Automatic recognition of depression based on audio and video:A review

Depression is a common mental health disorder.With current depression detection methods,specialized physicians often engage in conversations and physiological examinations based on standardized scales as auxiliary measures for depression assessment.Non-biological markers-typically classified as verbal or non-verbal and deemed crucial evaluation criteria for depression-have not been effectively utilized.Specialized physicians usually require extensive training and experience to capture changes in these features.Advancements in deep learning technology have provided technical support for capturing non-biological markers.Several researchers have proposed automatic depression estimation(ADE)systems based on sounds and videos to assist physicians in capturing these features and conducting depression screening.This article summarizes commonly used public datasets and recent research on audio-and video-based ADE based on three perspectives:Datasets,deficiencies in existing research,and future development directions.

Depression Intensity Classification from Tweets Using Fast Text Based Weighted Soft Voting Ensemble

Predicting depression intensity from microblogs and social media posts has numerous benefits and applications,including predicting early psychological disorders and stress in individuals or the general public.A major challenge in predicting depression using social media posts is that the existing studies do not focus on predicting the intensity of depression in social media texts but rather only perform the binary classification of depression and moreover noisy data makes it difficult to predict the true depression in the social media text.This study intends to begin by collecting relevant Tweets and generating a corpus of 210000 public tweets using Twitter public application programming interfaces(APIs).A strategy is devised to filter out only depression-related tweets by creating a list of relevant hashtags to reduce noise in the corpus.Furthermore,an algorithm is developed to annotate the data into three depression classes:‘Mild,’‘Moderate,’and‘Severe,’based on International Classification of Diseases-10(ICD-10)depression diagnostic criteria.Different baseline classifiers are applied to the annotated dataset to get a preliminary idea of classification performance on the corpus.Further FastText-based model is applied and fine-tuned with different preprocessing techniques and hyperparameter tuning to produce the tuned model,which significantly increases the depression classification performance to an 84%F1 score and 90%accuracy compared to baselines.Finally,a FastText-based weighted soft voting ensemble(WSVE)is proposed to boost the model’s performance by combining several other classifiers and assigning weights to individual models according to their individual performances.The proposed WSVE outperformed all baselines as well as FastText alone,with an F1 of 89%,5%higher than FastText alone,and an accuracy of 93%,3%higher than FastText alone.The proposed model better captures the contextual features of the relatively small sample class and aids in the detection of early depression intensity prediction from tweets with impactful performances.

Comparing pharmacotherapy and transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of anxiety and depression after aortic dissection surgery

BACKGROUND Aortic coarctation is a potentially fatal condition that is primarily treated surgically.Despite successful procedures,patients frequently experience postoperative anxiety and depression,which can hinder recovery and worsen outcomes.Pharmacological interventions,such as 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT)and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors,are commonly prescribed;however,their efficacy alone or in combination with non-invasive brain stimulation techniques,such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS),remains unclear.AIM To assess the effect of medications and TMS on post-aortic surgery anxiety and depression.METHODS We analyzed the outcomes of 151 patients with anxiety and depression who were hospitalized for aortic dissection between January 2020 and September 2022.Using the random number table method,75 and 76 patients were allocated to the normal control and study groups,respectively.All the patients were treated using routine procedures.The control group was administered anti-anxiety and antidepression drugs,whereas the study group was treated with TMS in addition to these medications.The patients in both groups showed improvement after two courses of treatment.The Hamilton Anxiety Scale(HAMA)and the Hamilton Depression Scale(HAMD)were used to assess anxiety and depression,respectively.The serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)and 5-HT were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI)was used to estimate sleep quality,and the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status(RBANS)was used to assess cognitive function.RESULTS The HAMD and HAMA scores reduced in 2 groups,with the study group achieving a lower level than control(P<0.05).In the control group,43 patients recovered,17 showed improvement,and 15 were deemed invalid.In the study group,52 recovered,20 improved,and four were invalid.The efficacy rate in study group was 94.74%compared to 80.00%in control(P<0.05).The BDNF and 5-HT levels increased in both groups,with higher levels observed in the experimental group(P<0.05).Moreover,the PSQI scores decreased in 2 groups,but were lower in the intervention group than control(P<0.05).The scores of the RBANS items increased,with the study group scoring higher than control(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Combining anti-anxiety and anti-depressive drugs with repetitive TMS after aortic surgery may enhance mood and treatment outcomes,offering a promising clinical approach.

Altered serous levels of monoamine neurotransmitter metabolites in patients with refractory and non-refractory depression

The study examined plasma metabolite changes of monoamine neurotransmitters in patients with treatment-resistant depression （TRD） and non-TRD before and after therapy. All 30 TRD and 30 non-TRD patients met the diagnostic criteria for a depressive episode in accordance with the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision. Before treatment, and at 4, 6, and 8 weeks after treatment, the plasma metabolite products of monoamine neurotransmitters in TRD group, including 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl ethylene glycol and homovanillic acid, were significantly lower than those in the non-TRD group. After two types of anti-depressive therapy with 5-serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, combined with psychotherapy, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores were significantly reduced in both groups of patients, and the serous levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl ethylene glycol were significantly increased. In contrast, the homovanillic acid level exhibited no significant change. The levels of plasma metabolite products of peripheral monoamine neurotransmitters in depressive patients may predict the degree of depression and the therapeutic effects of treatment.

Endoplasmic reticulum stress,autophagy,neuroinflammation,and sigma 1 receptors as contributors to depression and its treatment

The etiological factors contributing to depression and other neuropsychiatric disorders are largely undefined. Endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways and autophagy are well-defined mechanisms that play critical functions in recognizing and resolving cellular stress and are possible targets for the pathophysiology and treatment of psychiatric and neurologic illnesses. An increasing number of studies indicate the involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy in the control of neuroinflammation, a contributing factor to multiple neuropsychiatric illnesses. Initial inflammatory triggers induce endoplasmic reticulum stress, leading to neuroinflammatory responses. Subsequently, induction of autophagy by neurosteroids and other signaling pathways that converge on autophagy induction are thought to participate in resolving neuroinflammation. The aim of this review is to summarize our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, and neuroinflammation in the central nervous system. Studies focused on innate immune factors, including neurosteroids with anti-inflammatory roles will be reviewed. In the context of depression, animal models that led to our current understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying depression will be highlighted, including the roles of sigma 1 receptors and pharmacological agents that dampen endoplasmic reticulum stress and associated neuroinflammation.

Upadacitinib for refractory ulcerative colitis with primary nonresponse to infliximab and vedolizumab:A case report

BACKGROUND Many patients with ulcerative colitis(UC)do not respond well to,or tolerate conventional and biological therapies.There is currently no consensus on the treatment of refractory UC.Studies have demonstrated that the selective Janus kinase 1 inhibitor upadacitinib,a small-molecule drug,is effective and safe for treating UC.However,no studies have revealed that upadacitinib is effective in treating refractory UC with primary nonresponse to infliximab and vedolizumab.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 44-year-old male patient with a chief complaint of bloody diarrhoea with mucus and pus,in addition to dizziness.The patient had recurrent disease after receiving mesalazine,prednisone,azathioprine,infliximab and vedolizumab over four years.Based on the endoscopic findings and pathological biopsy,the patient was diagnosed with refractory UC.In particular,the patient showed primary nonresponse to infliximab and vedolizumab.Based on the patient’s history and recurrent disease,we decided to administer upadacitinib.During hospitalisation,the patient was received upadacitinib under our guidance.Eight weeks after the initiation of upadacitinib treatment,the patient’s symptoms and endoscopic findings improved significantly.No notable adverse reactions have been reported to date.CONCLUSION Our case report suggests that upadacitinib may represent a valuable strategy for treating refractory UC with primary nonresponse.

Psychological interventions for depression in children and adolescents:A bibliometric analysis

BACKGROUND Depression has gradually become a common psychological disorder among children and adolescents.Depression in children and adolescents affects their physical and mental development.Psychotherapy is considered to be one of the main treatment options for depressed children and adolescents.However,our understanding of the global performance and progress of psychological interventions for depression in children and adolescents(PIDCA)research is limited.AIM To identify collaborative research networks in this field and explore the current research status and hotspots through bibliometrics.METHODS Articles and reviews related to PIDCA from January 2010 to April 2023 were identified from the Web of Science Core Collection database.The Charticulator website,CiteSpace and VOSviewer software were used to visualize the trends in publications and citations,the collaborative research networks(countries,institutions,and authors),and the current research status and hotspots.RESULTS Until April 16,2023,1482 publications were identified.The number of documents published each year and citations had increased rapidly in this field.The United States had the highest productivity in this field.The most prolific institution was the University of London.Pim Cuijpers was the most prolific author.In the context of research related to PIDCA,both reference co-citation analysis and keywords co-occurrence analysis identified 10 research hotspots,including thirdwave cognitive behavior therapy,short-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy,cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy,family element in psychotherapy,modular treatment,mobile-health,emotion-regulation-based transdiagnostic intervention program,dementia risk in later life,predictors of the efficacy of psychological intervention,and risks of psychological intervention.CONCLUSION This bibliometric study provides a comprehensive overview of PIDCA from 2010 to present.Psychological intervention characterized as psychological-process-focused,short,family-involved,modular,internet-based,emotionregulation-based,and personalized may benefit more young people.

Depression and anxiety among cancer patients visiting a tertiary care cancer hospital

BACKGROUND Cancer patients frequently experience psychological problems related to reactions to cancer diagnosis,cancer type and stage,treatment effects,recurrence,fear of end-of-life,survivorship,and financial burden.Depression and anxiety are both psychological and physiological disturbances among cancer patients.AIM To assess the prevalence of depression and anxiety among cancer patients attending a tertiary care cancer hospital.METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted at Bhaktapur Cancer Hospital in Kathmandu Valley among 220 cancer patients aged from 18 years to 70 years.Ethical approval was taken from the Institutional Review Committee of CiST College.Convenient sampling was used to interview patients with the standardized Patient-Health Questionnaire(PHQ-9)for Depression and Hospital Anxiety and Depression sub-scale(HADS-A)for anxiety.Epi-Data was used for data entry and transferred to SPSS Version 25 for analysis.RESULTS The study revealed that of 220 patients,most of the respondents belonged to the age group 51-60 years.More than half 131(59.6%)of the respondents were female,most of them had depression,and one-third had anxiety.Among the respondents,124(56.4%)had mild depression,70(31.8%)had moderate depression,and 3(1.3%)had severe depression;79(35.9%)had mild anxiety,64(29.1%)had moderate anxiety,and 4(1.8%)had severe anxiety.CONCLUSION Most respondents were depressed and one-third had anxiety.More than half and nearly one-third had mild and moderate depression,respectively,and nearly one-third had mild and moderate anxiety,which is higher than other studies.

Incidence and risk factors of depression in patients with metabolic syndrome

BACKGROUND Many studies have explored the relationship between depression and metabolic syndrome(MetS),especially in older people.China has entered an aging society.However,there are still few studies on the elderly in Chinese communities.AIM To investigate the incidence and risk factors of depression in MetS patients in China's Mainland and to construct a predictive model.METHODS Data from four waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study were selected,and middle-aged and elderly patients with MetS(n=2533)were included based on the first wave.According to the center for epidemiological survey-depression scale(CESD),participants with MetS were divided into depression(n=938)and non-depression groups(n=1595),and factors related to depression were screened out.Subsequently,the 2-,4-,and 7-year follow-up data were analyzed,and a prediction model for depression in MetS patients was constructed.RESULTS The prevalence of depression in middle-aged and elderly patients with MetS was 37.02%.The prevalence of depression at the 2-,4-,and 7-year follow-up was 29.55%,34.53%,and 38.15%,respectively.The prediction model,constructed using baseline CESD and Physical Self-Maintenance Scale scores,average sleep duration,number of chronic diseases,age,and weight had a good predictive effect on the risk of depression in MetS patients at the 2-year follow-up(area under the curve=0.775,95%confidence interval:0.750-0.800,P<0.001),with a sensitivity of 68%and a specificity of 74%.CONCLUSION The prevalence of depression in middle-aged and elderly patients with MetS has increased over time.The early identification of and intervention for depressive symptoms requires greater attention in MetS patients.

Navigating the intersection of psychiatry and ophthalmology:A comprehensive review of depression and anxiety management in glaucoma patients

Glaucoma,a prevalent and debilitating eye disease,has long been associated with vision impairment and blindness.However,recent research has shed light on the often-underestimated psychological dimensions of this condition.Anxiety and depression,two pervasive psychiatric comorbidities,have been increasingly recognized among glaucoma patients.This comprehensive review aims to explore the intricate relationship between psychiatry and ophthalmology,in the context of managing depression and anxiety in glaucoma patients.By meticulously examining peer-reviewed literature,we synthesize current knowledge on the prevalence,risk factors,and underlying mechanisms of anxiety and depression in glaucoma.The evidence reveals that glaucoma patients face an elevated risk of experiencing these mood disorders.Factors such as progressive vision loss,complex medication regimens,and the fear of further visual deterioration contribute to their vulnerability.Moreover,we delve into the bidirectional relationship between glaucoma and mood disorders,shedding light on the complex interplay between ocular and emotional health.Our review investigates the implications of anxiety and depression on glaucoma management,including their potential impact on treatment adherence,disease progression,and overall quality of life.We also explore the neurobiological pathways linking glaucoma and mood disorders,providing a foundation for future research and potential therapeutic interventions.In conclusion,recognizing the psychological burden carried by glaucoma patients is essential for holistic and patient-centered care.This review underscores the pressing need for integrated approaches that bring together ophthalmological and psychiatric expertise to optimize the well-being of individuals facing the challenges of glaucoma.By addressing anxiety and depression in glaucoma care,healthcare providers can enhance the overall quality of life for these patients,ultimately leading to improved outcomes and a brighter future for those affected by this condition.This review offers valuable insight for healthcare practitioners and researchers,providing a concise overview of key topics and research in the field of managing depression and anxiety in glaucoma patients.

Use of cognitive-behavioral career coaching to reduce work anxiety and depression in public employees

BACKGROUND Public employees worldwide are increasingly concerned about work anxiety and depression.Cognitive-behavioral career coaching has emerged as a promising strategy for addressing these mental health disorders,which can negatively impact on a person's overall well-being and performance.AIM To examine whether cognitive-behavioral career coaching reduces work anxiety and depression among Nigerian public employees.METHODS A total of 120 public employees(n=60)suffering from severe anxiety and depression were randomly assigned to the treatment or control groups in this study.Cognitive behavioral coaching was provided twice a week to those in the treatment group,whereas no treatment was given to those in the control group.As part of the study,the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scales and Beck Depression Inventory were used to collect data.RESULTS Analysis of covariance of the data from participants indicates a significant effect of cognitive-behavioral career coaching on work anxiety and depression.CONCLUSION Insights into the underlying mechanisms by which cognitive behavior career coaching exerts its effects have been gained from this study.Also,the study has gathered valuable data that can inform future practice and guide the development of strategies for supporting mental health at work.

Analysis of risk factors leading to anxiety and depression in patients with prostate cancer after castration and the construction of a risk prediction model

BACKGROUND Cancer patients often suffer from severe stress reactions psychologically,such as anxiety and depression.Prostate cancer(PC)is one of the common cancer types,with most patients diagnosed at advanced stages that cannot be treated by radical surgery and which are accompanied by complications such as bodily pain and bone metastasis.Therefore,attention should be given to the mental health status of PC patients as well as physical adverse events in the course of clinical treatment.AIM To analyze the risk factors leading to anxiety and depression in PC patients after castration and build a risk prediction model.METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed on the data of 120 PC cases treated in Xi'an People's Hospital between January 2019 and January 2022.The patient cohort was divided into a training group(n=84)and a validation group(n=36)at a ratio of 7:3.The patients’anxiety symptoms and depression levels were assessed 2 wk after surgery with the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale(SAS)and the Selfrating Depression Scale(SDS),respectively.Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors affecting negative mood,and a risk prediction model was constructed.RESULTS In the training group,35 patients and 37 patients had an SAS score and an SDS score greater than or equal to 50,respectively.Based on the scores,we further subclassified patients into two groups:a bad mood group(n=35)and an emotional stability group(n=49).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that marital status,castration scheme,and postoperative Visual Analogue Scale(VAS)score were independent risk factors affecting a patient's bad mood(P<0.05).In the training and validation groups,patients with adverse emotions exhibited significantly higher risk scores than emotionally stable patients(P<0.0001).The area under the curve(AUC)of the risk prediction model for predicting bad mood in the training group was 0.743,the specificity was 70.96%,and the sensitivity was 66.03%,while in the validation group,the AUC,specificity,and sensitivity were 0.755,66.67%,and 76.19%,respectively.The Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed aχ^(2) of 4.2856,a P value of 0.830,and a C-index of 0.773(0.692-0.854).The calibration curve revealed that the predicted curve was basically consistent with the actual curve,and the calibration curve showed that the prediction model had good discrimination and accuracy.Decision curve analysis showed that the model had a high net profit.CONCLUSION In PC patients,marital status,castration scheme,and postoperative pain(VAS)score are important factors affecting postoperative anxiety and depression.The logistic regression model can be used to successfully predict the risk of adverse psychological emotions.

Natural gas exploration potential and favorable targets of Permian Fengcheng Formation in the western Central Depression of Junggar Basin,NW China

Based on the organic geochemical data and the molecular and stable carbon isotopic compositions of natural gas of the Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation in the western Central Depression of Junggar Basin,combined with sedimentary environment analysis and hydrocarbon-generating simulation,the gas-generating potential of the Fengcheng source rock is evaluated,the distribution of large-scale effective source kitchen is described,the genetic types of natural gas are clarified,and four types of favorable exploration targets are selected.The results show that:(1)The Fengcheng Formation is a set of oil-prone source rocks,and the retained liquid hydrocarbon is conducive to late cracking into gas,with characteristics of high gas-generating potential and late accumulation;(2)The maximum thickness of Fengcheng source rock reaches 900 m.The source rock has entered the main gas-generating stage in Penyijingxi and Shawan sags,and the area with gas-generating intensity greater than 20×10^(8) m^(3)/km^(2) is approximately 6500 km^(2).(3)Around the western Central Depression,highly mature oil-type gas with light carbon isotope composition was identified to be derived from the Fengcheng source rocks mainly,while the rest was coal-derived gas from the Carboniferous source rock;(4)Four types of favorable exploration targets with exploration potential were developed in the western Central Depression which are structural traps neighboring to the source,stratigraphic traps neighboring to the source,shale-gas type within the source,and structural traps within the source.Great attention should be paid to these targets.

Risk Factors of Depression Screened by Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Analysis:A Systematic Review

Objective This study explored the potentially modifiable factors for depression and major depressive disorder(MDD)from the MR-Base database and further evaluated the associations between drug targets with MDD.Methods We analyzed two-sample of Mendelian randomization(2SMR)using genetic variant depression(n=113,154)and MDD(n=208,811)from Genome-Wide Association Studies(GWAS).Separate calculations were performed with modifiable risk factors from MR-Base for 1,001 genomes.The MR analysis was performed by screening drug targets with MDD in the DrugBank database to explore the therapeutic targets for MDD.Inverse variance weighted(IVW),fixed-effect inverse variance weighted(FE-IVW),MR-Egger,weighted median,and weighted mode were used for complementary calculation.Results The potential causal relationship between modifiable risk factors and depression contained 459 results for depression and 424 for MDD.Also,the associations between drug targets and MDD showed that SLC6A4,GRIN2A,GRIN2C,SCN10A,and IL1B expression are associated with an increased risk of depression.In contrast,ADRB1,CHRNA3,HTR3A,GSTP1,and GABRG2 genes are candidate protective factors against depression.Conclusion This study identified the risk factors causally associated with depression and MDD,and estimated 10 drug targets with significant impact on MDD,providing essential information for formulating strategies to prevent and treat depression.

Homocysteinemia and Depression in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: The Cohort Longitudinal Study “InveCeAb” (Brain Aging in Abbiategrasso)

Depression is a major health problem, especially for elderly people. According to the “homocysteine hypothesis of depression”, high homocysteine levels may cause depression of mood via cerebrovascular diseases. Whilst biologically plausible, such hypothesis needs yet confirmation. We aimed at: 1) studying the relationships between homocysteinemia (HCY) and depression in a community-dwelling cohort of people aged 70 to 75 years at baseline;2) investigating plasma levels of HCY and 3) comparing these levels between males and females, in the same population. We exploited the data from four waves (2010, 2012, 2014 and 2018) of the longitudinal study “InveCeAb”, with specific regard towards mood assessment, by Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) scoring, and diagnosis of clinically relevant or subthreshold depression. HCY plasma levels were measured in the waves 2012, 2014 and 2018. Sample attrition was due mainly to death or overall worsening. No statistically significant differences were found in plasma homocysteine levels in each wave, according to depressive symptoms. No correlations were found between plasma HCY levels in each wave with their corresponding GDS scores, even after adjustment for folate and cobalamin blood concentrations. Dichotomized levels of HCY (≤15 vs >15 μM/l) were not associated with dichotomized GDS scores (≤4 vs higher), clinically relevant and subthreshold depression diagnosis and any antidepressive use, in any wave. First (2012) HCY levels increased with participants’ increasing age, cross-sectionally. Listwise HCY concentrations decreased along the 3 waves. HCY levels were always higher in males than in females. Our results may challenge the “homocysteine hypothesis” of depression, whilst supporting the role of high homocysteinemia as a marker of overall bad health.

Analysis of risk factors for postpartum depression after cesarean section in women with early-onset preeclampsia

BACKGROUND Early-onset preeclampsia significantly increases maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality.Many pregnant women with early onset preeclampsia choose cesarean section as their delivery method.Although extensive research has explored the association between postpartum depression(PPD)and cesarean section,few studies have investigated the risk factors after cesarean section in women with early-onset preeclampsia.AIM To examine these risk factors through a retrospective,observational analysis of 287 women who underwent a cesarean section for early preeclampsia between June 2014 and March 2024.METHODS Participants were assessed in person during the 32nd week of pregnancy,2 days post-cesarean,and 6 weeks postpartum.According to the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale(EPDS),participants who underwent cesarean section were divided into PPD(n=60)and non-PPD groups(n=227).Furthermore,PPD was diagnosed at 6 weeks postpartum according to depressive symptoms(EPDS score≥11).The demographic and clinical features of PPD were screened.Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify PPD risk factors.RESULTS The prevalence of PPD was 20.9%(60/287)among the 287 women who underwent cesarean section for early-onset preeclampsia.Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that advanced age(age>40 years)[odds ratio(OR)=1.93,95%CI:1.31-2.82],previous preeclampsia(OR=7.15,95%CI:5.81-8.85),pre-pregnancy obesity(OR=2.42,95%CI:1.62-3.63),gestational diabetes mellitus(OR=3.52,95%CI:2.51-4.92),preexisting hypertension(OR=1.35,95%CI:1.03-1.89),PPD symptoms(EPDS≥11)at 2 days postpartum(OR=6.15,95%CI:1.32-28.35),high prenatal self-rating anxiety scale score(OR=1.13,95%CI:1.06-1.18),and pain at 6 weeks postpartum(OR=2.16,95%CI:1.28-3.66)were independently associated with PPD.CONCLUSION Risk factors for PPD after cesarean section in women with early-onset preeclampsia include advanced age(age>40 years),pre-pregnancy obesity,previous preeclampsia,gestational diabetes mellitus,preexisting hypertension,PPD symptoms(EPDS≥11)at 2 days postpartum,prenatal anxiety,and pain at 6 weeks postpartum.The early identi-fication of these factors and interventions can mitigate the risk of PPD.

Risk and Protective Factors Associated with Depression and Anxiety among Pregnant Women during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted perinatal women’s mental health. However, protective factors associated with depression among pregnant Japanese women during the pandemic have not been reported. Purpose: The present study investigated the risk and protective factors associated with depression and anxiety among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: An online questionnaire was administered to 157 pregnant women between October 2022 and May 2023 at two general hospitals in Japan. The Japanese versions of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) were used to assess symptoms of depression and anxiety. The χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test and multivariate logistic regression model were used to examine factors associated with depression and anxiety among pregnant women. Results: Overall, 47.1% and 35.7% of the pregnant women reported depressive and anxiety symptoms, respectively. A “history of mental illness” was a risk factor for depression and anxiety among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, unmarried status was a risk factor for anxiety among pregnant women, whereas outdoor and indoor exercises were protective factors against depression and anxiety, respectively. Conclusions: Exercise may have protected pregnant women from depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. Encouraging exercise may help maintain the mental health of pregnant women who do not have exercise restrictions.

Depression and Suicidal Risk in HIV-Infected Adults at Brazzaville University Hospital: Prevalence and Associated Factors

Introduction: Highly active antiretroviral tritherapies have improved the quality of life of people living with HIV (PVVIH) and extended their life expectancy. However, the nervous system is faced with a neurotropic virus that evolves chronically, sometimes creating neurological disorders directly or indirectly linked to stigmatization or therapeutic effects. Objective: to determine the prevalence of depression associated with suicidal risk (SR) and identify associated factors. Patients and method: This was a prospective descriptive and analytical study from January 1 to November 30, 2022, including all HIV-positive patients receiving or not receiving antiretroviral therapy. The study took place in the infectious diseases department of Brazzaville University Hospital. This department has an inpatient capacity of 36 beds, and an outpatient capacity of 25 patients per day, three times a week. This is the largest center for PVVIH in Brazzaville. The Patient Heath Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) was used to assess the degree of depression and suicidal risk. Therapeutic adherence was assessed using the Morisky questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23 software. Qualitative variables were expressed as numbers and percentages, and quantitative variables as means and standard deviations. Statistical tests were used according to their applicability criteria. For all tests, the significance threshold was set at 0.05. Results: A total of 150 patients were consulted, constituting the sample size. The prevalence of depression and suicidal risk was 32%. These patients had an average age of 42.83 ± 10.24 years, were female (n = 101;67.3%), Christian (n = 97;64%), single (n = 68;45.3%). Stigmatization (n = 75;50%) was the reason for attempted suicide. HIV was perceived as treatable (n = 103;68.7%), unlucky (n = 62;41.3%). Patients were WHO stage 1 (n = 105;70%). RS was present in 47 cases (31.3%). Factors associated with depression and suicidal risk were age (p = 0.000), residence (p = 0.028), suicide attempt (p = 0.000), desire to procreate (p = 0.000) and ARV (antiretrovirals) side effects (p Conclusion: The prevalence of depression and suicidal risk was high, in line with stigma and socio-economic conditions. The associated factors were in line with those identified in the literature. Mental health needs to be integrated into the overall care of people living with HIV.

Chronic social defeat stress‑induced depression reduces BCG efficacy by promoting regulatory T‑cell levels in mice

Despite the initial successes of the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin(BCG)vaccine in children,its efficacy against tuberculosis is highly variable.There is a lack of understanding about how mental conditions influence BCG vaccination.Here,we used the chronic social defeat stress(CSDS)model to explore the effects of depression on BCG vaccination efficacy.We observed higher lung and spleen bacterial loads and a lower organ index in depressed compared to BCG mice.Meanwhile,a relatively lower T cell protective efficacy was observed in both compared to control and BCG mice via a mycobacterium growth inhibition assay(MGIA).Cytokine expression of IL-12p40,IL-1β,IL-17,TNF-αand IFN-γwas reduced,whereas the expression of IL-10 and IL-5 was increased in the spleen of both compared to BCG mice.Moreover,the proportions of CD4^(+)IFN-γ^(+),CD8^(+)IFN-γ^(+)T lymphocytes and CD4^(+)effector/central memory T cells were reduced in the splenocytes of the depressed BCG mice.Depression promotes CD4^(+)regulatory T cells(Treg)and myeloid-derived suppressor cell(MDSC)generation in depressed mice,contributing to the reduced pro-inflammatory immune response upon BCG vaccination.This study provides insight into the decreased protective immunity by BCG vaccination attributable to depression in mice.

Correlative spatter and vapour depression dynamics during laser powder bed fusion of an Al-Fe-Zr alloy

Spatter during laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)can induce surface defects,impacting the fatigue performance of the fabricated components.Here,we reveal and explain the links between vapour depression shape and spatter dynamics during LPBF of an Al-Fe-Zr aluminium alloy using high-speed synchrotron x-ray imaging.We quantify the number,trajectory angle,velocity,and kinetic energy of the spatter as a function of vapour depression zone/keyhole morphology under industry-relevant processing conditions.The depression zone/keyhole morphology was found to influence the spatter ejection angle in keyhole versus conduction melting modes:(i)the vapour-pressure driven plume in conduction mode with a quasi-semi-circular depression zone leads to backward spatter whereas;and(ii)the keyhole rear wall redirects the gas/vapour flow to cause vertical spatter ejection and rear rim droplet spatter.Increasing the opening of the keyhole or vapour depression zone can reduce entrainment of solid spatter.We discover a spatter-induced cavity mechanism in which small spatter particles are accelerated towards the powder bed after laser-spatter interaction,inducing powder denudation and cavities on the printed surface.By quantifying these laser-spatter interactions,we suggest a printing strategy for minimising defects and improving the surface quality of LPBF parts.