Development characteristics and controlling factors of fractures in lacustrine shale and their geological significance for evaluating shale oil sweet spots in the third member of the Shahejie Formation in the Qikou Sag, Bohai Bay Basin

Natural fractures are critical for shale oil and gas enrichment and development. Due to the extremely high heterogeneity of shale, the factors controlling the formation of internal fractures, especially horizontal fractures, remain controversial. In this study, we integrate thin section analysis and microcomputed tomography(CT) data from several lacustrine shale samples from the third member(Es3) of the Shahejie Formation, Qikou Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, to assess the fractures in detail. The goal is to reveal the development characteristics, controlling factors, and geological significance for evaluating sweet spots in a shale oil play. The fractures in the Es3contain high-angle structural and horizontal bed-parallel fractures that are mostly shear and extensional. Various factors influence fracture development,including lithofacies, mineral composition, organic matter content, and the number of laminae. Structural fractures occur predominantly in siltstone, whereas bed-parallel fractures are abundant in laminated shale and layered mudstone. A higher quartz content results in higher shale brittleness, causing fractures, whereas the transformation between clay minerals contributes to the development of bedparallel fractures. Excess pore pressure due to hydrocarbon generation and expulsion during thermal advance can cause the formation of bed-parallel fractures. The density of the bed-parallel and structural fractures increases with the lamina density, and the bed-parallel fractures are more sensitive to the number of laminae. The fractures are critical storage spaces and flow conduits and are indicative of sweet spots. The laminated shale in the Es3with a high organic matter content contains natural fractures and is an organic-rich, liquid-rich, self-sourced shale play. Conversely, the siltstone, massive mudstone, and argillaceous carbonate lithofacies contain lower amounts of organic matter and do not have bed-parallel fractures. However, good reservoirs can form in these areas when structural fractures are present and the source, and storage spaces are separated.

Failure characteristics and fracture mechanism of overburden rock induced by mining:A case study in China

This study employs similar simulation testing and discrete element simulation coupling to analyze the failure and deformation processes of a model coal seam's roof.The caving area of the overburden rock is divided into three zones:the delamination fracture zone,broken fracture zone,and compaction zone.The caving and fracture zones'heights are approximately 110 m above the coal seam,with a maximum subsidence of 11 m.The delamination fracture zone's porosity range is between 0.2 and 0.3,while the remainder of the roof predominantly exhibits a porosity of less than 0.1.In addition,the numerical model's stress analysis revealed that the overburden rock's displacement zone forms an'arch-beam'structure starting from 160 m,with the maximum and minimum stress values decreasing as the distance of advancement increases.In the stress beam interval of the overburden rock,the maximum value changes periodically as the advancement distance increases.Based on a comparative analysis between observable data from on-site work and numerical simulation results,the stress data from the numerical simulation are essentially consistent with the actual results detected on-site,indicating the validity of the numerical simulation results.

Development Characteristics and Control Measures for Semiothisa cineraria Bremer & Grey

The development characteristics of Semiothisa cinerearia Bremer ＆ Grey was summarized, and we also put forward the control measures of well completing insect surveys to provide scientific basis for the control and actively carrying out comprehensive management to control the pests damage in the economic permissible level.

Development Characteristics and Controlling Countermeasures of Rice Stem Borer, Chilo suppressalis(Walker)

The development characteristics of rice stem border, Chilo suppressalis （Walker） was introduced, and the corresponding control ing measures were put forward, including agricultural control, physical control, biological control, chemical control.

Development characteristics and quantitative prediction of reservoir fractures in the Chaoyanggou oil field

The Chaoyanggou oil field is a fractured low-permeability reservoir, where the distribution of oil and gas is controlled by the distribution and development of fractures.Based on outcrop, drilling core, thin section and log data, the development characteristics of fractures in this area are described.On this basis, the degree of fracture development was predicted by quantitative analysis of fracture strength and numerical simulation.The result shows that four groups of structural fractures, i.e., in near NS, and EW directions and in due NW and NE directions, were developed in the reservoir, with the nearly NS and EW fractures dominant, which are the along bedding decollement fractures formed by compressive folding action, while low angle shear fractures are related to thrusts.These fractures are mainly formed in the reversed tectonic stage at the end of the Mingshui formation during the Cretaceous period.The degree of fracture development is controlled by such factors as lithology, stratum thickness, faults, folds and depth.The fractures are developed with a clear zonation and are best developed in the northern zone, moderately developed towards the south and poorly developed in the middle zone.These prediction results are in good agreement with interpretation results from logs.

Agricultural Heritage Systems Tourism： definition,characteristics and development framework

Architectural heritage comprises one o the most important elements of mountain settlements in Greece. It holds high cultural value, represents the tangible continuation of the past and forms the unique character and identity of each mountain region. Yet, controversy regarding funding for its preservation often arises. In this paper, we used two Contingent Valuation surveys to estimate the socia benefit deriving from protecting the traditiona architecture in the mountainous village of Sirako and through it, to examine perceptions and attitudes o local residents and visitors. Research findings revealed a strong social will in favor of the good＇s protection followed by high percentages of positive willingness to pay（WTP）. However, WTP is significantly higher among residents. Cultura heritage value, of the good, appears to prevail, along with the environmental one. However, both residents and visitors pointed out that local heritage, if wellpreserved, will boost tourism development. Residents appeared to better recognize the true level o architectural decay, expressed higher apprehension for its protection and were willing to pay higher amount of money. Tourists, on the other side expressed high satisfaction for their visit, appreciated the beauty and serenity emerging from local built and natural environment and spent several days visiting the surrounding area. The longer they stayed and gotfamiliar with the village, the more willing they were to contribute to local heritage＇s protection. Percentages reflecting indifference for protecting architecture were extremely low. Yet, they were higher among tourists. Traditional architecture is considered as public good; an opinion resulting in an important percentage of visitors stating that national government should provide the necessary funding. In addition, the architecture appears to hold a high level of topicality. Those descending from Sirako or emotionally connected to it, of both social groups,turned out to be more concerned about the good and with a stronger sense of responsibility for it. Usevalue of the good holds high economic value, as well,while higher percentages of zero WTP appeared among non-users. Research findings revealed social attitudes and perceptions on what constitutes architectural heritage, in its cultural and economic frame. If taken under consideration, they may form useful drivers for local, heritage-based, sustainable

The Internal Logic and Value Pursuit of Green Development of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics

The green development of socialism with Chinese characteristics is a scientific and rational choice based on the development theory of Marxism,reflecting on historical practice and practicing the value pursuit of Communists.Comprehensive understanding and mastering the internal logic and value pursuit of the green development of socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era is in favor of upholding and improving the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new situation,implementing the strictest ecological and environmental protection system,and unswervingly taking the path of innovation,coordination,green development,openness and sharing,and providing ideological powers and operational guidance for the construction of a Beautiful China and the modernization of harmonious coexistence between mankind and nature.

Characteristics of China＇s Development in the New Era Explained in Light of Economic Principles

As China entered into a new era of development, the primary contradiction facing Chinese society has also evolved. It is important for both scholars and policymakers to review the characteristics of China's economy in its present stage in accordance with economic principles-principles that reflect every aspect of economic and social life and macroeconomic regulation. In this paper, we attempt to unravel the characteristics of China's new era from three perspectives-historical materialism, dialectic materialism and epistemology, and in light of economic principles at the three levels of resource factors, modes of production and regulation of resource allocation. Based on these perspectives, this paper further identifies the characteristics of China's new era from nine aspects, including globalization, modernization, the primary stage of socialism, new development concepts, supply-side reforms, the guideline of seeking steady progress, the mentality of scope, bottomline mindset and strategic composure. From the three different levels, this paper summarizes and applies economic principles to propose solutions to the problems and challenges facing China in the new era. The findings of the paper are also relevant to implementation of the guidelines CPC Central Committee General Secretary Xi Jinping noted in his report to the 19 th CPC National Congress.

The Development Path for Human Rights with Chinese Characteristics

Like most countries in the world, China supports the ideal of human rights de- picted and advocated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international docu- ments and agrees with the idea that human rights should be universal. However, China also holds that to better realize the common goals of human rights requires that each coun- try explore and find the best and most efficient way in accordance with its own conditions. One of the reasons for the fast development of human rights in China since its reform and opening-up is that China has chosen a development path for human rights according to its own conditions. The path fits the conditions of China and therefore efficiently promotes the realization of universal human rights.

Voluntary Service:Contribute to the Realization of Chinese Dream——on Promoting the Development of Voluntary Service with Chinese Characteristics under New Historical Circumstance

China Volunteer Service Federation is a nationalfederated social organization composed ofvoluntary service organizations and volunteers.Since its founding in more than two years ago,by strengthening cooperation with diversifiedvoluntary service organizations at all levels,promoting the working methods innovationof voluntary service in all sectors and regions,

Power Market Development with Considerations of Characteristics of China Power Sector

The current world trend of electric power industry reform is to establish electric power market and introduce competition mechanism. China is no exception. This paper reviewed the recent industry reform of China’s electric power sector and elaborated the necessity of establishing electric power markets first. Then it discussed the electric power market models in China. Certain important problems and observations relevant to the electric power market design were further pointed out, based on the practice experiences in Sichuan Province.

The Path of Human Rights Development with Chinese Characteristics and the Party's Leadership Development

Driving the development of human rights in China and participating in global human rights governance are the inherent requirements for the development of human rights with Chinese characteristics.To explore a path for the development human rights with Chinese characteristics,the fundamental requirement is to push forward the development of the Party’s leadership in multiple dimensions while adhering to the Party’s leadership.Among them,the Party’s political leadership is the fundamental guarantee for the path of human rights development with Chinese characteristics to move in the right direction.The Party’s ideological leadership provides advanced guidance for the path of human rights development with Chinese characteristics.The Party’s strategic decision-making capability determines the effectiveness of the path of human rights development with Chinese characteristics.The Party’s capability of mobilizing and leading the whole of society and integrating political and social resources is a necessity for a sustainable power supply for the path of human rights development with Chinese characteristics.Establishing a path of human rights development with Chinese characteristics and further promoting respect for and protection of human rights are important actions to advance the Party’s leadership development in the New Era.

Design of Multifunctional Milk Powder Spoon Based on Environment-friendly and Developmental Concept

Recycling of junks is positive for the environmental protection.Along with the proposal of three-child policy,purchase volume of milk powder surely will experience a drastic growth,and the milk powder spoon as an affiliated product will win the attention of parents.Against the background of consumption upgrading,consumers have had higher requirements on the humanization and safety design of products.Most of milk powder spoons on the market are plastic,and the disposal of waste milk powder spoon has gradually become a burden for the environment.Based on the environment-friendly and developmental concept,and also the characteristics of infant development,this paper proposed the“in-one”design,applied color and tactile designs into the milk powder design,chose food grade silicone to make the milk powder spoon not only a spoon but also a baby teether toy,so as to expand the service life and functions of the product,meet the requirements of saving energy,protecting environment and developing circular economy,which also to some extent reduces the burden on environment brought by plastics,improves the efficiency of junk recycling,and meet the individualized needs of consumers.

Reflections on the Cultural Ecology of University Classrooms in the Perspective of Postmodernism

The cultural ecology of university classroom has been influenced by postmodernism and has shown complex and variable characteristics.Specifically speaking,it tends to be both conflicting and interactive in terms of subject relations in the classroom,fragmented and diversified in terms of classroom teaching,and redundant and dynamic in terms of classroom assessment.In order to further harmonize and develop the cultural ecology of university classrooms,it is necessary to expand the space for communication and interaction between teachers and students,improve the overall professional quality of faculty members,and perfect the management and assessment system for university teachers and students.

The influencing factors and Development Countermeasures of Large Farming Household in Jiangxi Province

As an important part of the new agricultural business entities, large-scale grain-production households play a significantly positive role in improving the land resource utilization, improving agricultural productivity, increasing agricultural output and farmers＂ income, and making a certain contribution to stabilize grain production. This paper analyzed the current situation of large-scale grain-production household in Jiangxi Province, as well as the problems in land transfer, farmland infrastructure, production and management, capital and other risks. At last, the paper proposed targeted countermeasures.

从第七届中国国际机床展览会谈我国机床工业的挑战与对策

The seventh Chinese international machine tool exhibition is hold in Peking. This exhibition has such characteristic that the machine tools are mainly numerical controlled ones, and that it is the general trend, that the machine tools have some functions of the personal computers, and that the exhibition of the five axle joint movement machine tools show that we have made a great break-through on the field, and that the nanometer machine tools draw so much attention on it and that the cutting speed are becoming higher and higher. The developing direction of our machine tool industry depends on strengthening to adjust the calling and that the enterprise must complete the reformation to itself and carrying forward enterprise informationizing and strenthening scientific research.

Evaluation technology and practice of continental shale oil development in China

This paper analyzes the differences in geological and development characteristics between continental shale oil in China and marine shale oil in North America, reviews the evaluation methods and technological progress of the continental shale oil development in China, and points out the existing problems and development directions of the continental shale oil development. The research progress of development evaluation technologies such as favorable lithofacies identification, reservoir characterization, mobility evaluation, fracability evaluation, productivity evaluation and geological-mathematical modeling integration are introduced. The efficient exploration and development of continental shale oil in China are faced with many problems, such as weak basic theoretical research, imperfect exploration and development technology system, big gap in engineering technology between China and other countries, and high development cost. Three key research issues must be studied in the future:(1) forming differentiated development technologies of continental shale oil through geological and engineering integrated research;(2) strengthening the application of big data and artificial intelligence to improve the accuracy of development evaluation;(3) tackling enhanced shale oil recovery technology and research effective development method, so as to improve the development effect and benefit.

Tectonic development of subtle faults and exploration in mature areas in Bohai Sea,East China

Based on the theory of structural analysis,the characteristics and structural patterns of subtle faults are studied using 3D seismic data of the Bohai Sea to analyze the development process and origin of the subtle faults.A method of identifying subtle faults is proposed,forming a complete system for analyzing origins of subtle faults in the Bohai Sea.The complex strike-slip fault patterns under the strike-slip and extension stress background,diverse formation rocks,and strong neotectonic movement are the reasons for the development of subtle faults.According to the tectonic origin and development location,the subtle faults in Bohai Sea can be divided into 12 types in the three categories of strike slip dominant,extension dominant and strike slip and extension composite,and the different types of subtle faults occur in different regions of the Bohai Sea.Unreasonable variation of sedimentary stratum thickness,inherited distortion or even abrupt change of stratum occurrence,zonation of plane fault combination and the variation of oil-water system in the same structure with no-lithologic change are the important signs for identifying subtle faults in Bohai Sea.The subtle faults greatly enlarge the size of the structural trap groups,and areas with dense subtle faults are often active area of hydrocarbon migration and accumulation and favorable exploration zones,which have strong control on the hydrocarbon accumulation.The identification method for subtle faults has guided the exploration in the mature areas of Bohai Sea effectively,with a number of large and medium oil and gas fields discovered,such as Bozhong 29-6 and Penglai 20-2.

Extraction of Basic Trends of Urban Expansion in China over Past 40 Years from Satellite Images

If urban sprawl is to be avoided in China in the next ten years, it is not only crucial to understand the overall history, current status, and future trends of urban expansion there, but also these differences, and this is presently lacking. In this study, remotely sensed images with approximately 30 m spatial resolution were used to quantitatively assess the spatial and temporal patterns of urban expansion of 60 Chinese cities(1973–2013). Urban-expansion-process curves of the cities studied were drawn using annual expansion area as an indicator. Curve similarity analysis generated four basic process modes of urban expansion in China. These included cities that: 1) peaked around 2004 and then decelerated; 2) peaked around 2010 and then decelerated; 3) showed sustained acceleration, and 4) showed continued deceleration. Four basic process modes represented cities under different levels of development stage. Geographic location was found to be the most related characteristic to urban expansion process. Regional development policies at the national level in each region also showed highly temporal consistency with fluctuation characteristics of urban expansion process. Urban characteristic such as population size and administrative level were not found to be significantly related to urban expansion-process modes. Understanding the basic process-mode categories well is extremely important for future regional-balance planning and development of macroeconomic policies.