Chromium detoxification mechanism induced growth and antioxidant responses in vetiver(Chrysopogon zizanioides(L.) Roberty)

This study investigated the chromium(Cr)detoxification mechanism-induced changes in growth and antioxidant defence enzyme activities in Chrysopogon zizanioides.Plant growth decreased by 36.8%and 45.0%in the shoots and roots,respectively,in the 50 mg/L Cr treatment.Cr accumulation was higher in root(9807μg/g DW)than in shoots(8730μg/g DW).Photosynthetic pigments and malondialdehyde content increased up to the 30 mg/L Cr treatment,whereas they declined at higher doses.The activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT)and peroxidase(POX)were increased significantly with increasing of Cr dose but slightly declined at higher doses.Isozyme banding patterns revealed the expression of multiple bands for SOD,CAT and POX enzymes,and the band intensity decreased at high doses of Cr exposure.These results indicate that higher Cr doses increased the oxidative stress by over production of reactive oxygen species(ROS)in vetiver that had potential tolerance mechanism to Cr as evidenced by enhanced level of antioxidative enzymes,photosynthetic pigments,MDA contents.Therefore,vetiver has evolved a mechanism for detoxification and accumulates higher concentration of toxic Cr.This study provides a better understanding of how vetiver detoxifies Cr.

Effective protective agents against the organ toxicity of T-2 toxin and corresponding detoxification mechanisms:A narrative review

T-2 toxin is one of the most widespread and toxic fungal toxins in food and feed.It can cause gastrointestinal toxicity,hepatotoxicity,immunotoxicity,reproductive toxicity,neurotoxicity,and nephrotoxicity in humans and animals.T-2 toxin is physicochemically stable and does not readily degrade during food and feed processing.Therefore,suppressing T-2 toxin-induced organ toxicity through antidotes is an urgent issue.Protective agents against the organ toxicity of T-2 toxin have been recorded widely in the literature,but these protective agents and their molecular mechanisms of detoxification have not been comprehensively summarized.In this review,we provide an overview of the various protective agents to T-2 toxin and the molecular mechanisms underlying the detoxification effects.Targeting appropriate targets to antagonize T-2 toxin toxicity is also an important option.This review will provide essential guidance and strategies for the better application and development of T-2 toxin antidotes specific for organ toxicity in the future.

Effects of benzo(a)pyrene exposure on the antioxidant enzyme activity of scallop Chlamys farreri

Scallop Chlamys farreri was exposed to different concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) (0.5 μg/L, 1.0 μg/L, 10.0 μg/L and 50.0 μg/L) for 30 days in seawater. The 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity was significantly induced, and increased with the increasing BaP concentration. The glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities increased in short time at low concentration of BaP, and was significantly depressed at high concentrations. Scallop gill was more sensitive to BaP than the digestive gland, and the digestive gland was the main tissue to deal with oxyradicals. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased with the exposure time and there was a positive correlation (concentration-effect) between the MDA content and the concentration of BaP. The biomarkers determined in this experiment had important roles in detoxification, and showed great potential as biomarkers for oxidative stress. Controlled laboratory experiments designed to simulate field exposure scenarios are particularly useful in ascertaining biomarkers suitable for use with complex contaminant mixtures in the marine environment.