Pollination Biology of the Endangered Herbal Medicines Dendrobium chrysotoxum(Orchidaceae)

Pollination biology studies of the endangered herbal medicines Dendrobium chrysotoxum were conducted in natural pollination conditions using flower observation,pollinator observation and artificial pollination experiments.Populations of D.chrysotoxum with fragrance and nectar were pollinated by Ctenoplectra davidi Valhalla(Hymenoptera:Apidae)species.The floral structure of D.chrysotoxum adapted precisely to its pollinators.Flowers had a low capsule setting(0.17%)under natural conditions.However,compared to open pollination,artificial pollination experiments showed a significant increase in capsule setting,and D.chrysotoxum was cross-compatible and self-compatible,but there was pollinator limitation also.This study will provide important information for the preservation of this endangered species.

Effect of Dendrobium nobile powder combined with conventional therapy on mild to moderate fatty liver

BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)encompasses a variety of liver conditions impacting individuals who consume minimal or no alcohol.Recently,traditional Chinese medicine has been gradually used to treat mild to moderate fatty liver,among which Dendrobium nobile Lindl.powder has been affirmed by many doctors and patients to be effective.However,there is limited research on combining this treatment with standard therapies for mild to moderate NAFLD.AIM To survey the effect of combining Dendrobium nobile Lindl.powder with standard treatment on liver function and lipid metabolism disorder in patients with mild to moderate NAFLD.METHODS Eighty patients with mild to moderate NAFLD participated in this retrospective study,classified into two groups:The observation group(n=40)and the control group(n=40).In November 2020 and November 2022,the study was conducted at People’s Hospital of Chongqing Liang Jiang New Area.The control group received standard treatment,while the observation group received Dendrobium nobile Lindl.powder based on the control group.The study compared differences in traditional Chinese medicine clinical syndrome scores,liver fibrosis treatment,liver function indicators,lipid levels,and serum inflammatory factor levels before and after treatment,and we calculated the incidence of adverse reactions for both groups.RESULTS The total effective rate was 97.50%in the observation group and 72.5%in the control group.After 8 weeks of treatment,the main and secondary symptom scores remarkably decreased,especially in the observation group(P<0.05),and there was a significant reduction in the serum levels of hyaluronic acid(HA),laminin(LN),human rocollagen III(PC III),and collagen type IV(CIV).The levels of HA,LN,PC III,and CIV were significantly lower in the observation group(P<0.05).After 8 weeks,both groups indicated remarkable improvements in liver function and blood lipid levels,with the observation group having even lower levels(P<0.05).Serum levels of interleukin-1β,tumor necrosis factor-α,and interleukin-8 also dropped significantly.The observation group had a lower rate of adverse reactions(5.00%)compared to the control group(22.50%).CONCLUSION Adding Dendrobium nobile Lindl.powder to standard treatment has been found to remarkably improve symptoms and reduce inflammation in patients with mild to moderate fatty liver disease.It also enhances hepatic function and lipid profile,ameliorates liver fibrosis indices,and lowers the risk of side effects.Consequently,this therapeutic protocol shows promise for clinical implementation and dissemination.

Determination of Heavy Metals in Dendrobium candidium Wall.ex Lindl.by ICP-MS

[Objective] This research aimed to establish an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （ICP-MS） method for determination of five kinds of heavy metals （Pb, Cd, Cu, As and Hg） in Dendrobium candidium Wall. ex Lindl. [Method] The samples were digested in HNO3-H202 acids system by closed vessel microwave di- gestion. At the same time, internal standard was added to avoid the matrix effect. [Result] The five kinds of heavy meals all showed good linear relationships, and the correlation coefficients ranged from 0.998 2 to 0.999 9. The detection limits of the five kinds of heavy metals were in the range of 0.008-0.750 μg/L, while the stan- dard recovery rates were in the range of 90.4%-96.9%. The relative standard devi- ations ranged from 1.6% to 8.2%. The heavy metals in the Ginseng and Astragalus national standard samples were determined by the established ICP-MS method, and the results were in conformity with the standard values. [Conclusion] The established method has simple and convenient operation and accurate and reliable results, and it meets the requirements by determination of heavy metals in Dendrobium candididium Wall. ex Lindl.

A New Fluorenone Derivative from Dendrobium Chrysotoxum

A new fluorenone derivative, named chrysotoxone(3) was isolated from the ethanolic extract of the stems of Dendrobium chrysotoxum (Orchidaceae), along with three known compounds. The structure of the new fluorenone was elucidated as 2,5,8trihydroxy1,4dimethoxy9fluorenone.

Protective effects of Dendrobium nobile Lindl. alkaloids on amyloid beta(25–35)-induced neuronal injury

Dendrobium nobile Lindl.alkaloids（DNLA）,the active ingredients of a traditional Chinese medicine Dendrobium,have been shown to have anti-oxidative effects,anti-inflammatory action,and protective effect on neurons against oxygen-glucose deprivation.However,it is not clear whether DNLA reduces amyloid-beta（Aβ）-induced neuronal injury.In this study,cortical neurons were treated with DNLA at different concentrations（0.025,0.25,and 2.5 mg/L）for 24 hours,followed by administration of Aβ（25-35）（10μM）.Aβ（25-35） treatments increased cell injury as determined by the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase,which was accompanied by chromatin condensation and mitochondrial tumefaction.The damage caused by Aβ（25-35） on these cellular properties was markedly attenuated when cells were pretreated with DNLA.Treatment with Aβ（25-35）down-regulated the expressions of postsynaptic density-95 mRNA and decreased the protein expression of synaptophysin and postsynaptic density-95,all changes were significantly reduced by pretreatment of cells with DNLA.These findings suggest that DNLA reduces the cytotoxicity induced by Aβ（25-35） in rat primary cultured neurons.The protective mechanism that DNLA confers on the synaptic integrity of cultured neurons might be mediated,at least in part,through the upregulation of neurogenesis related proteins synaptophysin and postsynaptic density-95.

Sterile Germination of Dendrobium chrysotoxum Seeds and Rapid Propagation of Its Plantlets

[Objective] This study was to produce plant seeds on a large scale via sterile germination of the capsules of Dendrobium chrysotoxum and rapid propagation technique.[Method] A large amount of protocorm-like bodies produced from the sterile germination of D.chrysotoxum capsules,were transferred to four different kinds of bud induction media to obtain the optimal media suitable for plantlet differentiation and growth;and then with N6 as basic medium,1.0,1.5 and 2.0 mg/L of NAA and IAA were tested to obtain the optimal media suitable for rooting.[Results] On the medium of MS appended with 1 mg/L 6-BA ＋10% banana puree ＋ 20 g/L sucrose ＋6 g/L agar＋1 g/L AC,seed germination rate was up to 90%.The optimal medium for differentiation of D.chrysotoxum protocorm-like bodies was N6＋ 2 mg/L NAA ＋ 0.5 mg/L 6-BA ＋10% banana puree ＋ 20 g/L sucrose ＋ 0.5 g/L peptone ＋ 5.8 g/L agar ＋0.5 g/L AC,grown from which the plantlets were even and orderly in height;and the optimal medium for rooting was N6＋1.5 mg/L NAA ＋10% banana puree ＋ 20 g/L sucrose ＋ 5.8 g/L agar ＋1 g/L AC,grown from which the plantlets developed more,robust and orderly roots,and their leaves were in dark green color.[Conclusion] Our results provided reference for the rapid propagation of D.chrysotoxum.

Biological Characteristics of Alternaria tenuissima on Dendrobium sandidium Wall.et Lindl.

Biological characteristics of Alternaria tenuissima on Dendrobium sandidium Wall. et Lindl. were studied. The result showed that A. tenuissima on D. sandidium Wall. et Lindl. could grow at temperature 5 -35 ℃and pH value of 2 - 10, the optimal temperature and pH value were 25℃ and 7 for its growth and sporulation, respectively. Starch was the optimal carbon sources and peptone was the optimal nitrogen source for the growth and sporulation of bacterial colony, re- spectively; PSA and PCA were the optimal media for its growth and sporalation, respectively.

Extraction Process Optimization and Anti-oxidant Activity of Total Flavonoids in Dendrobium nobile Lindl.

[Objectives]To improve the yield of flavonoids from Dendrobium nobile Lindl.[Methods]On the basis of four single-factor experiments of solid/liquid ratio,extraction temperature,extraction time and ethanol volume fraction,the ultrasonic-assisted extraction process of total flavonoids from D.nobile Lindl.was optimized using quadratic general rotary unitized design,and the in-vitro anti-oxidant activity of the flavonoids extracted was evaluated preliminarily.[Results]The optimized extraction process for flavonoids in D.nobile Lindl.was as follows:extraction time 10 min,solid/liquid ratio 1∶15(g∶mL),extraction temperature 75℃and ethanol volume fraction 90%.According to the revised optimal process,6 repeated experiments were carried out,and the average yield of flavonoids was(0.5515±0.0004)mg/g,consistent with the predicted value of the model.The results of anti-oxidation experiment show that the flavonoids extracted from D.nobile Lindl.have better scavenging effect on ABTS and DPPH free radicals,and the scavenging activity is proportional to the mass concentration of the extract.[Conclusions]The optimized extraction process for flavonoids from D.nobile Lindl.is reasonable and feasible,and the flavonoids in D.nobile Lindl.have strong antioxidant activity.

Dendrobium nobile Lindl. alkaloids alleviate Mn-induced neurotoxicity via PINK1/Parkinmediated mitophagy in PC12 cells

OBJECTIVE Activation of the PINK1/Parkin-mediated autophagy pathway has been proposed to play a protective role in the development of neurological disorders through the elimination of damaged macromolecules or organelles.Exposure to excessive manganese(Mn) causes neurotoxicity and can produce a Parkinson disease(PD)-like neurological disorder.Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are implicated in the mechanism of Mn induced neurotoxicity.The present study was designed to determine whether Dendrobium nobile Lindl.alkaloids(DNLA),a Chinese medicinal herb extract,confers protective function over Mn-induced cell toxicity,and to investigate whether the modulation of PINK1/Parkin-mediated autophagy is involved in the mechanism of DNLA-mediated cell protection over Mn toxicity.METHODS AND RESULTS Rat adrenal pheochromocytoma PC12 cells were utilized as an in vitro model of Mn cell toxicity.It was found that the treatment of the PC12 cells with Mn resulted in concentration-dependent cell death,accompanied by a decrease in mitochondrial respiration capacity and an increase in ROS generation,whereas pretreatment of cells with DNLA significantly alleviated cell toxicity induced by Mn and improved mitochondrial function and oxidative status.Mn treatment enhanced apoptotic cells along with a marked increase in the protein expression of Bax and a decrease in the expression of Bcl-2 protein.On the contrary,DNLA increased Bcl-2 expression,and concomitantly dramatically decreased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio.Analysis of the expression of PINK1 and Parkin revealed that pretreatment of cells with DNLA significantly alleviated the decrease in protein levels of both PINK1 and Parkin caused by Mn.Furthermore,cells treated with Mn exhibited increased expression of LC3-Ⅱ and a decrease in accumulation of P62,which was noticeably reversed by the pretreatment of cells with DNLA.CONCLUSION DNLA inhibits Mn induced cytotoxicity,which may be mediated through modulating PINK1/Parkin-mediated autophagic flux and improving mitochondrial function.

Dendrobium nobile Lindl:A Review on Its Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Effects

Dendrobium nobile Lindl (D. nobile), a well-known precious herb, has a long history of use as a medicine and health food in China. Phytochemically, D. nobile has been found to contain various bioactive compounds, such as alkaloids, bibenzyl, phenanthrene, phenylpropanoids, and polysaccharides. Its medicinal applications are closely correlated to its diverse pharmacological activities, including antitumor, anti-inflammatory, nervous system protective, antifatigue, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic actions. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the main chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of D. nobile, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms for its bioactivities. It is expected that this review will provide a helpful scientific reference for the development and use of D. nobile.

中药石斛研究的回顾与展望

中药石斛基原复杂,其主流品种有霍山石斛Dendrobium huoshanense C.Z.Tang et S.J.Cheng、铁皮石斛D.officinale Kimura et Migo、金钗石斛D.nobile Lindl.,《中华人民共和国药典》(以下简称《中国药典》)2005年版石斛项下增加了“及其近似种”的描述,难以确定具体物种,有必要对其进一步正本清源。对石斛属的起源进行本草考证,对霍山石斛、铁皮石斛、金钗石斛的本草起源进行梳理,为不同石斛属药材的应用提供参考。霍山石斛是最早作为中药石斛应用的品种,高效液相色谱法特征图谱等方法为《中国药典》2020年版收录霍山石斛提供了技术支撑;铁皮石斛应为石斛药材中应用时间最久、范围最广的品种,其主要为浙江、云南、贵州,以及广东、广西、福建、江西等地丹霞地貌上生长的种群,应高度重视并对其进行保护;D.nobile在历代文献中的中文名称混乱,应明确将其作为金钗石斛的拉丁学名。枫斗是我国名贵中药和传统保健品,起源于霍山石斛。古代名医对霍山石斛、铁皮石斛、金钗石斛、川石斛的用法各有特色,建议厘清品种来源、功效,加强现代研究,在修订《中国药典》时将其各自单列,充分发挥中药石斛的临床价值。

赤水金钗石斛种源调查及HPLC指纹图谱比较

目的:调查赤水野生金钗石斛种源状况,建立高效液相色谱法(HPLC)指纹图谱,初步探讨野生种源与石上仿野生样品的差异。方法:采用文献查阅和实地走访相结合的方法对贵州省赤水市野生金钗石斛种源及生境状况进行调查;采用HPLC指纹图谱对金钗石斛野生种源、石上仿野生种植及产于6个基地的成熟干品与鲜品进行分析。结果:在赤水市石堡乡寻找到附生在古树上的野生金钗石斛种源,生长年限分别在50、30、20年左右;4棵古树上分别有金钗石斛80~100丛,每丛约10~15株,总质量为40~50 kg;金钗石斛野生种源与石上仿野生样品HPLC指纹图谱有7个共有特征峰,指认了3个特征峰成分,其相似度均在0.940以上。结论:赤水野生金钗石斛资源稀少,仅附生在极少量古树上;石上仿野生种植及不同基地的金钗石斛与古树上的野生种源指纹图谱相似度较高,石上仿野生种植模式所产金钗石斛能与野生种质保持一致。

铁皮石斛(Dendrobium catenatum)快速繁殖的研究进展——兼论其学名与中名的正误

铁皮石斛是中国长期使用的名贵药用植物。近20年来,该药用植物的研究和生产已取得了显著的进展。本文系根据文献信息和在中国兰科植物种质资源保护中心的多年实验,对铁皮石斛快速繁殖研究的进展做一简要总结和评价。鉴于该种植物的学名和中名在不少文献中存在使用混乱,本文将在命名上和分类上予以澄清。笔者认为铁皮石斛的学名应当用其最早的合法名称Dendrobium catenatum Lindl.,而中名则应当用其最为常用的"铁皮石斛"。

鼓槌石斛花的食用价值和抗氧化活性研究

目的:明确鼓槌石斛花成分、抗氧化能力和食用安全性,促进其开发利用。方法:以50℃烘干后的鼓槌石斛花为研究对象,根据相关国家标准或委托第三方检测机构对其营养成分、活性成分、安全性指标进行检测,应用试剂盒对其抗氧化能力进行检测。结果:鼓槌石斛花含有多种功能性化合物,多糖含量高达(25.25±1.36)g/100 g,可溶性糖含量为(52.09±1.47)g/100 g;鼓槌石斛花醇提物对羟基自由基、超氧阴离子、ABTS阳离子自由基、DPPH自由基的具有清除能力,半抑制浓度(IC50)分别为0.0544 mg·mL^(-1)、0.0959 mg·mL^(-1)、0.0054 mg·mL^(-1)和0.0025 mg·mL^(-1);鼓槌石斛花4种重金属、196种农药残留和2种微生物均未超标。结论:鼓槌石斛花具有较高的营养价值和保健功能,可作为食用花卉进行开发利用。

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定金钗石斛中石斛碱和毛兰素的含量

取粉碎均匀的石斛样品1 g置于50 m L聚四氟乙烯离心管中,加入0.1 mol·L^(-1)盐酸溶液5 m L,涡旋振荡2 min,充分浸润,加入15 m L乙醇,涡旋振荡1 min,超声30 min,冷却至室温,加入6 g无水硫酸镁和1.5 g无水乙酸钠,振摇3 min,冰浴冷却5 min,以转速8000 r·min^(-1)离心5 min,取上清液1 m L用乙醇定容至25 m L,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)测定石斛碱和毛兰素的含量。以Kinetex F5色谱柱为固定相,以不同体积比的乙醇-0.1%(体积分数)甲酸溶液混合液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,质谱分析采用电喷雾离子(ESI)源,正离子(ESI+)扫描模式,多反应监测(MRM)模式。结果表明,石斛碱和毛兰素的质量浓度在一定范围内与对应的峰面积呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)分别为0.02,0.003 mg·kg^(-1);按照标准加入法进行回收试验,回收率为93.6%~97.1%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)均小于3.0%;方法用于测定不同栽培方式、不同年限、不同部位金钗石斛中石斛碱、毛兰素的含量,均存在差异。

黔产不同商品规格金钗石斛质量评价研究

目的:通过黔产不同商品规格金钗石斛药材质量评价初步研究,为规范金钗石斛药材商品规格提供参考。方法:采用色度仪测定金钗石斛色度值,《中华人民共和国药典》方法检测金钗石斛药材水溶性浸出物、石斛碱、多糖、水分、总灰分含量,SPSS单因素方差分析、相关性分析对测定结果进行评价。结果:金钗石斛薄片在色度值a*、b*、浸出物、水分含量等指标上与其他三组规格的金钗石斛具有显著性差异;相关性分析结果显示,色度值b*与水溶性浸出物、石斛碱、水分呈正相关,相关系均>0.5。结论:不同商品规格金钗石斛间在色度值和浸出物含量上有显著性差异,其中金钗石斛薄片最为显著,为规范金钗石斛商品规格提供参考。

通过改良RAPD技术获得黑毛石斛、蜂腰石斛和石仙桃的3条SCAR新标记

目的寻找快速区分黑毛石斛、蜂腰石斛和石仙桃的序列特征扩增区域(sequence characterized amplified regions,SCAR)新标记。方法在改良的随机扩增多态性DNA(random amplified polymorphic DNA,RAPD)的基础上对10个物种进行基因组DNA随机扩增、分子克隆和测序,分别设计了可鉴别3个物种的SCAR标记。结果成功筛选出3个SCAR标记,其相应的特异性标记分别为N2-12、A2-17和A6-33;其中SCAR标记N2-12在黑毛种属中扩增出约750 bp的特异性条带,SCAR标记A2-17在蜂腰石斛中扩增出约750 bp的特异性条带,SCAR标记A6-33在石仙桃种属中扩增出约600 bp的特异性条带。结论N2-12、A2-17和A6-33这3对特异性SCAR新标记能快速、准确的区分出黑毛石斛、蜂腰石斛和石仙桃这3个物种,为今后进行该中药道地药材样品的鉴定提供了实验依据。

两种石斛对干旱胁迫及复水的生理响应

目的:探究金钗石斛和铁皮石斛对水分亏缺环境的适应能力和机制,为其仿生栽培提供理论支持。方法:通过盆栽控水进行持续干旱胁迫和复水处理,研究两种石斛叶片渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶活性的变化规律。结果:随着持续干旱时间的延长,金钗石斛叶片可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量和丙二醛(MDA)含量均呈先升高后降低的趋势,脯氨酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和过氧化物酶(POD)活性呈持续上升的趋势,而过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性呈逐渐降低的趋势;铁皮石斛叶片可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、MDA含量、POD活性呈先升高后降低的趋势,SOD活性和CAT活性呈持续上升的趋势,而脯氨酸含量在干旱初期小幅下降后也呈持续升高的趋势。复水后,到复水20 d时,金钗石斛叶片可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、CAT活性均已恢复并降低到充分供水时以下水平,而脯氨酸含量、MDA含量、SOD活性和POD活性仍略高于充分供水时;铁皮石斛叶片可溶性蛋白含量、MDA含量和CAT活性均已恢复并降低到充分供水时以下水平,而可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、SOD活性和POD活性仍略高于充分供水时。结论:两种石斛均具有较强的干旱耐受能力和干旱胁迫后恢复能力。

金钗石斛治疗糖尿病及其相关病变的实验研究进展

综述金钗石斛治疗糖尿病及其相关病变(并发症)的实验研究进展。金钗石斛对血糖及胰岛功能、糖尿病肾病、糖尿病心脏病变、糖尿病肝脏病变、糖尿病眼部病变等均有改善作用,其功效主要集中在降糖、降脂、保护肝肾功能、保护心肌细胞、延缓白内障发展、抗炎、抗氧化、抗细胞凋亡等方面。

石斛花含片的研制及品质分析

该文以鼓槌石斛花为主要原料,通过粉碎制粒加入甜味剂、填充剂、黏合剂、崩解剂等,制备鼓槌石斛花含片。以感官评分为评价指标,经单因素试验和响应面优化含片配方,并对产品进行理化指标测定和微生物检验。结果表明鼓槌石斛花含片的最佳配方为鼓槌石斛花粉添加量44%、甘露醇31%、三氯蔗糖1.50%、羧甲基淀粉钠6%、聚维酮K30(15%)、薄荷脑0.5%、硬脂酸镁2%。理化指标测定结果显示:含片崩解时间为16.3 min、硬度43.57 kgf、脆碎度为0.93%、片重为(0.38±0.01)g。微生物检测结果为菌落总数≤85 CFU/g,大肠菌群≤10 MPN/100 g,致病菌未检出。研制出的鼓槌石斛花含片呈浅黄色,表面有光泽,且有浓郁的鼓槌石斛花的独特口味和适宜的甜味,口感较好、风味独特,符合食品安全卫生标准。