Liver cirrhosis and left ventricle diastolic dysfunction: Systematic review

BACKGROUND Liver cirrhosis is a chronic hepatic disease which is associated with cardiovascular abnormalities.Hyperdynamic circulation in liver cirrhosis causes functional and structural cardiac alterations.The prevalence of left ventricle diastolic dysfunction(LVDD)in cirrhotic patients ranges from 25.7%to as high as 81.4%as reported in different studies.In several studies the severity of diastolic dysfunction(DD)correlated with a degree of liver failure and the rate of dysfunction was higher in patients with decompensated cirrhosis compared with compensated.Future directions of comprehensive assessment of cardiac function in cirrhotic patients might provide a better prognosis for these patients.AIM To clarify the correlation between the severity of liver cirrhosis and left ventricle diastolic dysfunction in the existing literature.METHODS Through January and February of 2019 at Vilnius University we conducted a systematic review of the global existing literature on the prevalence of left ventricle diastolic dysfunction in patients with liver cirrhosis.We searched for articles in PubMed,Medline and Web of science databases.Articles were selected by using adequate inclusion and exclusion criteria.Our interest was the outcome of likely correlation between the severity of cirrhosis[evaluated by Child-Pugh classes,Model For End-Stage Liver Disease(MELD)scores]and left ventricle diastolic dysfunction[classified according to American Society of Echocardiography(ASE)guidelines(2009,2016)],as well as relative risk of dysfunction in cirrhotic patients.Subgroup analyses were performed to evaluate the ratio and grades of left ventricle diastolic dysfunction with respect to cirrhosis severity.RESULTS A total of 1149 articles and abstracts met the initial search criteria.Sixteen articles which met the predefined eligibility criteria were included in the final analysis.Overall,1067 patients(out of them 723 men)with liver cirrhosis were evaluated for left ventricle diastolic dysfunction.In our systemic analysis we have found that 51.2%of cirrhotic patients had left ventricle diastolic dysfunction diagnosed and the grade 1 was the most prevalent(59.2%,P<0.001)among them,the grade 3 had been rarely diagnosed-only 5.1%.The data about the prevalence of diastolic dysfunction in cirrhotic patients depending on Child-Pugh Classes was available from 5 studies(365 patients overall)and only in 1 research diastolic dysfunction was found being associated with severity of liver cirrhosis(P<0.005).We established that diastolic dysfunction was diagnosed in 44.6%of Child-Pugh A class patients,in 62%of Child B class and in 63.3%of Child C patients(P=0.028).The proportion of patients with higher diastolic dysfunction grades increases in more severe cirrhosis presentation(P<0.001).There was no difference between mean MELD scores in patients with and without diastolic dysfunction and in different diastolic dysfunction groups.In all studies diastolic dysfunction was more frequent in patients with ascites.CONCLUSION This systemic analysis suggests that left ventricle diastolic dysfunction is an attribute of liver cirrhosis which has not received sufficient attention from clinicians so far.Future suggestions of a comprehensive assessment of cardiac function in cirrhotic patients might provide a better prognosis for these patients and give hint for better understanding of the left ventricle diastolic dysfunction pathogenesis in liver cirrhosis.

Effect of PTCA and stenting on left ventricular diastolic function in patients with CHD

Objective The aim of this study was to determine the effect of successful coronary revascularisation on left ventricular diastolic function.Methods We consecutively studied the diastolic function by Doppler echocardiography in 125 patients with one vessel disease before and 48 hours after selective coronary angioplasty. The following parameters of left ventricular diastolic function were evaluated: peak early (VE, m/s) and peak late diastolic (VA, m/s) flow velocity, E/A ratio, acceleration time (AT, ms), deceleration time (DT, ms) and isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT, ms). Ejection fraction (EF; %) was determined and used to characterise systolic left ventricular function. Results All of the patients were initially successful treated with coronary angioplasty (residual stenosis <40% ). In 98 patients( 78.4% ) stents were used to improve an inadequate result after coronary angioplasty. Both patient groups (27 patients with coronary angioplasty and 98 patients with combined coronary angioplasty and stent implantation) showed no relevant differences concerning sex, age, atherosclerotic risk factors, exercise capacity and results of exercise electrocardiography. All patients who underwent stent implantation showed an early improvement of left ventricular diastolic function 48 hours after revascularisation. Surprisingly there was no significant short term improvement (48 hours) of diastolic function in patients with initially successful angioplasty.Conclusions We suppose that stent implantation might normalize coronary blood flow faster than that of coronary balloon angioplasty.

Left ventricular regional and global diastolic function assessed using Quantitative Tissue velocity Imaging in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Objectives The study was performed to assess the left ventricular (LV) regional and global diastolic function、left ventricular wall motion features in patients with Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by Quantitative Tissue Velocity Imaging (QTVI). Methods 42 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and 36 age-matched normal subjects underwent QTVI study. Off-line LV regional muscular tissue velocity Imaging along LV apical long-axis view were obtained. Regional diastolic function was assessed in using peak tissue velocities of LV regional muscular tissue during early diastole (Ve)and LA contraction (Va), Ve/Va ratio, derived from Tissue Velocity Imaging. Global diastolic function was reflected by isovolumic relaxation time(IRT) and mitral valve peak flow velocity ( E/A ) calculated with pulsed wave doppler. The end-diastolic interventricular septal thickness (ⅣSt) was measured by conventional 2 - dimension echocardiography. Results ① Ve、 Va、 Ve/Va in the segments of hypertrophic interventricular septum (IVS) reduced wlhile E/A ratio significantly reduced and IRT markedly prolonged in HCM patients than in normal subjects。 ② Ve、 Ve/Va were significant reduced in the segments of hypertrophic interventricular septum compared with other LV segments in HCM patients . ③ There was a correlation between Ve/Va and E/A in HCM patients with abnormal E/A ratio (r = 0. 70). ④ There was a negative correlation between Ve/Va and ⅣSt in non -obstruction HCM patients (B group , r = -0.61 ) Conclusions QTVI offers a newer method in clinical practice which has a higher sensibility and accuracy in evaluating the LV regional and global diastolic function in HCM patients .

Effect of amlodipine combined with telmisartan or compound amiloride on plasma ET-1 concentration and left ventricular diastolic function of essential hypertension patients with left ventricular hypertrophy

Objective： To observe the effect of different combination antihypertensive therapies on plasma endothelin-1 （ET-1） concentration and left ventricular diastolic function of essential hypertension patients with left ventricular hypertrophy （LVH） Methods： A total of 111 patients with essential hypertension were selected, including 60 cases （34 males, 26 females） aged （60.7±5.6） years with simple hypertension, and 51 cases （28 males, 23 females） aged （61.8±7.0） years with essential hypertension complicated with LVH. Essential hypertension patients with LVH were randomly divided into the group of amlodipine （2.5 mg/d） combined with telmisartan （40 mg/d, n=26） and the group of amlodipine （2.5 mg/d） combined with amiloride （half tablet/d, n=25）,and the treatment lasted for 1 year. Echocardiography was performed before and after the treatment. Left ventricular mass index （LVMI）, left ventricular isovolumic relaxation time （IVRT） and other indicators were detected, and plasma ET-1 concentrations were measured for comparative analysis. And 56 patients （31 males, 25 females） aged （59.3±6.7） years with normal blood pressure in the same period in our hospital were selected as the normal control group. Results： The general clinical characteristics were similar between hypertensive LVH group, simple hypertensive group and normal healthy control group. Plasma ET-1 concentrations, LVMI and IVRT of hypertensive LVH group were significantly higher than those of normal control group and simple hypertension group, and the difference was statistically significant. The patients＇ baseline blood pressure, ET-1, LVMI, interventricular septal thickness （IVST）, left ventricular posterior wall thickness （LVPWT）, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter （LVEDd） and other clinical parameters showed no significant difference （P〉0.05） between the group of amlodipine combined with telmisartan and the group of amlodipine combined with amiloride. It was found that compared with that before treatment, blood pressure could be effectively controlled （P〈0.05）, and LVMI, IVST, LVPWT and IVRT （P〈0.05） were all lowered, and ET-1 （P〈0.01） was significantly reduced after 1 year of antihypertensive therapy in both the group of amlodipine combined with telmisartan and the group of amlodipine combined with amiloride. The group of amlodipine combined with telmisartan was better in lowering blood pressure and reducing LVMI, IVST, LVPWT, IVRT and ET-1 than the group of amlodipine combined with amiloride （P〈0.05）. Conelus｜on： Amlodipine-based combination antthypertensive therapy could reverse LVH and improve left ventricular diastolic function partly by lowering blood pressure and ET-1, and the effect of amlodipine combined with telmisartan was superior to that ofamlodipine combined with amiloride

NONLINEAR DYNAMICS MODFLING OF MECHANICAL PERIODICITY OF END DIASTOLIC VOLUME OF LEFT VENTRICLE

The cardiovascular system with a lumped parameter model is treated, in which the Starling model is used to simulate left ventricle and the four-element Burattini & Gnudi model is used in the description of arterial system. Moreover, the feedback action of arterial pressure on cardiac cycle is taken into account. The phenomenon of mechanical periodicity (MP) of end diastolic volume (EDV) of left ventricle is successfully simulated by solving a series of one-dimensional discrete nonlinear dynamical equations. The effects of cardiovascular parameters on MP is also discussed.

A NUMERICAL MODEL OF LEFT VENTRICLE AND AORTIC VALVE FUNCTION OF ITS AFTERLOAD(Ⅰ)

Due to the study of the function of heart and aoritic valve, we set up a physicalmodel of left ventricle, aortic valve and afterload and derive theoretical equation of each part from the model. Then we calculate the hasic equations within phystology and impair parameters. Bwsed on this, we will discus fully in the next paper the effectofleyt ventricular afterloadon valve opining, ejection and valve Jumction .etc

Preliminary Clinical Study of Real-time Three-dimensional Echo-cardiographic Volume-time Curve in Evaluating Left Ventricular Diastolic Function

The volume-time curve change in patients with normal left ventricular （LV） diastolic function and diastolic dysfunction was evaluated by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography （RT3DE）. LV diastolic dysfunction was defined by E＇〈A＇ in pulse-wave tissue Doppler for inter-ventricular septal （IVS） of mitral annulus. In 24 patients with LV diastolic dysfunction, including 12 patients with delayed relaxation （delayed relaxation group） and 12 patients with pseudo-normal function （pseudo-normal group） and 24 normal volunteers （control group）, data of full-volume image were acquired by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography and subjected to volume-time curve analysis. EDV （end-diastolic volume）, ESV （end-systolic volume）, LVEF （left ventricular ejection fraction）, PER （peak ejection rate）, PFR （peak filling rate） from RT3DE were examined in the three groups. Compared to the control group, PFR （diastolic filling index of RT3DE） was significantly reduced in the delayed relaxation group and pseudo-normal group （P〈0.05）. There were no significant differences in EDV, ESV, LVEE PER （P〉0.05）. It is concluded that PFR, as a diastolic filling index of RT3DE, can reflect the early diastolic function and serve as a new non-invasive, quick and accurate tool for clinical assessment of LV diastolic function.

ASSESSMENT OF DIASTOLIC FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY BY DOPPLER TISSUE IMAGING

To determine the clinical application of pulsed Doppler tissue imaging in assessing the left ventricular diasto-lic function and in discriminating between normal subjects and patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with various stages of diastolic dysfunction. Methods We measured the peak diastolic velocities of mitral annulus in 81 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with various stages of diastolic dysfunction and 50 normal volunteers by Doppler tissue imaging using the apical window at 2-ch-amber and long apical views, respectively. The myocardial velocities were determined with use of variance F statistical analysis. Results Early diastolic myocardial velocities of mitral annulus were higher in normal subjects than in patients with hy-pertrophic cardiomyopathy with either delayed relaxation, pseudonormal filling, or restrictive filling. However, peak myocar-dial velocities of mitral annulus during atrial contraction were similar in normal subjects and patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Conclusion Doppler tissue imaging can directly reflect upon left diastolic ventricular function. Early phase of diastole was the best discriminator between control subjects and patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Left Ventricle Postinfarction Pseudoaneurysm: Anatomical Forms and Surgical Management

Introduction: Left Ventricle Postinfarction Pseudoaneurysm (LVPS)—false aneurysm occurs after a free-wall rupture contained by the adjacent pericardium. LVPS lacks the normal structure of the ventricular wall and disrupts the normal chamber anatomy. However, the natural history, clinical presentation and surgical outcome are still unclear. For that reason, it is necessary to describe the most relevant anatomical characteristics of LVPS and the appropriate surgical strategies currently applied. Methods: We reviewed the anatomical characteristics of several patients diagnosed of LVPS and the surgical technique performed. In this work two different anatomical types of LVPS are described in detail, with the surgical and structural implications for left ventricle reconstruction. Results: There are two different anatomical forms of LVPS: 1) Typical pseudoaneurysm, with a small gateway neck between the Left Ventricle and the false aneurysm chamber (Figure 1(A));2) Atypical pseudoaneurysm, in which the anatomical defect is bigger, without well-defined edges, extends over a large segment of infarcted and thinned myocardial tissue. In both cases, the therapeutics targets and the surgical techniques used were directed to restore the normal geometry of Left Ventricle, keeping the optimal mitral valve function. Conclusions: The surgical key-step is to preserve or to remodel the ventricular chamber anatomy. This fact restores the ventricular geometry, not only removing the wall discontinuity that generated the pseudoaneurysm. Nevertheless, final prognosis depends on the underlying ischemic cardiomyopathy and mechanical complications, such us mitral regurgitation or ventricular septal defect.

The relation of flow-mediated vasodilatation and diastolic function in uncomplicated Type 2 diabetic patients

Objectives: To evaluate the association of diastolic function of the left ventricle with flowme-diated dilatation (FMD) in uncomplicated Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Methods: Eighty-two uncomplicated Type 2 diabetic patients were examined by pulse and tissue Doppler echocardiography and FMD of brachial artery. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to the size of the left ventricular relaxation parameter—E’. Results: The average age of the patients was 61 ± 6 years. FMD was 5.0 ± 1.8% in 41 patients with E’ from 3 to 7.4 cm/s (mean 6 cm/s) comparing to 5.1 ± 1.9% (p = 0.96) in 41 patients with E’ from 7.5 to 10.9 cm/s (mean 8.9 cm/s). E/E’ was 11.2 ± 2.3 in the group with lower E’ and 9.1 ± 1.6 in the group with higher E’ (p 0.001). Linear negative correlation was found between E/E’ and FMD for the patients with E’ from 3 to 7.4 cm/s (R2 = 0.131;p = 0.025) but not for the group of patients with the higher E’. The significant association between FMD and E/E’ was confirmed by multivariate analysis ((Rc)2 = 0.233;p 0.05). Conclusion: FMD has no impact on the left ventricular relaxation. However FMD is negatively associated with E/E’ in Type 2 diabetic patients who have low E’ as a sign of an impaired early relaxation.

Effect of Shenmai Injection(参麦注射液)on Ventricular Diastolic Function in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure:An Assessment by Tissue Doppler Imaging

Objective：To assess the effect of Shenmai Injection（参麦注射液,SMI） on left ventricular diastolic function（LVDF） in patients with chronic heart failure（CHF） by tissue Doppler imaging（TDI）.Methods：Sixty-four CHF patients were randomly assigned to two groups,the observation group and the control group.Basic treatment including polarized liquid therapy was given to all the patients.In addition,SMI was given to patients of the observation group.The treatment duration was 14 days.TDI was performed in all the patients 3 days prior to the initiation of the treatment and one week after the medication to measure the average movement velocity of the mitral ring of the left ventricle at the early systolic stage and late diastolic stage（Ea and Aa）;the outcomes were compared with the corresponding parameters obtained from blood flow Doppler echocardiography, namely,the velocity of the E-wave（E） and A-wave（A）.Results：After treatment,Ea and Ea/Aa increased and Aa decreased significantly in the observation group（P〈0.05）.In the control group,although some improvement was seen,there was no statistically significant change（P〉0.05）.No statistical significance was shown between groups in these parameters after treatment.Conclusion：TDI assessment shows that SMI could effectively improve the LVDF in CHF patients.

Do Continuous Flow LVADS Improve Diastolic Dysfunction?

Background: Ventricular assist devices are now used as a bridge to recovery/decision/transplant or as destination therapy in end-stage heart failure. Continued improvements in technology and pump design have made implantation an easier process with reduced operative risks and pump-related adverse events. Considering the beneficial effects of these devices in the clinical setting, it seemed logical to address the long-term effect of the continuous flow pumps on diastolic dysfunction. Methods: This study addresses the effect of HeartMate IITM(HMII) support for 284+/-97 days on echocardiographic parameters of diastolic function. Data from fifteen patients was retrospectively studied status post left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. The data at approximately 1-year post implantation was compared with that obtained prior to implantation. Statistical analyses were performed using the Microsoft Excel Program/MSExcel Stats. Echocardiographic measurements were carried out in accordance with the American Society of Echocardiography guidelines. Results: Of all the echocardiographic parameters assessed only E/Ea and calculated left atrial pressure (LAP) showed a statistically significant decrease. Two parameters that showed a trend towards significance are Ea (septal) and global functional index (p = 0.05). Conclusions: Continuous Flow LVAD support appears to improve diastolic dysfunction. This study has limitations in that we used a single type of continuous flow device (HeartMate IITM) and was conducted as a retrospective analysis. Further studies with larger populations and longer support are required to validate this finding.

Left ventricular systolic function assessment in patients with dilated heart failure using cardiovascular magnetic resonance

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has become a reference standard for the measure-ment of cardiac volumes, function, and mass. This study aims to reconstruct three dimen-sional modeling of the left ventricle (LV) in pa-tients with heart failure (HF) using CMRtools and thereby derive the LV functional indices. CMR images were acquired in 41 subjects (6 females) with heart failure (HF) and 12 normal controls (4 females). Five comparisons were made (i) nor-mal and dilated heart failure subjects, (ii) male and female normal heart, (iii) male and female dilated heart, (iv) male normal and dilated heart failure and (v) female normal and dilated heart failure. In HF, a significant higher values of EDV (320 刡 79 vs. 126 刡 22 ml, P&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.0001), ESV (255 刡 68 vs. 54 刡 12 ml, P&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.00001) and lower values of EF (20 刡 7 vs. 58 刡 5 %) were found compared that of normal control. There were significant difference on LV EDV and ESV between sex in both normal and HF subjects.

Assessment of Left Ventricular Mechanical Function in Cardiac Syndrome X: Speckle Tracking Imaging Study

Objective: Early detection of LV mechanical abnormalities in patients with cardiac syndrome X (CSX) by speckle tracking echocardiography (STE). Background: Cardiac syndrome X is a triad of angina pectoris, positive stress test for myocardial ischemia and angiographically free coronary arteries. Two dimensional speckle tracking?echocardiography (2D-STE) provides a more sensitive method for evaluation of global and segmental LV function than conventional two dimensional echocardiographic parameters. Subjects and Methods: Seventy patients proved to have CSX and 20 healthy control volunteers were included with a mean age of 49.43 ± 5.92 vs. 49.40 ±6.27 years respectively with no difference regarding sex for both patients and controls. Patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, valvular heart disease, cardiomyopathies, inflammatory diseases, myocarditis and arrhythmias were excluded. All included individuals were subjected to complete conventional echocardiographic assessment and left ventricular global and segmental mechanical function was assessed using 2D based strain and strain rate (longitudinal, radial and circumferential) imaging. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in LV conventional echo parameters between patients and controls. However, global mean longitudinal strain was significantly lower in patients than controls (-15.05 ± 3.28 vs. -20.22 ± 2.49;p 0.001). For radial and circumferential strain stain, there was no significant changes between patients vs. controls (29.75 ± 18.26 vs. 28.09 ± 15.48;p = 0.74) and (-19.88 ± 8.63 vs. -21.93 ± 5.69;p 0.05) respectively. Conclusion: In spite of normal conventional echo parameters among patients and controls, LV longitudinal strain and strain rate by 2D speckle tracking imaging were lower in the patients denoting subclinical left ventricular mechanical dysfunction in patients with CSX.

左心房容积指数与左心房前后径评价左心室舒张功能的一致性

目的探讨左心房容积指数(LAVI)与左心房前后径(LAAP)的关系以及二者评价左心室舒张功能的一致性。方法选取我院2018年7月至2019年12月进行超声心动图检查患者315例,其中健康者68例(21.6%),高血压患者98例(31.1%),冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病患者97例(30.8%),扩张型心肌病患者32例(10.2%),肺源性心脏病患者11例(3.5%),先天性心脏病患者9例(2.9%)。收集患者临床一般资料,超声心动图检测患者各项心脏指标,包括LAAP、左心房容积(LAV)、二尖瓣舒张早期峰值血流速度(MV E)、二尖瓣舒张晚期峰值血流速度(MV A)、二尖瓣环室间隔部位舒张早期峰值速度(Septal e’)、二尖瓣环侧壁部位舒张早期峰值速度(Lateral e’)、三尖瓣反流峰速(TR)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)等。根据LVEF分为LVEF正常组(LVEF≥53%,n=264)和LVEF减低组(LVEF<53%,n=51),采用独立样本t检验比较2组左心室舒张功能指标的差异。采用Pearson或Spearman相关分析LAVI与LAAP的相关性;采用Kappa检验分析LAAP和LAVI评价左心室舒张功能的一致性。结果与LVEF正常组比较,LVEF减低组患者LAAP、LAV、LAVI、E/e’及TR显著增大(均P<0.001),而Septal e’及Lateral e’显著减小(均P<0.001)。LAAP和LAVI水平呈正相关(r=0.74,P<0.001)。LAAP和LAVI评价左心室舒张功能是否减低及分级的一致性均较强(均P<0.001)。结论LAAP与LAVI水平呈正相关;LAAP与LAVI评价左心室舒张功能是否减低和分级时一致性均较强。LVEF减低时,LAAP与LAVI相关性更高,LAAP与LAVI评价左心室舒张功能分级的一致性更强。因此,对于LVEF减低患者,当无法获得LAVI指标时,可用LAAP替代LAVI进行评估。

超声左心室自动功能成像评估胰岛素泵输注治疗2型糖尿病合并肺结核左心室功能

目的:探索超声左心室自动功能成像(AFI)评估胰岛素泵输注治疗2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并肺结核左心室功能的效果。方法:选取2020年12月至2022年10月新疆医科大学第一附属医院收治的108例T2DM合并肺结核老年患者纳入观察组,选取同期在本院接受体检的90名健康体检者纳入健康对照组。观察组接受胰岛素泵的输注治疗,并于治疗前后采用超声左心室AFI评估左心室功能参数;健康对照组检查左心室指标及血糖指标。对比两组的临床指标以及超声参数上的差异性。结果:观察组治疗后与治疗前比较收缩压与空腹血糖水平均较低;观察组治疗后与治疗前分别与健康对照组相比长轴方向的全球纵向应变(GLPS-LAX)、四腔心切面的全球纵向应变(GLPS-A4C)及平均全球纵向应变(GLPS-AVG)比较均有所降低;观察组治疗后与治疗前相比GLPS-LAX、GLPS-AVG较高,差异有统计学意义(t=2.846、4.926,P<0.05)。结论:T2DM合并肺结核患者在经过胰岛素泵注射治疗后,通过采用超声左心室AFI对患者的左心室功能进行评估时发现,其左心室功能获得有效改善,采用超声左心室AFI评估T2DM合并肺结核左心室功能具有重要的临床意义。

妊娠期糖尿病对胎儿超声心动图肺静脉血流频谱及心脏功能的影响

目的探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)对胎儿超声心动图检查肺静脉血流频谱及心脏功能的影响。方法选取我院诊断的GDM孕妇190例作为GDM组,另选取同期在我院行超声检查的健康孕妇203例作为对照组,GDM组依据不同血糖控制水平分为GDM1组(血糖控制稳定)112例和GDM2组(血糖控制不佳)78例。比较各组孕妇糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)水平,并行超声心动图检查,比较各组孕妇宫内胎儿左心室结构相关参数。结果GDM2组空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖和HbAlc水平、左心室厚度(LVWT)、室间隔舒张末期厚度(IVSd)、肺静脉峰值流速(PVIV)、肺静脉搏动指数(PI)均高于对照组和GDM1组,GDM1组上述指标均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);GDM2组左心室短轴缩短率(LVFS)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)、A峰流速均低于对照组和GDM1组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);GDM1组上述指标均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。GDM1组、GDM2组HbAlc与LVWT、IVSd均呈正相关(P<0.05),与LVFS、LVEF均呈负相关(P<0.05);GDM1组、GDM2组胎儿肺静脉血流频谱A峰流速与PVIV和PI均呈负相关(P<0.05)。结论GDM对胎儿肺静脉血流频谱参数A峰流速的下降和PVIV与PI的升高提示GDM孕妇胎儿左心室舒张功能的下降。

高血压患者短期血压变异与左室舒张功能的相关性分析

目的探讨原发性高血压患者血压变异与左室舒张功能的关系。方法对2021年10月至2022年1月我院门诊138例初诊原发性高血压患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,根据超声心动图测量平均E/e′结果分两组(舒张功能正常组E/e′<14、舒张功能降低组E/e′≥14),比较两组间24 h动态血压指标结果(血压变异以血压变异系数、平均收缩压及舒张压标准差表示),分析左室舒张功能与血压变异指标及临床生化指标的相关性。结果左室舒张功能降低组患者的24 h收缩压变异系数(24hSBPCV)、24 h收缩压标准差(24hSBPSD)、24 h舒张压变异系数(24hDBPCV)、日间收缩压变异系数(dSBPCV)、日间舒张压变异系数(dDBPCV)、日间收缩压标准差(dSBPSD)、24 h收缩压平均水平(24hSBP)、夜间收缩压平均水平(nSBP)均高于舒张功能正常组,24hDBP、dDBP及nDBP低于舒张功能正常组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。相关性分析提示:24hSBPCV、24hSBPSD、dSBPCV、dSBPSD、24hSBP、nSBP、年龄均与E/e′呈正相关(r=0.136、0.182、0.170、0.205、0.195、0.322、0.568,P=0.032、0.004、0.007、0.001、0.022、0.000、0.000);24hDBP、dDBP及nDBP均与E/e′呈负相关(r=-0.322、-0.334、-0.198,P=0.000、0.000、0.020);Logistic回归分析显示:dSBPSD及年龄是左室舒张功能的独立影响因素[OR=3.062(1.314~7.133)、1.094(1.058~1.132)]。结论原发性高血压患者短期血压变异及年龄是左室舒张功能的影响因素。

基于组织特征追踪的心脏磁共振左房应变分析在肥厚型心肌病左室舒张功能障碍评估中的价值

目的探索磁共振左心房应变(left atrial strain,LAS)在肥厚型心肌病(hypertrophic cardiomyopathy,HCM)左室舒张功能障碍(left ventricular diastolic dysfunction,LVDD)诊断中的价值。材料与方法回顾性分析2021年2月至2022年8月中国医学科学院阜外医院诊断的103例HCM住院患者的临床资料、超声心动图、心脏磁共振(cardiac magnetic resonance,CMR)基本参数、基于组织特征追踪的左室应变(left ventricular strain,LVS)及LAS参数,根据超声心动图结果将上述患者分为28例LVDD组(A组)以及75例无明显LVDD组(B组)。采用独立样本t检验、非参数检验、卡方检验等统计方法,分别比较A组与B组的临床基线资料、CMR基本参数、LVS及LAS参数,同时采用logistic回归分析筛选LVDD的独立相关因素。结果A组患者的年龄更大[中位年龄为53.0(43.2,66.8)岁]、纽约心功能分级(New York HeartAssociation,NYHA)Ⅲ~Ⅳ(60.7%)更高,出现晕厥(32.1%)、猝死家族史(32.1%)等临床症状的比例更高。与B组比较,A组左房前后径(left atrial anteroposterior diameter,LAD-AP)、左心室收缩末期容积指数(left ventricular end-systolic volume index,ESVi)、左心室质量指数(left ventricular mass index,LVMi)及左室流出道梗阻(left ventricular outflow tract obstruction,LVOTO)的比例均显著增高(P值均<0.05),被动应变(passive strain,εe)、峰值正应变率(peak positive strain rate,SRs)、峰值早期负应变率(peak early negative strain rate,SRe)及峰值晚期负应变率(peak late negative strain rate,SRa)均显著降低(P均<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示LVOTO[优势比(odds ratio,OR)=4.127,95%置信区间(confidence interval,CI):1.488~11.450,P=0.006]及SRa(OR=4.672,95%CI:1.624~13.441,P=0.004)与LVDD独立相关,且SRa具有较高的诊断效能,其区分LVDD的受试者工作特征(receiver operator characteristic,ROC)曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)为0.717。结论磁共振LAS可反映HCM患者的LVDD。SRa对LVDD有一定的诊断效能,是一个具有潜在价值的诊断指标。

基于4D Flow CMR技术评价心肌纤维化对肥厚型心肌病患者左室舒张功能障碍的影响

目的采用四维血流(four-dimensional flow,4D Flow)心脏磁共振成像(cardiac magnetic resonance,CMR)技术对肥厚型心肌病(hypertrophic cardiomyopathy,HCM)患者是否存在左心室舒张功能障碍进行评估,探讨心肌纤维化对HCM患者左心室舒张功能的影响。材料与方法前瞻性纳入44例HCM患者,根据患者是否合并晚期钆增强(late gadolinium enhancement,LGE)分为HCM LGE(+)组(25例)和HCM LGE(-)组(19例),同期纳入31例健康对照者。三组人群进行3.0 T磁共振稳态自由进动序列及4D Flow序列扫描。采用CVI42后处理软件进行分析,包括心功能参数、二尖瓣血流速度参数。使用单因素方差分析或Mann-Whitney U检验对三组受试者临床资料及影像学参数进行比较;并对二尖瓣水平舒张早期平均血流速度(E)与舒张期整体室壁峰值厚度(global peak wall thickness,GPWT)、左心室质量(left ventricular mass,LVmass)进行相关性分析。结果HCM患者的LVmass及GPWT均大于健康对照组,且伴有心肌纤维化较不伴有心肌纤维化的HCM患者的GPWT增大更加明显[HCM LGE(+)组vs.HCM LGE(-)组vs.健康对照组];[LVmass:157.34(122.24,194.38)g vs.148.29(131.79,189.83)g vs.85.73(73.00,94.02)g;GPWT:20.04(16.76,24.99)mm vs.17.46(16.19,19.99)mm vs.9.47(8.35,10.92)mm](P<0.001);伴有心肌纤维化的HCM患者舒张早期平均血流速度峰值(E峰)低于不伴有心肌纤维化的HCM患者,且均较健康对照组低[HCM LGE(+)组vs.HCM LGE(-)组vs.健康对照组:(30.03±11.33)cm/s vs.(38.05±12.03)cm/s vs.(47.44±10.82)cm/s](P<0.001);而舒张晚期平均血流速度峰值(A峰)在三组间均无显著性差异;且伴有心肌纤维化的HCM患者较健康对照组的E/A值明显减低(1.10±0.61 vs.1.74±0.85)(P<0.05)。舒张期早期二尖瓣水平的平均血流速度与GPWT和LVmass均呈负相关(r=-0.593/r=-0.371,P<0.001/P=0.001)。结论基于4D Flow CMR不仅可以从三维角度对血流速度进行准确测量,同时能从血流动力学方面定量评估HCM患者的左室舒张功能障碍及心肌纤维化对HCM患者左心室舒张功能的影响。