A large data bank of more than 700 gas-condensate samples collected from literature and experiments was established.On this basis,empirical correlations and equations of state commonly used to calculate dew-point pres...A large data bank of more than 700 gas-condensate samples collected from literature and experiments was established.On this basis,empirical correlations and equations of state commonly used to calculate dew-point pressure(DPP)were evaluated.A new model for estimating DPP was proposed.All the empirical correlations and the Peng-Robinson state equation were compared,and sensitivity of parameters was analyzed.The current standards used to identify gas condensate were evaluated and found to be not accurate enough.The Peng-Robinson state equation has no unique solution and is affected by multiple factors such as the characterization of C7+components and the splitting scheme.The Nemeth-Kennedy correlation has the highest accuracy when applied to the data bank established in this study,followed by Elsharkawy correlation and Godwin correlation.While Shokir correlation cannot be used for samples without C7+components,it is therefore the lowest in accuracy.The newly proposed model has an average absolute error,root mean square error and coefficient of determination of 7.5%,588,and 0.87,respectively,and is better than the above four correlations statistically.The proposed model proved to be more accurate and valid when compared to experimental results and simulation with the Peng-Robinson state equation.展开更多
强对流降水是天津地区重要的灾害性天气,为了研究该类天气发生发展的动力学、热力学机制,利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和FY-2C卫星逐时TBB资料对2008年6月25日天津的强对流降水过程进行研究,然后利用WRF(weather research and forecasting)...强对流降水是天津地区重要的灾害性天气,为了研究该类天气发生发展的动力学、热力学机制,利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和FY-2C卫星逐时TBB资料对2008年6月25日天津的强对流降水过程进行研究,然后利用WRF(weather research and forecasting)中尺度数值模式对该次强对流降水过程进行数值模拟和诊断分析。结果表明:中尺度露点锋是该次强对流降水的重要机制,其对应的低层气流辐合所形成的强烈上升运动及相对应的强烈发展的对流云团,是此次天津强对流降水的直接影响系统;对流有效位能等参数的变化非常好地反映出此次强降水天气的发生和发展特征;较大的相对螺旋度与此次强对流天气的发生对应也较好。由此认为,中尺度露点锋锋生的动力学、热力学过程是此次强对流降水天气发生发展的重要机制。展开更多
The humidity effect, namely the markedly positive correlation between the stable isotopic ratio in precipitation and the dew-point deficit ATd in the atmosphere, is put forward firstly and the relationships between t...The humidity effect, namely the markedly positive correlation between the stable isotopic ratio in precipitation and the dew-point deficit ATd in the atmosphere, is put forward firstly and the relationships between the δ18O in precipitation and ATd are analyzed for the Urumqi and Kunming stations, which have completely different climatic characteristics. Although the seasonal variations in δ18O and △Td exhibit differences between the two stations, their humidity effect is notable. The correlation coefficient and its confidence level of the humidity effect are higher than those of the amount effect at Kunming, showing the marked influence of the humidity conditions in the atmosphere on stable isotopes in precipitation. Using a kinetic model for stable isotopic fractionation, and according to the seasonal distribution of mean monthly temperature at 500 hPa at Kunming, the variations of the δ18O in condensate in cloud are simulated. A very good agreement between the seasonal variations of the simulated mean δ18O and the mean monthly temperature at 500 hPa is obtained, showing that the oxygen stable isotope in condensate of cloud experiences a temperature effect. Such a result is markedly different from the amount effect at the ground. Based on the simulations of seasonal variations of δ18O in falling raindrops, it can be found that, in the dry season from November to April, the increasing trend with falling distance of δ18O in falling raindrops corresponds remarkably to the great △Td, showing a strong evaporation enrichment function in falling raindrops; however, in the wet season from May to October, the δ18O in falling raindrops displays an unapparent increase corresponding to the small △Td, except in May. By comparing the simulated mean δ18O at the ground with the actual monthly δ18O in precipitation, we see distinctly that the two monthly δ18O variations agree very well. On average, the δ18O values are relatively lower because of the highly moist air, heavy rainfall, small ATd and weak evaporation enrichment function of stable isotopes in the falling raindrops, under the influence of vapor from the oceans; but they are relatively higher because of the dry air, light rainfall, great △Td and strong evaporation enrichment function in falling raindrops, under the control of the continental air mass. Therefore, the δ18O in precipitation at Kunming can be used to indicate the humidity situation in the atmosphere to a certain degree, and thus indicate the intensity of the precipitation and the strength of the monsoon indirectly. The humidity effect changes not only the magnitude of the stable isotopic ratio in precipitation but also its seasonal distribution due to its influence on the strength of the evaporation enrichment of stable isotopes in falling raindrops and the direction of the net mass transfer of stable isotopes between the atmosphere and the raindrops. Consequently, it is inferred that the humidity effect is probably one of the foremost causes generating the amount effect.展开更多
Common insulation gas cannot normally work in refrigeration temperature range(153-243 K), especially in extremely cold regions. To solve this problem, this essay uses cubic equation combined with two-parameter model i...Common insulation gas cannot normally work in refrigeration temperature range(153-243 K), especially in extremely cold regions. To solve this problem, this essay uses cubic equation combined with two-parameter model in theorem of corresponding states to estimate dew-point of hybrid gas. The influence of temperature on mixing ratio is studied by using van der Waals equation. The result shows that the mixing ratio is stable during temperature-fall period. Insulation property of CF_4 and CF_4/N_2 in refrigeration temperature range is studied through self-designed low-temperature test system. The result shows when the density of hybrid gas is invariable, temperature changing has less influence on breakdown voltage, and when the mixing ratio is 20%, CF_4/N_2 is the greatest potential hybrid gas.展开更多
基金Supported by the Kuwait University(Research Grant No.GE 01/17)through the Petroleum Fluid Research Center(PFRC)
文摘A large data bank of more than 700 gas-condensate samples collected from literature and experiments was established.On this basis,empirical correlations and equations of state commonly used to calculate dew-point pressure(DPP)were evaluated.A new model for estimating DPP was proposed.All the empirical correlations and the Peng-Robinson state equation were compared,and sensitivity of parameters was analyzed.The current standards used to identify gas condensate were evaluated and found to be not accurate enough.The Peng-Robinson state equation has no unique solution and is affected by multiple factors such as the characterization of C7+components and the splitting scheme.The Nemeth-Kennedy correlation has the highest accuracy when applied to the data bank established in this study,followed by Elsharkawy correlation and Godwin correlation.While Shokir correlation cannot be used for samples without C7+components,it is therefore the lowest in accuracy.The newly proposed model has an average absolute error,root mean square error and coefficient of determination of 7.5%,588,and 0.87,respectively,and is better than the above four correlations statistically.The proposed model proved to be more accurate and valid when compared to experimental results and simulation with the Peng-Robinson state equation.
文摘强对流降水是天津地区重要的灾害性天气,为了研究该类天气发生发展的动力学、热力学机制,利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和FY-2C卫星逐时TBB资料对2008年6月25日天津的强对流降水过程进行研究,然后利用WRF(weather research and forecasting)中尺度数值模式对该次强对流降水过程进行数值模拟和诊断分析。结果表明:中尺度露点锋是该次强对流降水的重要机制,其对应的低层气流辐合所形成的强烈上升运动及相对应的强烈发展的对流云团,是此次天津强对流降水的直接影响系统;对流有效位能等参数的变化非常好地反映出此次强降水天气的发生和发展特征;较大的相对螺旋度与此次强对流天气的发生对应也较好。由此认为,中尺度露点锋锋生的动力学、热力学过程是此次强对流降水天气发生发展的重要机制。
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.90302006 and 40271025)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program,Grant No.2002AA 135360)the Program of the Education Department of Hunan Province(Grant No.03C210).
文摘The humidity effect, namely the markedly positive correlation between the stable isotopic ratio in precipitation and the dew-point deficit ATd in the atmosphere, is put forward firstly and the relationships between the δ18O in precipitation and ATd are analyzed for the Urumqi and Kunming stations, which have completely different climatic characteristics. Although the seasonal variations in δ18O and △Td exhibit differences between the two stations, their humidity effect is notable. The correlation coefficient and its confidence level of the humidity effect are higher than those of the amount effect at Kunming, showing the marked influence of the humidity conditions in the atmosphere on stable isotopes in precipitation. Using a kinetic model for stable isotopic fractionation, and according to the seasonal distribution of mean monthly temperature at 500 hPa at Kunming, the variations of the δ18O in condensate in cloud are simulated. A very good agreement between the seasonal variations of the simulated mean δ18O and the mean monthly temperature at 500 hPa is obtained, showing that the oxygen stable isotope in condensate of cloud experiences a temperature effect. Such a result is markedly different from the amount effect at the ground. Based on the simulations of seasonal variations of δ18O in falling raindrops, it can be found that, in the dry season from November to April, the increasing trend with falling distance of δ18O in falling raindrops corresponds remarkably to the great △Td, showing a strong evaporation enrichment function in falling raindrops; however, in the wet season from May to October, the δ18O in falling raindrops displays an unapparent increase corresponding to the small △Td, except in May. By comparing the simulated mean δ18O at the ground with the actual monthly δ18O in precipitation, we see distinctly that the two monthly δ18O variations agree very well. On average, the δ18O values are relatively lower because of the highly moist air, heavy rainfall, small ATd and weak evaporation enrichment function of stable isotopes in the falling raindrops, under the influence of vapor from the oceans; but they are relatively higher because of the dry air, light rainfall, great △Td and strong evaporation enrichment function in falling raindrops, under the control of the continental air mass. Therefore, the δ18O in precipitation at Kunming can be used to indicate the humidity situation in the atmosphere to a certain degree, and thus indicate the intensity of the precipitation and the strength of the monsoon indirectly. The humidity effect changes not only the magnitude of the stable isotopic ratio in precipitation but also its seasonal distribution due to its influence on the strength of the evaporation enrichment of stable isotopes in falling raindrops and the direction of the net mass transfer of stable isotopes between the atmosphere and the raindrops. Consequently, it is inferred that the humidity effect is probably one of the foremost causes generating the amount effect.
基金Project(51277063)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Common insulation gas cannot normally work in refrigeration temperature range(153-243 K), especially in extremely cold regions. To solve this problem, this essay uses cubic equation combined with two-parameter model in theorem of corresponding states to estimate dew-point of hybrid gas. The influence of temperature on mixing ratio is studied by using van der Waals equation. The result shows that the mixing ratio is stable during temperature-fall period. Insulation property of CF_4 and CF_4/N_2 in refrigeration temperature range is studied through self-designed low-temperature test system. The result shows when the density of hybrid gas is invariable, temperature changing has less influence on breakdown voltage, and when the mixing ratio is 20%, CF_4/N_2 is the greatest potential hybrid gas.
