助力还是阻力:税收优惠政策与企业数字化转型

税收优惠政策在推进企业数字化转型中发挥了助力还是阻力,这是亟须研究的重要课题。基于2008—2021年中国上市公司数据,考察税收优惠政策对企业数字化转型的影响及作用机制。研究发现:税收优惠能有效促进企业数字化转型,且可以通过促进创新产出、缓解债务风险及优化融资环境的路径提高企业数字化转型水平。进一步研究发现,将税收优惠区分研发费用加计扣除和固定资产加速折旧这两种不同优惠方式,加计扣除与加速折旧对企业数字化转型的影响效应具有显著差异,加计扣除与企业数字化转型呈倒“U”型关系,而加速折旧显著促进了企业数字化转型,且两者之间没有形成“1+1>2”的协同效应。异质性检验发现,税收优惠促进企业数字化转型的作用在非国有企业、内部控制质量较高和成熟期企业较为明显。研究结论有利于厘清税收优惠政策助推企业数字化转型的作用机制,促进企业加快数字化转型。

固定资产加速折旧政策与企业环境社会责任表现

环境资源问题可能制约我国经济可持续发展,而税收政策能够调节经济健康发展、引导企业行为。本文以2010—2019年我国A股上市公司为样本,运用交叠双重差分模型检验了固定资产加速折旧政策变革对企业环境社会责任表现的影响。研究发现,固定资产加速折旧政策有效提升了企业环境社会责任表现;作用渠道探索显示,固定资产投资与绿色研发活动是上述影响发挥作用的重要渠道;异质性分析结果显示,固定资产加速折旧政策对于劳动密集型企业、衰退期企业、位于中西部地区企业和污染行业企业环境社会责任表现的提升效果更为明显。本研究对于引导企业参与环保行为、促进环境社会责任表现具有一定的现实意义。

税收优惠与企业并购——来自固定资产加速折旧政策的证据

基于2011—2018年中国A股上市公司数据,利用2014年固定资产加速折旧政策这一外生冲击,采用DID方法实证分析税收优惠对企业并购的影响。结果表明:加速折旧政策显著促进了企业并购,具体表现为加速折旧政策既增加了企业并购次数又扩大了企业并购规模。异质性分析表明,加速折旧政策对国有企业、固定资产占比较低的企业及分析师关注度较高的企业的并购的促进作用更为明显。机制检验结果表明,加速折旧政策通过缓解企业融资约束从而促进企业并购。进一步分析发现,加速折旧政策促进了现金并购,提高了企业并购绩效。

考虑消费者情绪效用下新款产品上市策略

随着企业创新投入的增加,企业对产品更新换代频率加快。由于上市的新款产品会导致市场中同类产品的市场价值贬值,故消费者对购买的产品预期贬值与实际贬值存在偏差,从而导致失望或欣喜的情绪变化所产生的情绪效用影响其购买决策。考虑一般耐用品的市场价值具有贬值特征以及因贬值产生消费者情绪效用的情况下,通过构建新旧两款产品连续型定价模型,得到了新旧两款产品最优定价以及新款产品最优上市时间。分析得到:上市的新款产品对旧款产品市场价值的冲击影响企业对新款产品的定价;新款产品上市后,旧款产品定价应考虑旧款产品市场价值和新款产品市场贬值率;新款产品上市后,新旧两款产品的最优定价受消费者对产品市场价值贬值预期判断所产生的偏差影响;新款产品的上市定价与旧款产品的定价比值影响新款产品对旧款产品市场价值的冲击特征;新款产品的上市时间应取决于旧款产品的市场价值、市场自然价值贬值率以及消费者的正负情绪落差大小,并且新款产品的最优上市策略由新品的价值决定。

关于新时代提升经济增长率的几点思考

在建设中国特色社会主义新时代,为实现中国式现代化,有效提升国民经济增长率,需要做四个基本方面的思考:一是国家必须保护国内粮食市场,提高粮食价格使之与国际市场价格脱钩,建立国内合理的价格体系,直接提高农业经济对国民经济增长的贡献。二是努力提高工薪收入水平,从促进民营经济的工薪收入做起,进一步调整全社会劳动收入的分配比例,以此提升全体劳动者的消费水平,有力地促进国民经济增长。三是大力发展数字经济,向高科技要效益,在已经取得成就的基础上,更进一步提升国民经济发展水平。四是进一步深化改革开放,依靠世界劳动力市场,重点通过民营企业引进国外优质劳力,促进国民经济增长,解决我国严重老龄化和优质劳力不足的问题。

税收优惠与企业社保缴费:固定资产加速折旧政策的证据

企业社保缴费是社会保障体系的重要组成部分,也是共享改革发展成果的关键。本文以2008—2017年A股上市公司为样本,利用固定资产加速折旧政策的外生冲击,采用双重差分方法,检验了税收优惠对企业社保缴费的影响及其作用机制。研究发现,固定资产加速折旧政策显著促进了试点行业内企业的社保缴费,平均提升了5.20个百分点。机制分析结果表明,固定资产加速折旧政策通过缓解企业融资约束,提高企业盈利能力和社保缴费基数,进而促进了企业社保缴费。异质性分析结果显示,固定资产加速折旧政策对非国有、资本密集度较大、员工权益保护较好以及位于最低工资标准和市场化水平较高地区企业的社保缴费影响更大。此外,固定资产加速折旧政策通过促进社保缴费显著提升了企业全要素生产率,增强了社保缴费对企业全要素生产率的激励效应。本文的研究结论为探索企业社保缴费的治理机制提供了新的视角,为进一步优化和完善税收优惠政策以及保障社保基金的安全和可持续发展提供了决策参考。

资本偏向型税收优惠政策与企业价值——来自固定资产加速折旧政策的经验研究

固定资产加速折旧作为一项具有资本偏向型特征的税收优惠政策,兼具税收优惠与投资促进功能,其在实现“稳投资”作用的同时能否带动企业价值增长,是当前“稳增长”目标下,一项亟待考察的现实问题。本研究基于2011—2018年A股市场中的非金融类上市公司数据,借助资本市场对企业市场价值的评估,建立双重差分模型考察了加速折旧政策对企业价值的影响与机制。研究表明,该项政策的实施对微观企业而言发挥了显著的价值创造效应,进一步的机制分析发现,加速折旧政策有助于企业专注主营业务,一方面可以加大实体投资比重,优化投资结构,从而促进企业价值提升;另一方面可以激励企业加大研发投入,增加创新产出,进而带动企业价值增值。多维度的异质性分析结果表明,在非国有企业、成熟期企业、实际控制人直接持股企业以及高市场化地区内的企业中,加速折旧政策的价值创造效应更为明显。本文的研究有助于从企业全生命周期经营绩效预期的视角加深对加速折旧政策效应的理解,为结构性减税政策助力企业价值“稳增长”提供了经验参考。

税收激励与企业绿色创新——基于固定资产加速折旧政策的实证研究

税收激励是调节宏观经济的重要手段,充分发挥其在促进企业绿色创新方面的积极作用对实现经济绿色转型至关重要。本文以我国固定资产加速折旧政策为准自然实验,采用我国A股上市公司数据,运用交叠双重差分(DID)模型实证检验了税收激励对企业绿色创新的影响及机制。研究发现,固定资产加速折旧政策显著促进了企业绿色创新。其通过缓解企业融资约束、降低绿色投资成本和强化市场竞争三个机制显著促进企业绿色创新。调节效应检验结果表明,环境规制会强化固定资产加速折旧政策对企业绿色创新的正向影响。进一步分析发现,固定资产加速折旧政策主要影响实质性绿色创新、自主绿色创新和防控型绿色创新。本文的研究结论有助于深化对税收激励的认识,对协同推进稳增长和绿色发展具有重要启示。

让健康触手可及:数字化融入对乡城流动人口健康折旧的影响

进入数字时代,数字化融入对乡城流动人口的健康具有重要影响。基于CFPS 2014—2020混合截面数据,使用多元回归模型研究数字化融入对乡城流动人口健康折旧的影响。研究结果表明:数字化融入抑制了乡城流动人口的健康折旧。进一步的分析表明,在社交、学习与娱乐渠道进行数字化融入抑制了乡城流动人口的健康折旧,数字化融入时长与乡城流动人口的健康折旧存在“U”形关系。异质性分析结果表明,数字化融入对于乡城流动人口健康折旧的抑制作用在中年乡城流动人口、女性乡城流动人口和高中及以下教育程度的乡城流动人口中更显著。研究提出以下启示:继续提升互联网在乡城流动人口中的普及率,继续扩大乡城流动人口的数字化融入渠道,引导乡城流动人口正确、适当地使用互联网。

政府会计中固定资产计提折旧的风险分析

《政府会计制度》规定行政事业单位每月需要计提固定资产折旧,进而更准确地反映每期费用。目前大量固定资产折旧工作主要依赖于财政部资产管理系统,而该系统很多预期功能未能实现,智能化相对较低,无法满足《政府会计制度》中对固定资产折旧核算的科学化、精细化要求。因资产管理与会计核算未能有效衔接,导致当前行政事业单位在固定资产计提折旧方面风险较大。文章对风险点进行分类分析,并提出防范风险的有效措施。

日本通胀形势与货币政策前景分析

随着日本经济逐步复苏,物价增长时隔多年重回2%以上,日本央行于今年3月宣布终结负利率,并开始探讨缩减资产购买,为回归正常货币政策路径做准备。是否顺利实现这一目标,取决于日本的工资物价螺旋能否实现良性循环。日本央行需要重点观察外生价格冲击消退之后,国内物价能否基于工资上涨维持在2%以上。近期,日元过快贬值对货币政策操作可能构成干扰。日本长期陷入通货紧缩和政策响应的过程值得关注,从中应汲取经验教训。

资本偏向型税收激励是否有助于遏制制造企业“脱实向虚”?

固定资产加速折旧政策作为中国政府深入推进企业减税降费的重大举措,是一项资本偏向型减税政策,兼具鼓励实业投资与激发企业创新活力的功能。文章借助2014年和2015年加速折旧政策的准自然实验,考察资本偏向型的税收激励政策与制造企业“脱实向虚”行为因果关系。研究表明,加速折旧政策显著抑制了制造企业“脱实向虚”金融化水平。激励机制检验发现,加速折旧政策通过“现金流效应”和“实业投资效应”,削弱了制造企业“脱实向虚”的预防性储蓄动机和投资替代逐利性动机,进而遏制了制造企业“脱实向虚”的金融化行为。进一步研究发现,加速折旧政策对制造企业“脱实向虚”遏制作用在非国有企业、规模较小的企业、资本要素密集度高以及股权集中度高的企业更为明显。研究结论将为国家制定和实施促进实体经济“脱虚向实”,防范重大金融化风险的税收激励政策提供有益参考。

冶炼行业企业资产减值准备计提现状及其优化策略探讨——以驰宏锌锗公司为例

在会计行业来中,资产减值的有效认定,够在一定程度上反映企业资产的真实状况,是企业会计信息真实性、可比性的重要保证。然而在实际的工作中仍然存在利用计提资产减值准备随意调节利润等诸多的问题和现象,影响着企业正常的经营。结合具体案例,深入剖析了我国冶炼行业企业在资产减值准备计提方面的应用现状,揭示了实际操作中存在的各种问题,并针对这些问题提出了一系列切实可行的解决措施。通过此次研究,旨在为我国冶炼行业企业更加科学、规范地进行资产减值准备计提提供有益的参考和借鉴。

Simulation Models for Evaluation and Selection of Depreciation Policy for Agricultural Companies in the Republic of Bulgaria

In the present paper, the results from research on the influence of criteria （factors） such as depreciation method, materiality threshold, and inflation rate on the selection of depreciation policy are shown. The research has been carried out with the help of specifically devised simulation models. The simulation is realized in accounting for the unevenness of money in time and the profitability of the company, the tax rates for corporate tax, and the inflation rate. The models have been devised after analyzing methodology issues, related to depreciation policy and investigating current practices in its implementation in specific agricultural companies in present-day Bulgaria. It has been determined that there is a clear-cut relation between the profitability of the companies and the materiality threshold and depreciation method chosen. The main conclusion is that when the companies develop their depreciation policy, at ceteris paribus they should select higher materiality thresholds and diminishing balance depreciation methods due to the inequality of money in time, the acceleration of obsolescence, and the inflation processes.

Depreciation of Millennials in Organizational Settings: What Underlying Factors in a Traditional Values Context

This study sets out to examine:In a traditional value context,which variables are related to the attitude of depreciation of Millennials by GX in an organizational setting?Through a Factorial Correspondence Analysis,it is postulated that three factors would be at the origin of the depreciation of Millennials in an organizational environment.The analysis shows a correlation between the 10 variables analyzed,but two factors emerge:the GY’s ability to invest or build and the GY’s commitment to starting a household.The hypothesis that there are three latent factors underlying the data analyzed is therefore rejected.

Supporting Innovation Through a Mechanism of Accelerated Depreciation in the Republic of Uzbekistan

The state plays a paramount role in the development of the national economy. In this development process, the state with direct levers, using the available tools as state financial support, banks systems, and tax policy, can provide incentives to identify areas for managing business entities. Obviously, one of the main levers of the state policy is a tax policy. Tax policy plays a crucial role in supporting innovation activities, which in turn provide sustainable economic growth for both the economic entities and the state. Whereas, due to guaranty of sustainable production line in the market economy, the economic entity always needs additional financial resources that ensure the renewal of fixed assets. The present paper focuses on the variation of calculations of the depreciation fund in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Regarding to both the tax rates and interval of the residual value of fixed assets, without attracting financial flows, the economic entities can update fixed assets, which on the same time increases the tax payments to the state budget in case of Uzbekistan.

The Straight-Line Depreciation Method Used by Selected Companies and Educational Institutions in the Philippines

The straight-line method in computing for depreciation expense is the prevailing method used in the Philippines. This paper aims to determine the rationale behind the use of this method. The objective of the study is to determine the length of time within which the depreciation method is used, reasons in using the method, the rate of depreciation used by the companies, and the effects of the depreciation expense on their operating expenses. It also determines if the companies＇ decisions to use the straight-line method are influenced by the factors mentioned by Reynolds （196 I）----expected amount of services over the life of assets, the amount and timing of operating costs, the decline in the physical efficiency of the assets, and the rate of return--and if they considered capital investments and tax reduction in using this method. The study shows that companies and educational institutions use the straight-line method of computing depreciation expenses, because it is easy to use in computing the depreciation expenses, in comparing with previous years＇ computations, and in keeping track of the expenses. It is also convenient for tax administration and financial reporting. The rate of depreciation used varies, because the companies and educational institutions use their past experiences in determining the life of fixed assets. The percentage of depreciation to the operating expenses also varies. The companies and educational institutions adhered to the factors mentioned by Reynolds （1961） in choosing the straight-line method of depreciation. The companies did not consider reduction of tax in using the straight-line method.

The Cause Analysis of College Student Human Capital Depreciation in China

Human capital depreciation can be divided into stock depreciation and utility depreciation, which will cause the waste of human capital investment, and let human capital value fail to fully embody, affecting social development. In the critical time of China facing population aging and economic transformation, as the new human capital of the labor market, college students play an important role to social and economic development. Therefore, preventing and mitigating their human capital depreciation is necessary. This article focus on human capital investment and configuration stage, analyze the influence of unreasonable human capital investment system and separate labor market segmentation system to college student human capital depreciation, and put forword the corresponding countermeasures.

Exchange rate,discount rate,interest rate and depreciation rate

exchange rate:汇率,外汇汇率,指一个国家的货币和另一个国家的货币的比价。中国人民银行每天公布人民币市场汇价。如:market Exchange Rates in RMB yuan set by the People’s Bank ofChina(September 4,1998)Currency Unit RateUS dollar 100 828.00Japanese yen 100 6.0291German mark 100 478.

Depreciation of the Economic Value of Historic Properties

Historic properties are cultural, historic and/or architectural heritage assets that may have legal or statutory protection due to their cultural and economic importance. Often the real estate with a certain historical value is privately owned, and the owners request the estimation of the value of these properties, either for advisory purposes, or to gage the property for the purpose of lending, or for other purposes. In this research, the authors, within the framework of the cost approach, analyze the peculiarities of estimating the depreciation of the economic value of real estate properties with historic/architectural value. The emphasis is placed on the methods of estimating the physical depreciation and it is recommended to apply them depending on the condition of the construction and the use or non-use of the real estate for a long time. Based on a case study, the authors explain the paradox of the value of real estate with advanced age located in compact historical areas.