On-machine Precision Preparation and Dressing of Ball-headed Diamond Wheel for the Grinding of Fused Silica

In the grinding of high quality fused silica parts with complex surface or structure using ball-headed metal bonded diamond wheel with small diameter,the existing dressing methods are not suitable to dress the ball-headed diamond wheel precisely due to that they are either on-line in process dressing which may causes collision problem or without consideration for the effects of the tool setting error and electrode wear.An on-machine precision preparation and dressing method is proposed for ball-headed diamond wheel based on electrical discharge machining.By using this method the cylindrical diamond wheel with small diameter is manufactured to hemispherical-headed form.The obtained ball-headed diamond wheel is dressed after several grinding passes to recover geometrical accuracy and sharpness which is lost due to the wheel wear.A tool setting method based on high precision optical system is presented to reduce the wheel center setting error and dimension error.The effect of electrode tool wear is investigated by electrical dressing experiments,and the electrode tool wear compensation model is established based on the experimental results which show that the value of wear ratio coefficient K’ tends to be constant with the increasing of the feed length of electrode and the mean value of K’ is 0.156.Grinding experiments of fused silica are carried out on a test bench to evaluate the performance of the preparation and dressing method.The experimental results show that the surface roughness of the finished workpiece is 0.03 μm.The effect of the grinding parameter and dressing frequency on the surface roughness is investigated based on the measurement results of the surface roughness.This research provides an on-machine preparation and dressing method for ball-headed metal bonded diamond wheel used in the grinding of fused silica,which provides a solution to the tool setting method and the effect of electrode tool wear.

Precision Grinding of Reaction Bonded Silicon Carbide Using Coarse Grain Size Diamond Wheels

Reaction bonded SiC（RBSiC） is attractive for optical application because of its favorable properties and low fabrication cost. However, the difficultness and cost involved in RBSiC grinding limit its application. The investigation on high efficient and low-cost machining with good grinding quality is desired. Generally, high efficient machining for RBSiC is realized by using coarse grain size grinding wheels, but serious grinding damage is inevitable. In this paper, monolayer nickel electroplated coarse grain size diamond grinding wheels with grain sizes of 46 μm, 91 μm, and 151 μm were applied to the grinding of RBSiC. An electrolytic in-process dressing（ELID） assisted conditioning technique was first developed by using cup shape copper bonded conditioning wheels with grain sizes of 15 μm and 91 μm to generate the conditioned coarse grain size wheels with minimized wheel run-out error within 2 μm, constant wheel peripheral envelop as well as top-flattened diamond grains. Then, the grinding experiments on RBSiC were carried out to investigate the grinding performance and material removal mechanism. The experimental results indicate that the developed conditioning technique is applicable and feasible to condition the coarse grain size diamond wheels under optimal conditioning parameters, and the material removal mechanism involved in RBSiC grinding is the combination of brittle fracture and ductile deformation to generate smooth ground surface. This research is significant for the high efficient and low-cost precision grinding of RBSiC with good ground surface quality.

IN SlTU TRUING/DRESSING OF DIAMOND WHEEL FOR PRECISION GRINDING

An application for achieving on-machine truing/dressing and monitoring of diamond wheel is dealt with in dry grinding. A dry electrical discharge （ED） assisted truing and dressing method is adopted in preparation of diamond grinding wheels. Effective and precise truing/dressing of a diamond wheel is carried out on a CNC curve grinding machine by utilizing an ED assisted diamond dresser. The dressed wheel is monitored online by a CCD vision system. It detects the topography changes of a wheel surface. The wear condition is evaluated by analyzing the edge deviation of a wheel image. The benefits of the proposed methods are confirmed by the grinding experiments. The designed truing/dressing device has high material removal rate, low dresser wear, and hence guarantees a desired wheel surface. Real-time monitoring of the wheel profile facilitates determining the optimum dressing amount, dressing interval, and the compensation error.

Electro-Discharge Fine Truing of Metal-Bonded Fine-Grain Diamond Wheel Based on Real-Time Monitoring

A data acquisition system based on LabVIEW is designed and implemented, and electro-discharge(ED) fine truing of metal-bonded fine-grain diamond wheel based on real-time monitoring is researched. Real-time monitoring not only makes efficient impulse specification of ED truing easily obtained, but also is good for timely identifying no-load, avoiding short circuit and arc discharge phenomena and then for obtaining normal machining state. ED fine truing of the fine-grain wheel includes two steps: rough truing for high efficiency and fine truing for high precision. Final ED truing precision and efficiency not only depend on electric process specification, but also is concerned with electrode shape, insulated performance of operating fluid and vertical feed quantity value and frequency. Experiments indicate that ED fine truing based on real-time monitoring can improve the truing precision and efficiency. Average machining efficiency of W10 wheel is about 0.95 μm/min; the final run-out by ED truing is less than 2 μm.

Fibre Metallurgy Characteristic of Short Cast Iron Fibre and Its Applications for Diamond Wheel

A kind of diamond grinding wheel bonded by short cast iron fibres has been developed. ln comparison with high quality bronze bonded diamond grinding wheel. the new wheel was more suitable to grind hard and brittle materials like ceramics. For Si3N4, the grinding efficiency has been raised two times and the grinding ratio five times

STUDY ON SURFACE OF DIAMOND PARTICLE BY CHEMICAL CU-CLADDING AND ITS APPLICATION IN DIAMOND WHEEL

In this paper a method that a layer of Cu was cladded on the surface of diamond particle by an appropriate chemically Cu-cladded process was put forward. The method can adjust the thickness of cladding by one step or multiple steps. The composition and structure of Cu-cladded diamond were analyzed with help of XRD, SEM and EPMA. The results shoe that copper was homogeneously dispersed on the surface of diamond particle by this method, the deposited copper is loosely dispersed by one step cladding process, and the copper is tightly organized by multiple steps cladding process. Copper presents crystalline, and a small amount of oxygen and iron exits ibn copper layers. Wearing test shows that the wear-resisting property of Cu-cladded diamond wheel is superior to that of general diamond wheel, and that of diamond of which Cu-cladded thickness is deposited more thickly by multi-steps cladding process is better.

PERFORMANCE OF BRAZED DIAMOND CUP-TYPE WHEELS WITH DEFINED GRAIN PATTERN IN GRINDING CEMENTED CARBIDE

A new cup-type grinding wheel of the brazed monolayer diamond is developed with a defined grain pattern on the wheel surface. Grinding performance of the brazed wheel in the surface grinding of cemented carbide is studied. Experimental results show that when continuous dry grinding is employed, grits of the brazed diamond grinding wheel fail mainly in attritious wear and fracture modes and no pull-out ones are found in conventional electroplated and sintered diamond wheels. It indicates the strong retention of brazing alloy to diamond grits and the longer service life of the wheel. In addition, the ground surface has good roughness. The theoretical surface roughness agrees well with experimental results.

A New Method for Dressing Fine Grain Diamond Wheels——the Soft-Elastic Dressing Method

This paper describes a completely new dressing technique, the soft-elastic dressing method, which can effectively dress fine grain diamond wheels. A rotating and vibrating abrasive belt is used in the soft-elastic dressing method. The principle of the new dressing technique and the soft-elastic dressing equipment are presented. Factors that influence the truing efficiency, truing precision and sharpening quality are carefully investigated. The grinding surface roughness after soft-elastic dressing is performed is investigated experimentally. The dressing and grinding experiments both prove that the soft-elastic dressing method has high truing efficiency, high truing precision and good sharpening quality.[

New Vitrified Bond Diamond Grinding Wheel for Grinding the Cylinder of Polycrystalline Diamond Compacts

In this work, a kind of new vitrified bond based on Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 glass ceramics was used to bond the diamond grains, which is made into grinding wheel and the cylindrical grinding process of polycrystalline diamond compacts （PDCs） by using the new vitrified bond diamond grinding wheel was discussed. Several factors which influence the properties of grinding wheel such as amount of vitrified bond and the kinds and amount of stuff in grinding wheel were also investigated. It was found that the new vitrified bond can firmly combine diamond grains, when there are only diamonds and vitrified bond in the structure of grinding wheel, the longevity of the grinding wheel is about 2.5-3 times as that of resin bond grinding wheel for processing PDCs. The grinding size precision of PDCs can be improved from 4-0.03 mm to 4-0.01 mm because of larger Young＇s modulus of vitrified bond than resin bond. The grinding time of a PDC product can be 1.75-2.0 min from 3.25-3.5 min, so this kind of grinding wheel can save much time for processing PDCs. Also, there is hardly noise when using this new vitrified bond diamond grinding wheel to process PDCs. The amount of vitrified bond in grinding wheel influences the longevity of grinding wheel. When the size of diamond grains is 90-107 μm, the optimal amount of vitrified bond in grinding wheel is 21% （wt pct）. When the amount of vitrified bond exceeds 21%, there are many pores in grinding block, which will decrease the longevity of grinding wheel. The existence of addition stuff such as Al2O3 or SiC can reduce the longevity of grinding wheel.

Application of rare-earth and nano elements on diamond cup wheels

Diamond cup wheel is used widely as an important tool for machining ceramic tile.In this paper,nano rare-earth oxide and nano carbide were added in the segments of seven kinds of diamond cup wheels.The performance of diamond cup wheels were tested on a special designed test machine by grinding two kinds of ceramic tiles.The surface morphology of the segments was examined by Scanning Election Microscopy(SEM) and the micro-hardness of segments was measured.The results showed that nano rare-earth oxide and nano carbide can fine segment micro structure,make grain boundary clear and increase grasping of diamond grits.They can increase also the wear resistance of diamond cup wheels as well as the grinding ratio.

DRESSING OF CORUNDUM WHEEL WITH POLY CRYSTALLINE DIAMOND

Wheel dressing is an important part of grinding, it influences not only the grinding quality ofthe workpiece,but also the cost of grinding.At present the single point mined diamond is widelyused as dresser in industry.Because the mined diamond is rare in nature and dear,it has a practicalsignificance to find a substituting material for the mined diamond.Due to the isotropy of PCD(polyerystalline diamond),new sharp cutting edges will expose continuously during dressing opera-tions,maintaining high dressing efficiency.Tests show that dressing corundum wheel,especiallydressing those for internal grinding,PCD dresser is suitable to common hardnesses,and grains ofwheels and smaller depth of dressing.The authors consider that PCD dressing can be used to sub-stitute completely the mined diamond dresser and the cost of dressing may be reduced.

金刚石砂轮与金刚石滚轮磨削接触的声发射监测

为了实现金刚石砂轮磨削加工金刚石滚轮过程的自动化,需要对磨削接触状态进行准确识别。由于磨削过程中材料去除率较小导致声发射信号幅值变化不显著,仅用有效值对磨削接触状态识别的准确性受噪声影响很大。针对此问题,通过模态分解和相关性分析相结合的方法对采集的声发射信号进行处理,再计算各分量的有效值和方差值完成特征提取,最后利用支持向量机对磨削接触状态进行识别。实际应用发现:该方法对滚轮的磨削接触状识别准确率达到了98.3%,准确实现了对磨削接触状态的识别。

粗粒度金刚石砂轮的放电赋能磨削修整试验研究

针对粗粒度金刚石砂轮磨粒出刃形貌难以控制的问题,提出了放电赋能磨削修整技术,旨在实现出刃磨粒的等齐性。系统研究了该复合修整技术的材料去除机理,建立脉冲放电传热数值模型,以金刚石热软化深度作为磨削深度,最大限度发挥放电赋能磨削的修整优势。探究了机床运动参数(待修砂轮转速、刀具轮转速、进给速度、磨削深度)对砂轮修整精度和刀具轮损耗深度的影响规律,并优化了工艺参数以实现粗粒度砂轮的高效高精修整。磨粒粒度为180目的金刚石砂轮修整后轮廓误差PV值为11.97μm。修整砂轮表面形貌检测结果表明,放电赋能磨削修整可将磨粒部分去除,使得砂轮表面磨粒具有较好的等齐性。磨削的碳化硅陶瓷工件表面粗糙度达412 nm,表明了修整砂轮具有优异的磨削性能。

偏转激光切向修整凹形面金刚石倒角砂轮的研究

为了减小凹形面金刚石砂轮的激光修整误差,建立激光遮蔽效应和激光斜面分散效应误差模型,分析了激光切向修整凹形面金刚石砂轮的误差来源,提出了偏转激光修整凹形面成形砂轮法,并通过理论分析和实验验证,探索了修整参数对凹形面砂轮轮廓精度和圆弧半径的影响。结果表明,在1°~1.5°的偏转角范围内,斜边轮廓修整精度为8μm;在合适的偏转角度下,圆弧半径误差小于10μm;在修整凹弧半径为0.2 mm和0.5 mm、补偿半径分别为0.03 mm和0.06 mm时,凹弧半径误差分别缩小0.02 mm和0.03 mm。偏转激光修整法有效地提高了修整精度,减小了修整误差,为凹形面金刚石修整提供了新思路。

INFLUENCE OF WHEEL STRUCTURAL PARAMETERS ON MACHINING ACCURACY OF ULTRA-PRECISION PLANE HONING

A new idea for designing wheel patterns is presented so as to solve theproblems about machining accuracy of workpiece and wear of honing wheel in ultra-precision planehoning. The influence factors on motion principle and pattern structures are analyzed andoptimization machining parameters are obtained. By calculating effective cutting length on thesurface of workpiece cut by wheel's abrasive and the orbit of one point on the surface of workpiececontacting with wheel, the wear coefficient of different kinds of wheels and accuracy coefficient ofworkpiece machined by corresponding wheels are obtained. Furthermore, the simulation results showthat the optimal pattern structure of wheel turns out to have lower wheel wear and higher machiningaccuracy.

激光修整青铜金刚石砂轮预测模型与优化研究

为了根据实验规律获得更多激光修整青铜金刚石砂轮的工艺参数,采用反向传播(BP)神经网络和粒子群遗传混合优化算法(PSO&GA),建立了激光修整青铜金刚石砂轮的预测模型。首先通过分析激光修整的原理得出砂轮型面角度、激光偏转角度、入射角度和光斑重叠率为主要影响参数,并以砂轮型面角度误差和峰谷(PV)值为评价指标修整了192组工艺实验数据;建立了4×9×2的3层BP神经网络预测模型,通过PSO&GA混合优化算法对预测模型进行训练优化;最后选取16组实验数据测试BP神经网络预测模型,预测结果比较准确;并对比了梯度下降法(GD)、粒子群优化算法(PSO)和遗传算法(GA)的BP神经网络的训练效果。结果表明,经PSO&GA-BP预测模型角度误差预测偏差在0.2°以内,PV值预测偏差在1.6μm以内,相较于其它优化算法,收敛速度更快、精度更高。该研究为激光修整青铜金刚石砂轮提供了良好的预测模型。

陶瓷磨削用多层钎焊金刚石砂轮的研制

为解决传统树脂、电镀金刚石砂轮磨削陶瓷材料时存在的磨削寿命短、砂轮易堵塞烧伤等问题,分析利用钎焊金刚石技术制备陶瓷磨削用多层钎焊金刚石砂轮的可行性。结合钎料组分优选,制备具有开槽结构的多层钎焊金刚石砂轮,并对99.9%高纯度的Al_(2)O_(3)陶瓷进行磨削性能试验。结果表明:树脂、电镀金刚石砂轮分别存在磨削效率低和磨削寿命不足的问题,单层钎焊金刚石砂轮磨削效率较高但磨削寿命有限,多层钎焊金刚石在保持高磨削效率的同时磨削寿命优势明显,较单层钎焊金刚石磨轮提升约60%。在陶瓷材料磨削过程中,多层钎焊金刚石砂轮磨削效果显著,虽磨粒出露高度有限,但开槽设计的排屑效果显著,砂轮表面不易发生陶瓷粉末黏结、堵塞。

不同造孔剂树脂金刚石砂轮对硬质合金球阀的精密研磨

为改善硬质合金球阀的加工效果,在树脂金刚石砂轮中引入造孔剂,对其力学性能、微观形貌及磨削性能进行分析,研究空心玻璃球和塑料球造孔剂对树脂金刚石砂轮性能的影响。结果表明:随着造孔剂体积分数增加,树脂砂轮的抗折强度逐渐下降,且2种造孔剂对抗折强度的影响基本一致;砂轮的硬度随造孔剂体积分数的增加亦逐渐下降,但空心玻璃球造孔剂对砂轮硬度的影响显著大于塑料球的;加入造孔剂明显提升了砂轮的锋利性,空心玻璃球体造孔剂体积分数为15%和塑料球造孔剂体积分数为20%的砂轮综合性能最好,且后者的综合性能优于前者的。

弧形金刚石砂轮机械修整研究进展

弧形金刚石砂轮因特有的弧形轮廓,常用于陶瓷、光学玻璃、硬质合金等难加工材料光学元件的精密超精密磨削加工。然而,在光学元件磨削加工过程中,由于砂轮与工件表面间的相互作用,砂轮表面受到挤压破坏,长时间磨削后会产生砂轮堵塞、砂轮磨损、砂轮尺寸和形状精度下降等问题,进而降低了磨削后光学元件的表面粗糙度、面形精度和损伤厚度等。修整弧形金刚石砂轮是解决上述问题的有效途径之一,机械修整因具有修整效率高、便于实现等特点,仍是弧形金刚石砂轮在位修整的主要应用方法。对弧形金刚石砂轮的机械修整方法进行了综述,探究了不同修整方法的修整机理与特点,分析了修整效果的评价方法,并对弧形金刚石砂轮机械修整的发展方向进行了展望。

辅助磨料对树脂结合剂金刚石砂轮性能的影响

采用绿色碳化硅、黑色碳化硅和碳化硼三种不同的辅助磨料,通过同一配方和生产工艺制成树脂结合剂金刚石砂轮,研究了辅助磨料对其性能的影响。结果表明:绿色碳化硅和黑色碳化硅在增加砂轮强度方面的作用高于碳化硼;碳化硼能提高砂轮的耐磨性和锋利度,可以作为配方设计的参考辅助磨料。