[Objective] This study aimed to establish an in vitro culture model for porcine peripheral blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells （MoDCs）. [Method] Fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells （PBMCs） were separated from pig, and precursor dendritic cells were obtained by adherence method. The dendritic cells were treated by recombinant porcine granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor （rpGM-CSF） and recombinant porcine interleukin-4 （rplL-4） together, and lipopolysaccharide （LPS） respectively. The cells in different time periods were collected. The morphology of the collected cells was observed by scanning electron microscopy; the expression of surface molecules and phagocytic ability to FITC-dextran were detected by flow cy- tometry; and the stimulating ability for allogeneic T cells was detected by mixed lymphocyte reaction. [Result] The DCs suffering maturation induction in vitro showed typical dendritic morphology; compared with those of DCs untreated by LPS, the cell surface expression of CDla, CD80, CD86, SLAII and CD172a of DCs treated by LPS was significantly increased, the phagocytic ability was reduced slightly, and the stimulating ability for allogeneic T cells was enhanced to some extent. [Conclusion] An in vitro culture method was successfully established for porcine MoDCs in this study, laying a foundation for further study on the role of porcine MoDCs in immunoregulation and anti-virus infection.

Emerging roles of plasmacytoid dendritic cell crosstalk in tumor immunity

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells(pDCs)are a pioneer cell type that produces type I interferon(IFN-I)and promotes antiviral immune responses.However,they are tolerogenic and,when recruited to the tumor microenvironment(TME),play complex roles that have long been a research focus.The interactions between p DCs and other components of the TME,whether direct or indirect,can either promote or hinder tumor development;consequently,p DCs are an intriguing target for therapeutic intervention.This review provides a comprehensive overview of p DC crosstalk in the TME,including crosstalk with various cell types,biochemical factors,and microorganisms.An in-depth understanding of p DC crosstalk in TME should facilitate the development of novel p DC-based therapeutic methods.

Insight into Function and Subcellular Localization of a Type III-Secreted Effector in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000

Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) is a bacterial pathogen of tomato and of the model plants Arabidopsis and Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana). Like numerous Gram-negative bacterial pathogens of animals and plants, Pst DC3000 exploits the conserved type III secretion system (TTSS) to deliver multiple virulence effectors directly into the host cells. Type III effectors (T3Es) collectively participate in causing disease, by mechanisms that are not well clarity. Elucidating the virulence function of individual effector is fundamental for understanding bacterial infection of plants. Here, we focused on studying one of these effectors, HopAA1-1, and analyzed its potential function and subcellular localization in N. benthamiana. Using an Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system, we found that HopAA1-1 can trigger domain-dependent cell death in N. benthamiana. The observation using confocal microscopy showed that the YFP-tagged HopAA1-1 localizes to diverse cellular components containing nucleus, cytoplasm and cell membrane, which was demonstrated through immunoblot analysis of membrane fractionation and nuclear separation. Enforced HopAA1-1 subcellular localization, by tagging with a nuclear localization sequence (NLS) or a nuclear export sequence (NES), shows that HopAA1-1-induced cell death in N. benthamiana is suppressed in the nucleus but enhanced in the cytoplasm. Our research is lay a foundation for revealed the molecular pathogenesis of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato.

Dendritic Cell Algorithm with Bayesian Optimization Hyperband for Signal Fusion

The dendritic cell algorithm(DCA)is an excellent prototype for developing Machine Learning inspired by the function of the powerful natural immune system.Too many parameters increase complexity and lead to plenty of criticism in the signal fusion procedure of DCA.The loss function of DCA is ambiguous due to its complexity.To reduce the uncertainty,several researchers simplified the algorithm program;some introduced gradient descent to optimize parameters;some utilized searching methods to find the optimal parameter combination.However,these studies are either time-consuming or need to be revised in the case of non-convex functions.To overcome the problems,this study models the parameter optimization into a black-box optimization problem without knowing the information about its loss function.This study hybridizes bayesian optimization hyperband(BOHB)with DCA to propose a novel DCA version,BHDCA,for accomplishing parameter optimization in the signal fusion process.The BHDCA utilizes the bayesian optimization(BO)of BOHB to find promising parameter configurations and applies the hyperband of BOHB to allocate the suitable budget for each potential configuration.The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has significant advantages over the otherDCAexpansion algorithms in terms of signal fusion.

Dendritic Cell Algorithm with Grouping Genetic Algorithm for Input Signal Generation

The artificial immune system,an excellent prototype for developingMachine Learning,is inspired by the function of the powerful natural immune system.As one of the prevalent classifiers,the Dendritic Cell Algorithm(DCA)has been widely used to solve binary problems in the real world.The classification of DCA depends on a data preprocessing procedure to generate input signals,where feature selection and signal categorization are themain work.However,the results of these studies also show that the signal generation of DCA is relatively weak,and all of them utilized a filter strategy to remove unimportant attributes.Ignoring filtered features and applying expertise may not produce an optimal classification result.To overcome these limitations,this study models feature selection and signal categorization into feature grouping problems.This study hybridizes Grouping Genetic Algorithm(GGA)with DCA to propose a novel DCA version,GGA-DCA,for accomplishing feature selection and signal categorization in a search process.The GGA-DCA aims to search for the optimal feature grouping scheme without expertise automatically.In this study,the data coding and operators of GGA are redefined for grouping tasks.The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has significant advantages over the compared DCA expansion algorithms in terms of signal generation.