N-acetylcysteine and zinc sulphate abate di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate-mediated reproductive dysfunction in rats:Focus on oxidative and sex hormone receptors mechanisms

Objective:To investigate the potential of N-acetylcysteine(NAC)and zinc sulphate(ZnSO_(4))in mitigating reproductive dysfunction caused by di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate(DEHP)in rats and to understand the underlying mechanisms,specifically oxidative stress and sex hormone receptor activity.Methods:Thirty-five male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five equal groups(n=7 per group).Group 1 was administered 0.5 mL of distilled water and served as the control group.Group 2 was given only DEHP(750 mg/kg/day),while group 3,4 and 5 were given DEHP(750 mg/kg/day)plus NAC(100 mg/kg/day),DEHP(750 mg/kg/day)plus ZnSO_(4)(0.5 mg/kg/day),and DEHP(750 mg/kg/day)plus NAC(100 mg/kg/day)as well as ZnSO_(4)(0.5 mg/kg/day),respectively.All treatments lasted for 21 days.Samples were obtained after the rats were sacrificed,and hormones levels in the serum and markers of oxidative stress in the testicles were analyzed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The amount of androgen receptors in the testicles was determined by immunohistochemistry,and the susceptibility of testosterone and DEHP to bind to androgen receptor and 5α-reductase was determined by molecular docking studies.Results:DEHP decreased reproductive hormones,testicular antioxidant enzymes,increased malondialdehyde levels,and negatively impacted histology of the pituitary and testes.NAC or ZnSO_(4) treatment showed a marked improvement in testicular antioxidant status and hormone levels,as well as a positive effect on the histology of the pituitary and testes.The combination of both treatments appeared to be more effective.The affinity of DEHP to bind to androgen receptors may lead to disruption of androgen receptor signaling,which can further result in dysfunction of hormones related to androgen.However,NAC is more likely to form stronger binding interactions with follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone receptors,as well as gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors,when compared to DEHP.Conclusions:The possibility that NAC and ZnSO_(4) could downregulate DEHP-induced sex hormone changes is suggested by their potential to reduce toxicity.

Urine Metabonomic Analysis of Interventions Effect of Soy Isoflavones on Rats Exposed to Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate

Objective Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate(DEHP) is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant.As an endocrine disruptor,it seriously threatens human health and ecological environmental safety.This study examines the impact of intervention with soybean isoflavones(SIF) on DEHP-induced toxicity using a metabonomics approach.Methods Rats were randomly divided into control(H),SIF-treated(A,86 mg/kg body weight),DEHP-treated(B,68 mg/kg),and SIF plus DEHP-treated(D) groups.Rats were given SIF and DEHP daily through diet and gavage,respectively.After 30 d of treatment,rat urine was tested using UPLC/MS with multivariate analysis.Metabolic changes were also evaluated using biochemical assays.Results Metabolomics analyses revealed that p-cresol glucuronide,methyl hippuric acid,N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide,lysophosphatidycholine [18:2(9 Z,12 Z)] {lyso PC [18:2(9 Z,12 Z)]},lyso PC(16:0),xanthosine,undecanedioic acid,and N6-acetyl-l-lysine were present at significantly different levels in control and treatment groups.Conclusion SIF supplementation partially protects rats from DEHP-induced metabolic abnormalities by regulating fatty acid metabolism,antioxidant defense system,amino acid metabolism,and is also involved in the protection of mitochondria.

Primary neuronal-astrocytic co-culture platform for neurotoxicity assessment of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

Plastics such as polyvinyl chlorides （PVC） are widely used in many indoor constructed environments; however, their unbound chemicals, such as di-（2-ethylhexyl） phthalates （DEHP）, can leach into the surrounding environment. This study focused on DEHP＇s effect on the central nervous system by determining the precise DEHP content in mice brain tissue after exposure to the chemical, to evaluate the specific exposure range. Primary neuronal-astrocyte co-culture systems were used as in vitro models for chemical hazard identification of DEHP. Oxidative stress was hypothesized as a probable mechanism involved, and therefore the total reactive oxygen species （ROS） concentration was determined as a biomarker of oxidative stress. In addition, NeuriteTracer, a neurite tracing plugin with ImageJ, was used to develop an assay for neurotoxicity to provide quantitative measurements of neurological parameters, such as neuronal number, neuron count and neurite length, all of which could indicate neurotoxic effects. The results showed that with 1 nmol/L DEHP exposure, there was a significant increase in ROS concentrations, indicating that the neuronal-astrocyte cultures were injured due to exposure to DEHP. In response, astrocyte proliferation （gliosis） was initiated, serving as a mechanism to maintain a homeostatic environment for neurons and protect neurons from toxic chemicals. There is a need to assess the cumulative effects of DEHP in animals to evaluate the possible uotake and effects on the human neuronal system from exoosure to DEHP in the indoor environment.

Plastic Additives Decrease Agrin-Induced Acetylcholine Receptor Clusters and Myotube Formation in C2C12 Skeletal Muscle Cell Culture

Common additives in plastics such as bisphenol A (BPA) or phthalates like di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are environmental estrogens that have been shown to be endocrine disruptors in some experimental animal models. This project used the C2C12 cell culture model to examine how exposure to BPA or DEHP affects two aspects of skeletal muscle development, the fusion of myoblasts into myotubes and agrin-induced clustering of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs). During myotube formation AChRs cluster spontaneously. Treatment with motor neuron derived agrin increases the frequency of AChR clusters through an agrin signaling pathway that also clusters other postsynaptic components of the neuromuscular synapse. For this project C2C12 cells were exposed to BPA or DEHP while myoblasts fused into myotubes. After exposure to 10 μM BPA or 100 μM DEHP the frequency of agrin-induced AChR clusters decreased. In addition, myotube formation decreased as a higher percentage of nuclei remained in myoblasts. Furthermore, BPA or DEHP reduced the amount of the myogenic regulatory factor myogenin. This suggests that BPA and DEHP decrease AChR clustering by reducing myogenin. Moreover, plastic additives like BPA and DEHP may pose a risk for skeletal muscle development in humans.

Interaction Between DEHP and Particulate in a Eutrophic Lake

Characteristics of interaction between di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate(DEHP) and particulate in a eutrophic lake were studied in this paper. DEHP concentrations ranged from 89.9 to 247 μg/L with an average value of 146 μg/L in subsurface water (SSW) samples, and from 82.0 to 390 μg/L with an average value of 211 μg/L in water surface microlayer (SM) samples. The results indicate that there was only a weak correlation between the DEHP concentrations and suspended particulate material(SPM) concentrations in both SSW and SM, while the significant correlation between DEHP concentrations and chlorophyll a concentrations was found, which suggestes that DEHP was principally bound to phytoplankton in the eutrophic lake. Correlation between DEHP concentrations and total phosphor (TP) concentrations was also found in this investigation.Enrichment factors (EF) of DEHP in SM were in the range of 0.85 to 2.12 with an average value of 1.35. DEHP EFs were significantly related to the enrichment of chlorophyll a in SM. The results suggest that the enrichment of DEHP in SM of this eutrophic lake was mainly due to DEHP accumulation in phytoplankton and was controlled by distribution of phytoplankton between SM and SSW.

Unveiling the Nexus the link between water quality index and phthalic acid ester concentrations in Tigris River

Monitoring water quality in an aquatic system is a crucial objective in pursuing sustainable development,despite the challenges posed by water scarcity and the impact of climate change.The objective of the present study was to examine the water quality of the Tigris River along its course from the point of entry into Baghdad city to its exit,particularly in the presence of Phthalic Acid Esters(PAEs).In both dry and wet seasons and from five sites of the river,nine environmental factors(Turbidity,Total dissolved solids,pH,dissolved oxygen,Chloride,nitrate,phosphate,sulfate,and Biological oxygen demand)and three PAEs(di-n-butyl phthalate(DBP),di-isononyl phthalate(DiNP),and di-2-ethyl hexyl phthalate(DEHP))were investigated.Results revealed that the river has high levels of turbidity and Total dissolved solids,slightly alkaline,and well-aerated(dissolved oxygen>7 mg/L).Chloride,nitrate,phosphate,and sulfate values varied between seasons,as high values were recorded in the wet season.Biochemical oxygen demand levels were higher during the dry season.The highest value of total PAEs(2.20μg/L)was observed during the dry season,and the lowest value was in the wet season(1.16μg/L).The HQ results revealed that the river was ranked as a moderate risk area.However the water quality index and environmental risk index classified the water quality as a poor category,with a high-risk score in the study sites within Baghdad city.Therefore,despite the acceptable limit of PAEs in the river's water(<3μg/L),its presence is an early alarm to withdraw attention to its environmental risk.These findings highlight the need for appropriate measures to control and remove pollutants to ensure a safe and healthy water supply in the Tigris River.