Systematic Cloud-Based Optimization: Twin-Fold Moth Flame Algorithm for VM Deployment and Load-Balancing

Cloud computing has gained significant recognition due to its ability to provide a broad range of online services and applications.Nevertheless,existing commercial cloud computing models demonstrate an appropriate design by concentrating computational assets,such as preservation and server infrastructure,in a limited number of large-scale worldwide data facilities.Optimizing the deployment of virtual machines(VMs)is crucial in this scenario to ensure system dependability,performance,and minimal latency.A significant barrier in the present scenario is the load distribution,particularly when striving for improved energy consumption in a hypothetical grid computing framework.This design employs load-balancing techniques to allocate different user workloads across several virtual machines.To address this challenge,we propose using the twin-fold moth flame technique,which serves as a very effective optimization technique.Developers intentionally designed the twin-fold moth flame method to consider various restrictions,including energy efficiency,lifespan analysis,and resource expenditures.It provides a thorough approach to evaluating total costs in the cloud computing environment.When assessing the efficacy of our suggested strategy,the study will analyze significant metrics such as energy efficiency,lifespan analysis,and resource expenditures.This investigation aims to enhance cloud computing techniques by developing a new optimization algorithm that considers multiple factors for effective virtual machine placement and load balancing.The proposed work demonstrates notable improvements of 12.15%,10.68%,8.70%,13.29%,18.46%,and 33.39%for 40 count data of nodes using the artificial bee colony-bat algorithm,ant colony optimization,crow search algorithm,krill herd,whale optimization genetic algorithm,and improved Lévy-based whale optimization algorithm,respectively.

Early Warning Model of Diamondback Moth Based on ε-Support Vector Regression

The model for predicting vegetable pest diamondback moth was established based on E-Support Vector Regression algorithms in the multiply occurrence season of diamondback moth. The experimental data of diamondback moth in Guangdong vegetable were analyzed, and the result showed that when penalty factor c was 43, kernel function parameter k was O. 2, the better prediction result could be obtained by the early warning model of E-Support Vector Regression algorithms.

Transformation of Cabbage(Brassica oleracea L.var.capitata) with Bt cry1Ba3 Gene for Control of Diamondback Moth

To obtain transgenic cabbage line with broad insect resistance, a new synthetic Bacillus thuringiensis crylBa3 gene was introduced into white cabbage via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation and 37 transformants were obtained. Polymerase chain reaction （PCR） and Southern blot analyses confirmed that crylBa3 was successfully inserted into the genome of cabbage. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） demonstrated that crylBa3 was expressed. Western blot results confirmed the production of insecticidal protein encoded by crylBa3. Insect bioassays showed that transgenic cabbages effectively controlled both susceptible and CrylAc-resistant diamondback moth （DBM） larvae.

Sub-Lethal Effects of Fenvalerate on the Development, Fecundity, and Juvenile Hormone Esterase Activity of Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L.)

The toxicities of fenvalerate （20% EC） to the 3rd instar larvae of diamondback moth （DBM）, Plutella xylostella （L.）, reared on three host plants viz., radish, oilseed rape, and cabbage were tested. The LC50 values of fenvalerate to the 3rd instar larvae of DBM varied with host plants, however, there wasn＇t any significant difference among them （P〉 0.05）. Similarly, DBM fed on three host plants had same pupal weight, pupal period, pupation rate, adult emergence rate, female ratio, and fecundity. The activity of juvenile hormone esterase （JHE, EC 3.1.1.1） in the 3rd instar larvae of DMB did not significantly vary with host plants, either. These suggested that DBM had similar fitness on the three host plant species. When fed on the host plants pretreated with fenvalerate at the concentrations equivalent to LC20, LC50 and LC50, the pupation rate, pupal weight, adult emergence rate, female ratio, fecundity, and JHE activity of the tested insects were declined as compared with insects in control treatments fed on the same host plant species. Furthermore, the pupal period of the tested insects was extended after fenvalerate treatment. The decrease in JHE activity after fenvalerate treatment in the tested insects could partly explain the changes in the mentioned growth parameters. Whether the role of fenvalerate in the inhibition of JHE activity could serve as a new way to control DBM needs further investigation.

Microbial control of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. （Lepidoptera： Yponomeutidae） using bacteria （Xenorhabdus nematophila） and its metabolites from the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae

Cells and cell-free solutions of the culture filtrate of the bacterial symbiont, Xenorhabdus nematophila taken from the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae in aqueous broth suspensions were lethal to larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella. Their application on leaves of Chinese cabbage indicated that the cells can penetrate into the insects in the absence of the nematode vector. Cell-free solutions containing metabolites were also proved as effective as bacterial cells suspension. The application of aqueous suspensions of cells of X.nematophila or solutions containing its toxic metabolites to the leaves represents a possible new strategy for controlling insect pests on foliage.

Functional identification of C-type lectin in the diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella(L.)innate immunity

C-type lectins(CTLs)are a superfamily of Ca^(2+)-dependent carbohydrate-recognition proteins,and an important pattern recognition receptor(PRR)in insect innate immunity which can mediate humoral and cellular immunity in insects.In this study,we report a novel dual carbohydrate-recognition domain(CRD)CTL from Plutella xylostella which we designate PxIML.PxIML is a protein with a 969 bp open reading frame(ORF)encoding 322 amino acids,containing a signal peptide and a dual-CRD with EPN(Glu_(124)-Pro_(125)-Asn_(126))and QPD(Gln_(274)-Pro_(275)-Asp_(276))motifs.The expression of PxIML mRNA in the fat body was significantly higher than in hemocytes and midgut.The relative expression levels of PxIML in the whole insect and the fat body were significantly inhibited after infection with Bacillus thuringiensis 8010(Bt8010)at 18 h,while they were significantly upregulated after infection with Serratia marcescens IAE6 or Pichia pastoris.The recombinant PxIML(rPxIML)protein could bind to the tested pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs),and the bacteria of Enterobacter sp.IAE5,S.marcescens IAE6,Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli BL21,and Bt8010 in a Ca^(2+)-dependent manner,however,it showed limited binding to the fungus,P.pastoris.The rPxIML exhibited strong activity in the presence of Ca^(2+) to agglutinate Bt8010,Enterobacter sp.IAE5 and S.aureus,but it only weakly agglutinated with E.coli BL21,and could not agglutinate with S.marcescens IAE6 or P.pastoris.Furthermore,the rPxIML could bind to hemocytes,promote the adsorption of hemocytes to beads,and enhance the phenoloxidase(PO)activity and melanization of P.xylostella.Our results suggest that PxIML plays an important role in pathogen recognition and in mediating subsequent humoral and cellular immunity of P.xylostella.

A Practical Artificial Diet for the Diamondback Moth

A new artificial diet for the diamondback moth,Plutella Xylostella(L), had been selected out successfully. The diet contained the following constituents: soybean powder, wheat germ, wheat bran powder, brewer's yeast and other constituents. So far, the diamondback; moth had been reared on this artificial diet for 25 generations and still mantained its normal biological characteristics. Under 25±1℃ and 60%￣75%RH with 12 h PH,the results of rearing the diamondback moth on the diet as follows:egg hatch,81. 3%￣94. 7 %; survival from eggsto pupae, 55. 0% ￣ 76. 7 % 1 pupal survival, 79. 7 % ￣ 100 % ; adult emergence, 80% ￣ 100 %; fecundity 94. 7￣ 144.4 eggs/ ;pupal weight, 90. 4￣110. 8 mg/20 pupae; average days to adult: , 10. 2; 13. 1. The diet is not only simpler on the constituents but also have better r-earing results and more rearing generations.

Resistance of Diamondback Moth Population against Eight Kinds of Insecticides in Luliang County of Yunnan Province

Resistance of diamondback moth （ Plutella xylostella L. ） population against eight kinds of insecticides in Luliang County of Yunnan Province in China was determined in laboratory by leaf dipping method in autumn of 2009 and spring of 2010. The monitoring results showed that diamondback moth population in Lu- liang County of Yunnan Province had produced extremely high resistance against beta-cypermethrin and avermectin; LC50 in autumn of 2009 were 1 035.21 and 1 055.19 mg/L, while those in spring of 2010 were 9.55 and 13.84 mg/L, respectively; the resistance ratios were from 291.61 to 692.00. The diamondback moth population had moderately high resistance to spinosad, indoxacarb and chlorfluazuron; LC50, in autumn of 2009 were 1.59, 2.80 and 23.97 mg/L, while those in spring of 2010 were 13.83,24.57 and 42.73 mg/L, respectively; the resistance ratios were froml3.25 to 129.98. The diamondback moth population was sensitive to diafenthiuron, BT and chlorfenapyr; LC50 in autumn of 2009 were 16.51, 47.40 and 0.85 mg/L, while those in spring of 2010 were 1.34, 3.38 and 1.60 mg/L, respectively; the resistance ratios were from 0. 77 to 8.45. The resistance of diamondback moth population in Luliang County of Yunnan Province against eight kinds of insecticides successively were diafenthiuron 〈 BT preparations 〈 chlorfenapyr 〈 spinosad 〈 indoxacarb 〈 chlorfluazuron 〈 beta-cypermethrin 〈 ave rmectin, and the resistance in spring was higher than that in autumn.

Effect of Dendranthema on Cotesia plutellae Parasitism in Brassicaceous Crops： Control of Diamondback Moth （DBM）, Plutella xylostella （Linnaeus）

The parasitism rate and the caterpillar infestation were studied by intercropping Dendranthema flowering plants with some cruciferous crops. These flowering plants increased significantly the rate of Cotesia plutellae parasitism in the adj acent plots. It reached to 42.96% in treatment plot and 18.19% in the control. Although there was no significant difference in no. of diamondback moth （DBM） larvae per plant, 29.09% in population reduction was occurred in treatment plot. Abundance of cabbage looper and armyworm were also lower in adjacent plot. But, small white butterfly population （23.46%） was higher in adjacent plots as the result of Dendranthema plant. From the present experiment, Dendranthema flowering plants should be cultivated in Brasssicaceous crops for the control of DBM by providing the essential resources to larval parasitoid C. plutellae adults and then, this plant can be used as attractive plant in the control of small white butterfly. Serious elimination （Rating 4） of candidate insecticides to adult C. plutellae was observed at their recommendation doses. Among them, less toxic effect to C. plutellae was occurred in O,O-dimethyl S-methylcarbamoylmethyl which is the highest LC50 （4,765 ppm） to DBM by leaf-disc bioassay method and the lowest LC50 （2,903 pprn） was found in marlathion. It was occurred that the test strain have resistance to the recommended dose of marlathion （1,243 ppm） and O,O-dimethyl S-methylcarbamoylmethyl （3,750 ppm）.

Laboratory Evaluation of Biorational and Low Risk Insecticides and Their Mixtures for Management of Diamondback Moth Larvae

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L., has developed resistance to most insecticides used for its management. Suggested alternatives to forestall this process include biorational insecticides in mixtures with low-risk insecticides. The aim of this study was to select an insecticide or insecticide mixture that could be adopted by small-scale growers for diamondback moth management. The effectiveness of four insecticide mixtures, i.e., Agroneem Plus （neem-derived）, Spinosad （microbial origin）, thiamethoxam （neonicotinoid） and a homemade methanol Jalapefio pepper extract, in laboratory bioassays was evaluated. Binary mixtures were tested against single products at manufacturer＇s label rates. These were applied to collard greens using the leaf dip method and fed to the newly molted 2nd or 3rd instar larvae. Mixtures were evaluated for efficacy based on larval mortality and consumption of leaf discs. The results showed interactions between Jalapefio pepper extract and Spinosad and between the neem-derived Agroneem Plus and thiamethoxam at some of the tested concentrations. Mixtures with at any amount of Spinosad killed all larvae. The neem-based product gave inconsistent results in some treatments; in some case, increased leaf damage did not result in commensurate larval mortalities. The reported resistance of diamondback moth larvae to Spinosad was not observed during this study, neither with Spinosad alone nor in mixtures.

Moth Flame Optimization Based FCNN for Prediction of Bugs in Software

The software engineering technique makes it possible to create high-quality software.One of the most significant qualities of good software is that it is devoid of bugs.One of the most time-consuming and costly software proce-dures isfinding andfixing bugs.Although it is impossible to eradicate all bugs,it is feasible to reduce the number of bugs and their negative effects.To broaden the scope of bug prediction techniques and increase software quality,numerous causes of software problems must be identified,and successful bug prediction models must be implemented.This study employs a hybrid of Faster Convolution Neural Network and the Moth Flame Optimization(MFO)algorithm to forecast the number of bugs in software based on the program data itself,such as the line quantity in codes,methods characteristics,and other essential software aspects.Here,the MFO method is used to train the neural network to identify optimal weights.The proposed MFO-FCNN technique is compared with existing methods such as AdaBoost(AB),Random Forest(RF),K-Nearest Neighbour(KNN),K-Means Clustering(KMC),Support Vector Machine(SVM)and Bagging Clas-sifier(BC)are examples of machine learning(ML)techniques.The assessment method revealed that machine learning techniques may be employed successfully and through a high level of accuracy.The obtained data revealed that the proposed strategy outperforms the traditional approach.

飞蛾扑火优化的尺度比例感知空间长期跟踪器

针对无人机长期跟踪过程中尺度变换导致目标丢失和跟踪精度低的问题,提出了一种基于飞蛾扑火优化(moth-flame optimization,MFO)的尺度比例感知空间长期跟踪器。首先,设计了高斯初始化以代替飞蛾扑火优化算法的随机初始化策略,降低优化算法在跟踪过程中的计算复杂度,减少算力浪费;其次,结合快速梯度直方图特征,构建了改进的飞蛾扑火优化跟踪器;然后,为了解决无人机航拍长期跟踪中目标尺度变化的问题,设计了一种自适应尺度变换的判别尺度空间跟踪(discriminative scale space tracking,DSST)算法,进一步提出了一种尺度比例感知空间跟踪器,解决了尺度滤波器中因长宽比固定而导致的跟踪漂移;同时,分析了滤波器响应峰值在各背景下的变化情况,提出了一种能反映环境变化下跟踪置信度的指标,并通过置信度将MFO优化跟踪框架与尺度比例感知空间跟踪器相结合,解决了尺度变化与长期跟踪目标丢失的问题;最后,在无人机长期跟踪数据集上开展了性能验证。结果表明:提出的算法可有效防止漂移现象的发生,提升跟踪效率;与目前跟踪领域中12种同类文献算法进行对比可知,提出的算法精度较高,满足实时性,能够有效解决无人机长期跟踪下的尺度变化及目标丢失等问题。

吉林省中西部地区灯下蛾类群落结构及多样性

为探明吉林省中西部地区蛾类昆虫的种类及组成,提供蛾类群落的多样性资料,本研究于2017年-2020年利用高空探照灯逐日诱集蛾类昆虫并分类,明确不同昆虫季节性种群动态,在此基础上对蛾类群落多样性进行分析。结果共采集、鉴定蛾类昆虫18科227种,优势科为夜蛾科,种数占比达到49.34%。按为害植物类别,可分为农业害虫、林业害虫、果树害虫、蔬菜害虫等。蛾类昆虫4月始见,7、8月群落丰富度最高,7月群落多样性最高,群落均匀性随时间变化不明显。明确了不同月份优势度指数较高的种类。7、8月的蛾类群落相似性高,4、10月与各月的相似性低。本研究结果可为此区域蛾类害虫的监测预警与综合治理提供基础理论依据。

交配前后雌雄桑蚕蛾营养价值评价

为深入了解桑蚕蛾的营养物质成分,检测了交配前后9芙雌雄蚕蛾蛋白质、脂肪酸和氨基酸的组成和含量。通过粗蛋白、粗脂肪、不饱和脂肪酸含量、动脉粥样硬化指数(indices of atherogenicity,IA)、血栓形成指数(thrombogenicity,IT)以及氨基酸评分、化学评分、必需氨基酸指数(essential amino acid index,EAAI)、营养指数(nutrition index,NI)和生物价(biological value,BV)等指标评价了蚕蛾的营养价值。结果表明,蚕蛾氨基酸和不饱和脂肪酸含量丰富,交配前雌蛾蛋白质(21.6%,鲜重)、总氨基酸(46.94 g/100 g)、必需氨基酸含量(15.86%)以及EAAI(99.33)、NI(21.45)和BV(96.57)最高,同时含有丰富的甜味、药效和支链氨基酸,粗脂肪含量(7.11%,鲜重)低,多不饱和脂肪酸占比(78.18%)高,IA(0.21)和IT(0.14)低,是理想的蛋白源。交配后的雄蛾粗脂肪(24.46%,鲜重)、不饱和脂肪酸(44.31 g/100 g)、亚麻酸含量(19.37 g/100 g)最高,IA(0.28)和IT(0.22)指数较低,是提取不饱和脂肪酸的优质原料。该研究为桑蚕蛾在食品领域的开发应用提供了理论依据。

支持多任务的综合电子系统动态重构设计与实现

为了满足无人机多任务模式的要求,有效实现任务重构,对多任务模式下综合电子系统的重构问题进行研究,提出一种基于改进飞蛾扑火优化算法的重构算法。根据综合电子系统重构模型和重构算法,设计了多任务可重构综合电子系统。针对改进的飞蛾扑火优化算法进行了仿真实验,并对实验结果进行分析验证,与差分进化算法和标准飞蛾扑火优化算法进行对比实验。实验证明重构算法通过对多目标进行优化,能够快速迭代生成高质量的重构蓝图,满足了综合电子系统的多任务模式需求。

桃小食心虫性信息素的合成

桃小食心虫是我国最严重的蛀果害虫之一,利用其性信息素进行防控,具有高效、环保及不易产生抗性等优点。天然桃小食心虫性信息素(Z)-12-十九碳烯-9-酮与(Z)-13-二十碳烯-10-酮在昆虫体内含量极低,通过人工提取无法满足大规模防治需求。本研究以3-溴-1-丙醇为原料,经四氢吡喃基(THP)保护、亲核取代、Brown P2-Ni还原(Ni(OAc)_(2)与NaBH4催化氢化)、格氏试剂加成与重铬酸吡啶鎓(PDC)氧化等7步反应,构建了一种高效合成桃小食心虫性信息素的方法;并首次将Brown P2-Ni还原用于桃小食心虫性信息素顺式碳碳双键的构建,总收率为5%。所构建的桃小食心虫性信息素合成方法操作简便,产品具有高度的区域选择性(Z:E>99:1),适用于桃小食心虫的绿色防控。

基于改进飞蛾扑火优化算法的奶牛隐性乳腺炎特征选择

为了提高大型牧场奶牛隐性乳腺炎的诊断速度和准确率,进而降低奶牛养殖企业诊疗成本,本研究在基本算法中引入3种不同的改进策略,设计了一种新的飞蛾扑火优化(improved moth-flame optimization,IMFO)算法,在公认的加州大学欧文分校(university of California Irvine,UCI)数据集上测试和评估了IMFO算法在奶牛隐性乳腺炎特征选择中的性能,并将试验结果与其他4种算法的测试结果进行比较分析,将IMFO算法用于奶牛群体改良(dairy herd improvement,DHI)数据的特征选择,并使用K最邻近(K-nearest neighbor,KNN)分类算法进行分类。结果表明:IMFO算法通过引入最优火焰引导(optimal flame guidance,OFG)策略,在寻优过程中使火焰和全局最优个体共同引导飞蛾飞行方向,有效避免了特征选择算法陷入局部最优;通过引入初始化混沌反向学习(initialize chaotic reverse learning,ICR)策略和自适应扰动(adaptive disturbance,AD)策略,提高了初始化模型的空间多样性和质量,增加了种群的多样性,避免了特征选择算法的早熟收敛。将IMFO特征选择算法和其他比较算法在UCI数据集和奶牛隐性乳腺炎疾病数据集上进行试验验证,IMFO与其他算法相比具有更好的特征筛选能力,有效提高了对奶牛隐性乳腺炎的预测性能。说明IMFO算法可提高大型牧场奶牛隐性乳腺炎的诊断速度和准确率。

Effects of two kinds of transgenic poplar on protective enzymes system in the midgut of larvae of American white moth

The leaves of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) transgenic poplar (Populus nigra L.) and CpTI (Cowpea trypsin inhibitor) transgenic poplar ((P. tomentosa×P. bolleana)×P. Tomentosa) were taken to feed the 4th-5th-instar larvae of American white moth (Hyphantria cunea (Drury)) for determination of the activities of the protective enzyme system inside larvae’s body. The physiological and biochemical effects of the transgenic poplars on the larvae were studied. The results showed that the two kinds of transgenic poplars had similar effects on the protective enzyme system in the midgut of larvae. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase in midgut of the larvae increased gradually, reached the highest value at a certain time, and then decreased suddenly. For the larvae that were fed with the leaves of Bt transgenic poplar, the peak value of superoxide dismutase and catalase presented at the time of 24-h feeding, while the peak of peroxidase took place at the time of 12-h feeding. The activities of these protective enzymes for the larvae that were fed with leaves of CpTI transgenic poplar peaked 12 h later than that of those fed with leaves of Bt transgenic poplar. The comparison of activities of the protective enzymes was also carried out between the larvae with different levels of intoxication. It was found that the activities of protective enzyme of the seriously intoxicant larvae were higher than that of the lightly intoxicant larvae. This difference was more obvious in the group treated with CpTI transgenic poplar.

蛾类性信息素生物合成研究进展

昆虫性信息素特异性强、使用方便且绿色安全,利用性信息素防治农林害虫符合我国农林绿色发展的需求,应用前景广阔。解析蛾类性信息素的生物合成路径,明确其关键催化酶,可为利用合成生物学手段生产蛾类性信息素提供重要的理论依据。按照化学结构和生物合成途径的不同,蛾类性信息素可分为Type-Ⅰ、Type-Ⅱ、Type-Ⅲ和Type-0四大类,且以前两类为主,分别占已鉴定种类的75%和15%左右,而Type-Ⅱ类环氧化烯烃性信息素中,约54%为单环氧化烯烃。上述两类性信息素合成部位不尽相同,其中Type-Ⅰ类性信息素在雌蛾的性腺中合成,Type-Ⅱ类性信息素中的多不饱和烯烃是在绛色细胞中合成的,而环氧化反应是在性腺中进行的。在合成路径和关键催化酶方面,Type-Ⅰ类性信息素是由脂肪酸代谢途径从头合成的,目前报道较多的合成相关的催化酶为去饱和酶、脂肪酰基辅酶A还原酶、醇氧化酶和乙酰基转移酶;Type-Ⅱ类性信息素以食物源的亚油酸或亚麻酸为起点合成,已鉴定的关键催化酶有末端脱氢酶、载脂转运蛋白和P450环氧化酶。此外,文中还阐述了利用植物和酵母细胞生成Type-Ⅰ类蛾类性信息素研究现状,探讨了目前利用合成生物学技术合成蛾类性信息素方面尚待解决的问题,提出了未来研究仍需关注的重点,为深入开发蛾类性信息素生物合成工厂提供参考。

Moths法切除睑板腺癌及上方皮瓣转位眼睑重建术11例

目的观察Moths法切除肿瘤及上方健康皮瓣下滑转位修补眼睑的疗效。方法对睑板腺癌采用Moths法控制手术切除范围及上方健康皮瓣下滑转位修复缺损的手术方法。结果已完成11例此种手术,随访3个月,9例眼睑外观与健眼接近,闭合良好,2例因眼睑闭合不全需行二次手术矫正。结论Moths法控制眼睑恶性肿瘤切除范围,尽可能保留了眼睑正常组织,有利于缺损修复;上方健康皮瓣下滑转位修补眼睑,避免了排斥反应,维持了眼睑的正常形态,提高了患者的生活质量,经随访观察疗效确实可靠。