Identification of Odor Volatile Compounds and Deodorization ofPaphia undulata Enzymatic Hydrolysate

Unfavorable fishy odour is an inevitable problem in aquatic products. In the present study, headspace solid-phase mi- croextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry （HS-SPME-GC-MS） analysis of volatiles from untreated samples and three deodorized samples （under the optimal conditions） ofPaphia undulata enzymatic hydrolysate revealed that the compounds contrib- uting to the distinctive odor were 1-octen-3-ol, n-hexanal, n-heptanal, 2,4-heptadienal, and 2,4-decadienal, whereas n-pentanal, n-octanal, n-octanol, benzaldehyde, 2-ethylfuran and 2-pentylfuran were the main contributors to the aromatic flavor. The deodoriz- ing effects of activated carbon （AC） adsorption, yeast extract （YE） masking and tea polyphenol （TP） treatment on a P. undulata en- zymatic hydrolysate were investigated using orthogonal experiments with sensory evaluation as the index. The following optimized deodorization conditions were obtained： AC adsorption （35 mg mL-1, 80℃, 40 rain）, YE masking （7 mgmL l, 45 ℃, 30 min） and TP treatment （0.4mgmL-l, 40℃, 50min）. AC adsorption effectively removed off-flavor volatile aldehydes and ketones. YE masking modified the odor profile by increasing the relative contents of aromatic compounds and decreasing the relative contents of aldehydes and ketones. The TP treatment was not effective in reducing the odor score, but it significantly reduced the relative content of alde- hydes while increasing that of alkanes. It is also notable that TP effectively suppressed trimethylamine （TMA） formation in a P. un- dulate hydrolysate solution for a period of 72 h.

Study on contrast test of PPC pre-oxidation and coagulation for algae removal and deodorization

The effect of treating algae-bearing water and induced odor by use of permanganate potassium composite （PPC） pre-oxidation was investigated, and was compared with the effect of treatments by pre-chlorination, permanganate petassium pre-oxidation and simple coagulation. The results showed that simple coagulation and pre-chlorination were less effective in removing algae and its odor, whereas PPC pre-oxidation was the most effective in algae removal and deodorization. Upon oxidation with PPC, the cells of Oscillatoria agardhic were inactivated and some intra-cellular and extra-cellular components were released into the water, which may help the coagulation by their bridging effect. The efficient removal of algae by PPC pre-oxidation is believed to be the joint contribution of several mechanisms.

Comparison and Analysis of Fabric Deodorization Test Methods

The test methods of deodorization fabric are studied in daily life. In view of different deodorization fabrics and source gases,the detector tube method and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector ( GC-FID ) method were chosen to test the deodorizing rates of fabric and the influencing factors on deodorization test were discussed. Through the two methods,the residual concentration of odorous substance after adsorption can be measured,and the deodorizing rates of deodorization fabric can be got by calculation. The results show that the two test methods are both appropriate for deodorization test of fabric.

Preparation and Application of Natural Bactericidal Deodorizer

Jasmine essential oil and lemon essential oil were selected for deodorizing ingredient.Lysine and silver ions were selected as auxiliary raw material.The product was prepared by emulsion dissolution technology.The minimum inhibitory concentration of various bacteria were during 100~2,000 mg/L.In the test,the germicidal efficiency of 2.0%(w/w)deodorant was 99%.The removal efficiency of trimethylamine and methanthiol were more than 95%by 3.0%(w/w).deodorant.The removal efficiency of ammonia and methanthiol were more than 92%by 3.0%(w/w)deodorant.In addition,The removal efficiency of isovaleric acid was 98%by 2.0%(w/w)deodorant.In analysis result,common pathogenic bacteria were effectively suppressed,kitchen and toilet odors were efficiently removed by natural plant deodorant.

Research Development of Control Technology of Hydrogen Sulfide in Biogas Slurry

In order to provide help for the accurate application of biogas slurry in the field, the application of biogas slurry and control technology of hydrogen sulfide in biogas slurry were reviewed. Results of recent researches suggested that source control and end-treatment were the two measures to remove hydrogen sulfide in biogas slurry, including physical method, chemical method and biological method. Some conventional deodorizing methods were introduced and compared.

Study on hydrogen sulfide removal based on bench-scale experiment by bio-trickling filter

A bench-scale experiment for control of hydrogen sulfide （H2S） emissions was carried out continuously for nearly four months by using bio-trickling filter packed with ZX01 stuffing. The results suggested that the bio-trickling filter had proven excellent performance over substantial operational periods. Removal efficiency of H2S was nearly 100% when volumetric loading of the bio-trickling filter varied from 0.64 g/（m^3·h） to 38.20 g/（m^3·h） and metabolism products of H2S were mainly composed of SO4^2-. When inlet concentration of H2S was 250 mg/m^3, the optimum gas retention time was 30 s and the optimum spray water flow rate was 0.005 9-0.012 L/（cm^2·h）. The bio-trickling filter had good ability to resist shock of high volumetric loading, and was not blocked during experiments for nearly four months during which resistance was maintained at relatively lower value, so that the bio-trickling filter need not carry out back washing frequently and can be operated steadily for long-term.

Development of Bergamot Yam Soymilk Yogurt

[Objectives]This study was conducted to develop a bergamot yam soymilk yogurt.[Methods]With bergamot yam and soybeans as the main raw materials,the nutritious bergamot yam soymilk yogurt was finally obtained through soymilk deodorization,strain acclimation and process optimization.[Results]Soybeans were soaked in a 1∶1 mixture of 0.2%sodium chloride and 0.2%sodium bicarbonate for 10 h,and then added with water for grinding,and the obtained slurry was filtered.The filtrate was heated at 100℃for 20 min on a low fire and mixed with skim milk in a ratio of 6∶4,and the obtained soymilk achieved the best deodorizing effect.Strains adapted to the soybean milk fermentation system were obtained by gradually increasing the ratio of soybean milk in the acclimation medium and performing passage.The curding time before the product acclimation was 6.5 h,and that after acclimation was 5.8 h,which meant that the time was shortened by 0.7 h,and the acidity increased significantly.Finally,an orthogonal experiment was carried out,determining that the optimal fermentation process was soybean-to-water ratio 1∶5,sucrose 8%,bergamot yam 8%,and fermentation time 6 h.[Conclusions]This study provides a reference for the deep processing of bergamot yam.

Application Research of Bamboo Vinegar in Daily Chemicals

This paper combines the application direction of bamboo vinegar in daily chemicals, focusing on the performance of bamboo vinegar raw materials from different sources in antibacterial, deodorization, antimycotic, etc. The results show that bamboo vinegar have a good antibacterial effect to the common Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and also have obvious deodorant effect and a certain inhibitory effect on mold. However, under the certain low concentration, bamboo vinegar will play a role in promoting mold growth.

Effects of Tocols Rich Fraction Isolated from Rice Bran Oil Deodorizer Distillate on Plasma and Hepatic Lipid Concentrations in Rats

A great deal of attention has been focused on the potential health benefits of using rice bran oil because it is a rich source of bioactive compounds. Rice bran oil deodorizer distillate (RBODD) is a byproduct obtained from distillation of rice bran oil. Elevated plasma cholesterol level is one of the major risk factors for coronary heart disease. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of tocols (tocopherols + tocotrienols) rich fraction isolated from RBODD on plasma and liver lipid concentrations in rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats (6 weeks of age) were randomly assigned into three groups: normal fat control (NFC), high fat control (HFC) and high fat diet plus tocols rich fraction (RBODD). RBODD was administered daily for 3 weeks by oral gavage using 5% of Tween-80 as a vehicle. The rats in the control groups received 5% of Tween-80 alone in the same manner. Blood samples and livers were collected at the end of the feeding period. RBODD group had significantly lower plasma triglyceride levels compared to the HFC group (p < 0.05). However, no significant changes for plasma total and lipoprotein cholesterol levels were found in RBODD compared with HFC. Compared to the rat fed HFC, hepatic free fatty acids were significantly reduced in the rats with the RBODD treatment (p < 0.05). The results suggest that the tocols rich fraction isolated from RBODD is associated with decreased plasma triglyceride and hepatic free fatty acids concentrations. Further study is needed to investigate the mechanism and optimal dose by which isomers of tocols lower triglyceride concentrations.

Application of Functional Polymers in Laundry Care

This paper was to describe the current situation and development prospect of the global laundry care market,and made a conjecture on the future development trend of polymers,and to list four kinds of polymers widely applied in laundry care products.

The exposure risks associated with pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes in bioaerosol from municipal landfill and surrounding area

Pathogenic microbes with antibiotic resistance can thrive on municipal solid waste as nutrients and be aerosolized and transported to vicinities during waste disposal processes.However,the characterization of pathogenic bioaerosols and assessment of their exposure risks are lacking.Herein,particle size,concentration,activity,antibiotic resistance,and pathogenicity of airborne microorganisms were assessed in different sectors of a typical landfill.Results showed that active sector in downwind direction has the highest bioaerosol level(1234 CFU/m3),while residential area has the highest activity(14.82 mg/L).Botanical deodorizer from mist cannon can effectively remove bioaerosol.Most bioaerosols can be inhaled into respiratory system till bronchi with sizes ranging from 2.1−3.3 and 3.3−4.7μm.Pathogenic bacteria(Bacilli,Bacillus,and Burkholderia-Paraburkholderia)and allergenic fungi(Aspergillus,Cladosporium,and Curvularia)prevailed in landfill.Although high abundance of microbial volatile organic compounds(mVOCs)producing bioaerosols were detected,these mVOCs contributed little to odor issues in landfill.Notably,surrounding areas have higher levels of antibiotic-resistance genes(ARGs)than inner landfill with tetC,acrB,acrF,mdtF,and bacA as dominant ones.Most ARGs were significantly correlated with bacterial community,while environmental parameters mainly influenced fungal prevalence.These findings can assist in reducing and preventing respiratory allergy or infection risks in occupational environments relating to waste management.

Valorization of sustainable vegetable oil deodorizer distillate as a novel fatliquor

The deodorizer distillate(DD)is a byproduct of vegetable oil processing industry and is rich in functional bioactive components.This study aimed to employ phosphorylation modification for DD to produce a new sustainable fatliquor.The bioactive ingredients in DD,namely fatty acids,sterols,and tocopherols,were determined by using HPLC and GLC.The results revealed that the DD sample contained a high percentage of unsaturated fatty acids(72.3%)and high levels ofγandδ-tocopherols(54.8%and 31.60%,respectively).Mechanical parameters(tensile strength,elongation at break,and tear strength)of leather were improved after being treated with the prepared fatliquor emulsion.Eventually,SEM showed that the texture of the fatliquored leather had been remarkably enhanced.Moreover,the fatliquored leather possessed effective antibacterial effect against the specified+ve,-ve bacteria,and Candida albicans microorganisms.The strength,fullness,soft handle,and elasticity of leather were all improved,and the grain of leather was protected from becoming loose after drying.

Continuous desulfurization and bacterial community structure of an integrated bioreactor developed to treat SO_2 from a gas stream

Sulfide dioxide（SO2） is often released during the combustion processes of fossil fuels. An integrated bioreactor with two sections, namely, a suspended zone（SZ） and immobilized zone（IZ）, was applied to treat SO2 for 6 months. Sampling ports were set in both sections to investigate the performance and microbial characteristics of the integrated bioreactor. SO2 was effectively removed by the synergistic effect of the SZ and IZ, and more than 85%removal efficiency was achieved at steady state. The average elimination capacity of SO2 in the bioreactor was 2.80 g/（m3·hr） for the SZ and 1.50 g/（m3· hr） for the IZ. Most SO2 was eliminated in the SZ. The liquid level of the SZ and the water content ratio of the packing material in the IZ affected SO2 removal efficiency. The SZ served a key function not only in SO2 elimination, but also in moisture maintenance for the IZ. The desired water content in IZ could be feasibly maintained without any additional pre-humidification facilities. Clone libraries of 16 S r DNA directly amplified from the DNA of each sample were constructed and sequenced to analyze the community composition and diversity in the individual zones.The desulfurization bacteria dominated both zones. Paenibacillus sp. was present in both zones, whereas Ralstonia sp. existed only in the SZ. The transfer of SO2 to the SZ involved dissolution in the nutrient solution and biodegradation by the sulfur-oxidizing bacteria.This work presents a potential biological treatment method for waste gases containing hydrophilic compounds.

The influencing mechanism of O_(2),H_(2)O,and CO_(2)on the H_(2)S removal of food waste digestate-derived biochar with abundant minerals

Hydrogen sulfide(H_(2)S)removal has been a significant concern in various industries.In this study,food waste diges-tate-derived biochar(DFW-BC),a by-product of food waste treatment with abundant minerals,was assessed for removing H_(2)S from different simulated biogas containing oxygen(O_(2))and carbon dioxide(CO_(2))and under differ-ent moisture(H_(2)O)contents(0%and 20%)of biochar.The influencing mechanisms of the gas conditions combined with the moisture contents were also investigated.The results showed an H_(2)S removal of 1.75 mg g^(−1)for dry bio-char under pure H_(2)S,4.29 mg g^(−1)for dry biochar under H_(2)S+O_(2),5.29 mg g^(−1)for humid biochar under H_(2)S,and 12.50 mg g^(−1)for humid biochar under H_(2)S+O_(2).For dry DFW-BC,the high Fe content was responsible for the O_(2)enhancement.In contrast,O_(2)+H_(2)O activated the catalytic H_(2)S oxidation of the less reactive minerals(mainly Ca).The inhibition of CO_(2)on H_(2)S adsorption was not obvious for dry DFW-BC;the specific pore structure may have provided a buffer against the physisorption competition of CO_(2).However,when H_(2)O was present on DFW-BC,the changes in critical biochar properties and sulfur speciation as opposed to that without H_(2)O implied an evident occurrence of CO_(2)chemisorption.This CO_(2)chemisorption partially hindered O_(2)+H_(2)O enhancement,decreasing the H_(2)S removal capacity from 12.50 to 8.88 mg g^(−1).The negative effect was ascribed to mineral carbonation of CO_(2),neutralizing the alkaline surface and immobilizing metal oxides,which thus reduced the acceleration in H_(2)S dissociation and activa-tion in catalytic H_(2)S oxidation by O_(2)+H_(2)O.

A full-scale integrated-bioreactor with two zones treating odours from sludge thickening tank and dewatering house： performance and microbial characteristics

A full-scale integrated-bioreactor consisting of a suspended zone and an immobilized zone was employed to treat the ordours emitted from a wastewater treatment plant. The inlet concentrations of H,S and NH3 were 1.6-38.6 mg.m-3 and 0.1 6.7 mg.m-3 respectively, while the steady-state outlet concentrations were reduced to 0-2.8mg.m - for H2S and 0-0.5mg.m for NH3. BothH2SandNH3 were eliminated effectively by the integrated-bioreactor. The removal efficiencies of H2S and NH3 differed between the two zones. Four species of microorganisms related to the degradation of H2S and NH3 were isolated. The characteristics and distributions of the microbes in the bioreactor depended on the inlet concentration of substrates and the micro-environmental conditions in the individual zones. Product analysis indicated that most of the H2S was oxidized into sulfate in the immobilized zone but was dissolved into the liquid phase in the suspended zone. A large amount of NH3 was converted into nitrate and nitrite by nitration in the suspended zone, whereas only a small amount of NH3 was transferred to the aqueous phase mainly by absorption or chemical neutralization in the immobilized zone. Different microbial populations dominated the individual zones, and the major biodegradation products varied accordingly.

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