Effect of Diazepam on the Contents of Amino Acids and Free Radical during Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

The protective effect and mechanism of diazepam on ischemia neurons during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion were studied. Sixty three Wistar rats were divided randomly into nine groups: control group , ischemia groups including subgroups of is3h, is3 h/rep1 h, is3 h/rep2 h, is3 h/rep3 h, diazepam treated groups , including subgroups of is3 h, is3 h/rep1 h, is3 h/rep2 h, is3 h/rep3 h with Zea longa’s animal model of middle cerebral artery occlusion. The comparison between the ischemia group and diazepam treated group showed that diazepam could obviously decrease the production of glutamate, asparate, MDA and increase the synthesis and release of GABA, SOD and GSH PX. It was concluded that diazepam exerted its protective effects on neurons through complex mechanisms of regulating the synthesis and release of excitotary/inhibitory amino acids and free radicals.

Effect of Cyclodextrin Complexation on the Aqueous Solubility of Diazepam and Nitrazepam:Phase-Solubility Analysis,Thermodynamic Properties

The solubility enhancement of diazepam and nitrazepam in water was analyzed depending on temperature and amount of α-cyclodextrin ( α-CD), β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (2-HP-β-CD). The interactions of drug-cyclodextrin in solution were investigated by the phase-solubility analysis. Diazepam (nitrazepam) content in aqueous complexation medium was analyzed UV spectrophotometrically. Classical solubility data were used to derive apparent stability constants (K1:1) which were used to derive thermodynamic parameters for the diazepam (nitrazepam)-cyclodextrin complexes. Since all phase solubility plots were of AL–types, and calculated Slopes after linear regression analysis were found to be less than 1, it could be assumed that stoichiometry of the formed binary systems was 1:1. According to the calculated K1:1 values, the stability of the complexes of diazepam and nitrazepam with a-CD, β-CD and 2-HP-β-CD varies as follows: 2-HP-β-CD > β-CD > β-CD. The a-CD has higher affinity for dissolving nitrazepam compared to diazepam. While all parameters lead to an improvement in solubility, the largest effect was obtained for guest-host complexation with 2-HP-β-CD. The solubility of diazepam and nitrazepam in water increased 93.02 times and 64.23 times, respectively, in the presence of 40% (w/w) 2-HP-β-CD, at 25°C. Solubility data for diazepam and nitrazepam in aqueous 2-HP-b-CD were used to derive thermodynamic parameters, ΔG° at 298 K = –14.43 kJ·mol–1, ΔH° = 0.79 kJ·mol–1, ΔS° at 298 K = 51.17 J·mol–1·K–1 and ΔG° at 298 K = –13.43 kJ·mol–1, ΔH° = 2.38 kJ·mol–1, ΔS° at 298 K = 53.01 J·mol–1·K–1, respectively. Formation of inclusion complexes substantially increases the water solubility of diazepam and nitrazepam. Diazepam and nitrazepam dissolution thermodynamics in aqueous 2-HP-β-CD were characterized by spontaneous and endothermic dissolution and hydrophobic interactions.

Diazepam reduces synaptic GABA type areceptor availability via multiple trafficking mechanisms

OBJECTIVE Investigate the effects of diazepam(DZP) on γ2 subunit containing GABA type A receptor(GABA A R) trafficking.METHODS Immunofluorescence microscopy measured surface GABA A Rs and gephyrin in rat cortical neurons after 24 h exposure of 1.0 μmol·L^(-1) DZP.Biochemical studies of mice injected with 10 mg·kg^(-1) DZP vs vehicle were assessed for γ2 subunit and total gephyrin cortical levels 12 h post-injection.Ubiquitination of the γ2 subunit was studied by immunoprecipitation after 12 h of 1.0 μmol·L^(-1) DZP exposure.A γ2 subunit encoding an N terminal fluorogen-activating peptide and pH-sensitive green fluorescent protein(γ2 pH FAP) measured lysosomal targeting of γ2 containing GABA A Rs.RFP-gephyrin and γ2 pH FAP synaptic diffusion rates were examined using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching(FRAP).RESULTS Extrasynaptic levels of γ2 GABA A Rs decreased by 12.2%,while synaptic gephyrin S270 phosphorylation increased by 18.3% in DZP-treated neurons after 24 h compared to control(P<0.05).Dendritic levels of gephyrin were also reduced to 74.1% of control,while S270 phosphorylation was elevated by 25.2%(P<0.05;P<0.01).Mice 12 h post-DZP injection demonstrated a 12.7% and 26.1% decrease in total γ2 and gephyrin levels,respectively(P<0.05;P<0.01).12 h DZP treatment enhanced γ2 subunit ubiquitination 1.13-fold relative to control(P<0.05).Internalized γ2 pH FAP GABA A Rs associated with lysosomes was 8.0% higher in neurons treated with 12-16 h DZP compared to control.Pilot FRAP experiments suggest gephyrin and γ2 have increased mobility and turnover at synapses following DZP.CONCLUSION DZP treatment decreases γ2 GABA A R levels and gephyrin scaffolding function after one day of exposure,which may contribute to the formation of DZP tolerance.

Diazepam during endoscopic submucosal dissection of gastric epithelial neoplasias

AIM:To investigate risk factors and adverse events related to high-dose diazepam administration during endoscopic submucosal dissection for gastric neoplasias.METHODS:Between February 2002 and December 2009,a total of 286 patients with gastric epithelial neoplasia underwent endoscopic submucosal dissection in our hospital.To achieve moderate sedation,5-7.5 mg of diazepam was administered intravenously by non-anesthesiologists.Intermittent additional administration of 2.5-5 mg diazepam was performed if uncontrollable body movement of the patient was observed.All patients were classified into groups based on the required diazepam dose:low-dose (≤ 17.5 mg,n=252) and high-dose (> 17.5 mg,n=79).RESULTS:Differences between the low-and highdose diazepam groups were observed in lifetime alcohol consumption (0.30 ± 0.48 vs 0.44 ± 0.52 tons,P=0.032),body weight (58.4 ± 10.3 vs 62.0 ± 9.9 kg,P=0.006),tumor size (15 ± 10 vs 23 ± 18 mm,P < 0.001),lesion location (P < 0.001) and the presence of ulcerative findings (14/238 vs 18/61,P < 0.001).Multivariate analysis identified all five variables as independently related to required diazepam dosage.In terms of adverse reactions to diazepam administration,paradoxical excitement was significantly more frequent in the high-dose diazepam group (P < 0.001).CONCLUSION:Intermittent administration of diazepam enabled safe completion of gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection except in patients who were alcohol abusers or obese,or who showed complicated lesions.

PROPHYLAXIS OF INTERMITTENT DIAZEPAM IN CHILDREN WITH FEBRILE CONVULSIONS（FC）

ＰＲＯＰＨＹＬＡＸＩＳＯＦＩＮＴＥＲＭＩＴＴＥＮＴＤＩＡＺＥＰＡＭＩＮＣＨＩＬＤＲＥＮＷＩＴＨＦＥＢＲＩＬＥＣＯＮＶＵＬＳＩＯＮＳ（ＦＣ）（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＰｅｄｉａｔｒｉｃｓ，ＳｅｃｏｎｄＡｆｆｉｌｉａｔｅｄＨｏｓｐｉｔａｌ，Ｘｉ＇ａｎ７１...

Melatonin and Diazepam Affect Anxiety-Like and Depression-Like Behavior in Wistar Rats: Possible Interaction with Central GABA Neurotransmission

Recent studies have shown the importance of the GABA-ergic transmission in the pathophysiology of anxiety and depressive disorders in humans. Our present study aims to investigate the interaction of melatonin (MEL) with this system by exploring the effects of MEL with or without a facilitator of GABA-ergic neurotransmission, diazepam (DZ) on the levels of depression and anxiety in Wistar rats. For this purpose, different doses of MEL (2, 4 or 16 mg/kg) or DZ (2 mg/kg) are subchronically administered during 15 days. After pharmacological treatments, anxiety levels are evaluated in behavioral tests of Open Field (OFT) and elevated plus maze (EPM) and depression levels are evaluated by the forced swim test (FST). The results showed that MEL produces anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like effects in a dose-dependent manner;the maximum effect was obtained at a dose of 16 mg/kg. However, a dose of 4 mg/kg is necessary to induce an effect. The effect of MEL and DZ reported in this study concerns selective modulation of behavioral anxiety and depression since locomotor activity assessed by the OFT and EPM was not affected. The subchronic injection of MEL at 4 mg/kg, DZ at 2 mg/kg or the two combined molecules also induces also anxiety-like and antidepressant-like behavior. In addition, a potentiating effect between MEL and DZ was observed. These effects suggest that psychopharmacological actions of MEL are due, at least in part, to its ability to improve the central GABA-ergic transmission.

Intranasal Delivery of Two Benzodiazepines, Midazolam and Diazepam, by a Microemulsion System

Nasal application of benzodiazepines might be an alternative to intravenous administration in acute clinical situations such as seizures emergencies. However, irritation and pain as well as symptoms like teary eyes, dizziness, discomfort, nasal drainage and bad taste usually accompany subject received midazolam and diazepam via the nasal route. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of a new alcohol-free microemulsion system as a carrier for diazepam or midazolam given intranasally. Midazolam (base) or diazepam was solubilized in the microemulsion to obtain a high drug concentration of 25 mg/g (2.5% by weight), to provide 2.5 mg drug in 100 μl spray (d ≈ 1.00 g/ml). The nasal absorption of both drugs from the same microemulsion formulation (containing 20% aqueous phase) was found to be fairly rapid after administration of 0.4 mg/kg to rabbits. The absolute bioavailability of diazepam after intranasal administration using this formulation was 33.45% ± 12.36% and the tmax was 18.33 ± 23.09 min, which was twice longer than the tmax obtained after midazolam administration, 9.25 ± 6.75 min. The pharmacokinetic parameters of midazolam in W/O (20% water) microemulsion and their comparison with midazolam in O/W (50% water) microemulsion have shown that both formulations resulted in a relatively short time to reach the peak plasma level (tmax), that is, 9.25 ± 6.75 min and 6.75 ± 5.67 min, respectively. However, the peak plasma levels (Cmax) and the absolute bioavailability (FA) of midazolam were significantly higher after administration of the W/O formulation than those obtained after application of O/W formulation, i.e., 46.62 ± 17.38 μg/ml vs. 15.44 ± 4.00 μg/ml, and 35.19% ± 11.83% vs. 19.83% ± 16.32%, respectively. Our results suggest that the new microemulsion system may be useful for getting rapid-onset of midazolam and diazepam following intranasal administration, resulting in reasonable peak plasma levels and bioavailability, but most importantly, providing a high measure of tolerability and comfort.

Effects of Diazepam,Phenobarbital,Propranolol,and Cimetidine on Diazepam Oxidizing Isoenzymes in Rat Liver Microsomes

研究地西泮、苯巴比妥、普萘洛尔和西咪替丁对地西泮氧化代谢的影响及其药酶蛋白的初步分析，应用ＨＰＬＣ，ＳＤＳ聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和薄层扫描测定地西泮及其代谢物，并对大鼠肝微粒体和酶蛋白进行分离和含量测定。结果表明地西泮、普萘洛尔和西咪替丁使肝微粒体中Ｐ４５０含量明显降低。地西泮和普萘洛尔明显抑制地西泮Ｃ３羟化活性，大剂量普萘洛尔尚能抑制地西泮Ｎ脱甲基。苯巴比妥明显诱导Ｐ４５０生成，增强地西泮Ｎ脱甲基和Ｃ３羟化酶活性及分子量为５１，０００和５９，０００的电泳蛋白带，而地西泮、普萘洛尔则呈抑制作用。并发现，地西泮Ｎ脱甲基酶活性和分子量为５９，０００蛋白含量呈线性相关（Ｐ＜０．０５），而Ｃ３羟化酶活性则与５１，０００蛋白含量呈线性相关（Ｐ＜０．０１）。因此地西泮Ｃ３羟化代谢可能与５１，０００的Ｐ４５０酶蛋白有关，而Ｎ脱甲基代谢则可能与５９，０００的Ｐ４５０酶蛋白有关。

Effect of single-use versus combined-use moschus and diazepam on expression of amino acid neurotransmitters in the rat corpus striatum

The present study analyzed expressional changes of excitatory neurotransmitters and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the rat corpus striatum after single-use and combined-use diazepam and Chinese herb moschus. The influence of moschus on the central nervous system was analyzed, in particular whether moschus increased penetration of other drugs into the brain. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, which included pre-column derivation with orthophthaladehyde detection, showed varied increased levels of excitatory neurotransmitters, including aspartate and glutamate, and inhibitory neurotransmitters, including glycine and Y-aminobutyric acid, in the corpus striatum after treatment with moschus alone, diazepam alone, or a combination of both. Compared with the diazepam group, aspartate levels significantly decreased at 30 and 60-105 minutes after combined treatment with moschus, while glutamate significantly increased at 45 and 75-105 minutes, glycine levels significantly increased at 105 minutes, and γ-aminobutyric acid increased at 30 and 75-105 minutes. These findings suggested that moschus increased the inhibition effects of diazepam on the brain.

Maintenance time of sedative effects after an intravenous infusion of diazepam: A guide for endoscopy using diazepam

AIM: To examine whether the sedative effects assessed by psychomotor tests would depend on the cytochrome P450 (CYP ) 2C19 genotypes after an infusion regimen of diazepam commonly used forgastrointestinal endoscopy in Japan. METHODS: Fifteen healthy Japanese volunteers consisting of three different CYP2C19 genotype groups underwent a critical ? icker fusion test, an eye movement analysis and a postural sway test as a test for physical sedative effects, and a visual analog scale (VAS) symptom assessment method as a test for mental sedative effects during the 336 h period after the intravenous infusion of diazepam (5 mg). RESULTS: The physical sedative effects assessed by the critical flicker test continued for 1 h (t values of 5 min, 30 min and 60 min later: 4.35, 5.00 and 3.19, respectively) and those by the moving radial area of a postural sway test continued for 3 h (t values of 5 h, 30 h, 60 min and 3 h later: -4.05, -3.42, -2.17 and -2.58, respectively), which changed significantly compared with the baseline level before infusion (P < 0.05). On the other hand, the mental sedative effects by the VAS method improved within 1 h. The CYP2C19 genotype-dependent differences in the postinfusion sedative effects were not observed in any of the four psychomotor function tests. CONCLUSION: With the psychomotor tests, the objective sedative effects of diazepam continued for 1 h to 3 h irrespective of CYP2C19 genotype status and the subjective sedative symptoms improved within 1 h. Up to 3 h of clinical care appears to be required after the infusion of diazepam, although patients feel subjectively improved.

地西泮在模拟养殖环境中的含量变化及累积特征

为探究地西泮(Diazepam,DZP)在模拟养殖环境中的降解特点及累积特征,设置2个浓度胁迫组(A、C组),并在2个浓度下添加蜈蚣草(Pteris vittata)作对照组(B、D组),共4个试验组;分析水体、底泥和蜈蚣草中DZP浓度随时间的变化特点,探讨蜈蚣草和底泥对水体中DZP的累积特征。结果表明,给药后4组水体中DZP的初始质量浓度分别为A:(0.118±0.002)μg·L^(-1)、B:(0.117±0.004)μg·L^(-1)、C:(1.141±0.078)μg·L^(-1)和D:(1.142±0.039)μg·L^(-1),给药后第768小时水体中DZP质量浓度下降了29.71%~40.17%;DZP降解半衰期介于65.29~139.11 d。4组底泥中DZP质量分数随时间变化逐渐上升,给药768 h后4组底泥中DZP质量分数分别达到初始质量分数的17.99倍(1.384μg·kg^(-1))、14.81倍(0.918μg·kg^(-1))、4.77倍(7.848μg·kg^(-1))和5.30倍(7.763μg·kg^(-1)),富集系数介于9.79~18.80;B、D组蜈蚣草中DZP浓度峰值出现在给药后第216小时。蜈蚣草和底泥对水体中的DZP具有一定的吸附和富集作用,可明显缩短高浓度DZP在水中降解的半衰期,在低浓度DZP水体中添加蜈蚣草可抑制底泥对DZP的富集。

液相色谱-串联质谱法检测淡水养殖环境中地西泮及其代谢物

建立了养殖水、植物、沉积物和鲫鱼中地西泮及其代谢物(去甲西泮、奥沙西泮和替马西泮)的液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法。养殖水经0.45µm玻璃纤维膜过滤,用氨水调至pH 8.0后通过反相固相萃取柱(HLB)净化;植物和沉积物经盐析提取后,通过QuEChERS方法净化上样;鲫鱼样品经盐析提取后,通过固相萃取柱(Prime HLB)净化上样。采用Luna C_(18)柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.6µm)进行分离,多反应监测(MRM)模式进行测定,外标法定量。结果表明:地西泮及其3种代谢物在0.1~10µg/L质量浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系(r^(2)>0.999)。4种目标物在养殖水体中的检出限为1.0~1.2 ng/L,定量下限为5.0~6.0 ng/L;在植物、沉积物和鲫鱼中的检出限为0.03~0.10µg/kg,定量下限为0.10~0.25µg/kg。在低、中、高3个加标水平下,地西泮及其代谢物的回收率为83.4%~106%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为1.2%~9.4%。该方法成功应用于养殖水、沉积物、植物和鲫鱼样品中地西泮及其代谢物的检测,能为地西泮污染追查提供检测方法支撑。

基于一种直接通过型SPE柱快速检测水产饲料中的地西泮

研究旨在建立一种基于直接通过型固相萃取(SPE)柱结合超高效液相色谱串联质谱的快速、准确测定水产饲料中地西泮的方法。样品经过10 mL乙腈-甲酸水提取、异辛烷除脂后,振荡,离心,将上层清液经直接通过型SPE柱净化,0.22μm滤膜过滤,上机测定。结果显示,地西泮在1.0~10.0μg/L线性范围内线性关系良好,线性系数大于0.99,检测限为0.3μg/kg,定量限为1.0μg/kg。地西泮在空白样品加标的低、中、高3个水平添加量下,回收率在82.6%~101.4%,批内相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.8%~6.2%,批间RSD为3.4%~5.7%。研究表明,该方法省时便捷、节约成本、准确性好,能够满足大规模水产饲料样品的测定。

睡眠类特膳食品中非法添加地西泮的快速检测

为快速检测特膳食品中非法添加的地西泮,文章基于经典的免疫层析侧流试纸(lateral flow strips,LFS)结合金纳米粒子(gold nanoparticles,GNPs)标记,建立一种快速、简单、方便的胶体金试纸条检测方法。结果表明:制备的试纸条能够在不到10 min的时间内完成检测,且无需复杂的预处理过程,特异性好,灵敏度高,视觉检测限可低至10.0μg/L。该方法操作简单、安全便捷,可以有效地实现睡眠类特殊膳食食品中非法添加地西泮的快速检测。

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鱼饵中地西泮的不确定度评定

试验为评定液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鱼饵中地西泮含量的不确定度。试验通过建立数学模型分析不同来源的不确定度,评定各不确定度分量。结果显示,测量结果的相对标准不确定度为4.55%,相对扩展的不确定度为9.10%,样品中地西泮含量为(23.821±2.168)μg/kg(K=2)。研究表明,鱼饵中地西泮含量的测量不确定度主要源于试样重复测量、标准溶液配制和试样称量。

小儿惊厥采用地西泮联合苯巴比妥治疗的临床效果研究

目的观察对惊厥患儿实施地西泮联合苯巴比妥治疗的临床效果。方法84例惊厥患儿,随机分为对照组和观察组,各42例。两组均给予常规治疗。在此基础上,对照组实行地西泮治疗,观察组实施地西泮联合苯巴比妥治疗。对比两组治疗效果、不良事件发生情况、治疗前后血清指标、预后情况及治疗后的免疫功能指标。结果观察组治疗总有效率95.24%高于对照组的80.95%(P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)(16.58±0.38)μg/L高于对照组的(12.26±1.05)μg/L,神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)(20.01±2.09)ng/ml、中枢神经特异蛋白(S100-β)(0.15±0.01)μg/L低于对照组的(31.24±2.08)ng/ml、(0.29±0.02)μg/L(P<0.05)。观察组治疗6、12个月惊厥累积复发次数分别为(0.45±0.05)、(1.01±0.15)次,均低于对照组的(1.45±0.11)、(2.41±0.15)次(P<0.05)。观察组免疫球蛋白(Ig)A(0.82±0.07)g/L、IgM(0.61±0.10)g/L、IgG(6.11±0.48)g/L、CD8^(+)(0.20±0.01)均低于对照组的(0.90±0.10)g/L、(0.94±0.15)g/L、(7.84±0.42)g/L、(0.27±0.02),CD4^(+)(41.75±2.05)%、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)(1.95±0.18)均高于对照组的(39.46±0.12)%、(1.75±0.14)(P<0.05)。观察组不良事件发生率略高于对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论对惊厥患儿实施地西泮联合苯巴比妥治疗,能够提升临床治疗效果,改善患儿的神经系统功能,提升药物治疗的安全性,值得推广。

Propofol combined with diazepam synergistically potentiates the GABA-activated chloride current in rat sensory neurons

To investigate the effect of propofol combined with diazepam on the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-activated chloride current (I GABA ) evoked in rat sensory neurons Methods Whole cell patch clamp recordings were made from cultured rat dorsal root ganglionic neurons GABA (3*!μmol/L) was applied by pressure ejection The anesthetics were dissolved in the external solution and given by the “Y-tube" method Results Co-application of propofol (0 3-3*!μmol/L) and diazepam (100*!nmol/L) potentiated the I GABA which was significantly larger than the sum of that potentiated by drug alone Diazepam (100*!nmol/L) shifted the concentration-response curve for the I GABA potentiation induced by propofol to the left in a parallel fashion The EC 50 value for propofol was decreased by diazepam from 7 6±1 8 *!μmol/L to 3 9±1 1*!μmol/L (n=9) Conclusions Our results suggest that propofol combined with diazepam synergistically potentiates the I GABA Diazepam-induced increase in the apparent binding affinity of propofol for the GABA A receptors is likely responsible for a clinical synergistic hypnotic action during co-application with propofol and

缩宫素与地西泮联合间苯三酚与盐酸哌替啶在产妇分娩中的应用效果观察

目的:观察缩宫素与地西泮联合间苯三酚与盐酸哌替啶在产妇分娩中的应用效果。方法:选取2020年11月—2021年11月于南华大学附属长沙中心医院分娩的产妇180例作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为两组,各90例。对照组应用缩宫素与地西泮治疗,观察组在对照组基础上联合间苯三酚、盐酸哌替啶治疗。比较两组应用效果。结果:观察组第一产程时间短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);两组第二产程、第三产程时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组第一产程、第二产程、第三产程视觉模拟评分法评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。两组产后2 h、24 h出血量比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组新生儿不良事件总发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.016)。结论:缩宫素与地西泮联合间苯三酚与盐酸哌替啶在产妇分娩中的应用效果显著,能加快第一产程进度,减轻各产程疼痛,降低新生儿不良事件发生率。

常州地区水产养殖中地西泮残留检测及来源分析

本研究分析了水产养殖和垂钓中饲料、窝料、饵料、水样及水产品中地西泮(Diazepam,DZP)的存在情况,并建立了在线净化-液相色谱串联质谱定量检测方法。结果表明DZP含量在0.5~20.0μg/L间线性良好,相关系数(r^(2))均大于0.999;饵料、水样和水产品中定量限(Limit of quantitation,LOQ)分别为1.0μg/kg、0.5μg/L、1.0μg/kg;3种基质中1.0μg/kg、5.0μg/kg和10.0μg/kg 3个浓度水平的加标回收率分别为85.2%~106.5%、82.3%~108.0%、90.7%~116.0%,相对标准偏差(Relative standard deviation,RSD)分别为3.6%~5.1%、2.7%~4.3%、2.1%~2.6%。通过调查发现,7份养殖用饲料中均未检出DZP;28份垂钓中使用的窝料、饵料检出率达66.7%,浓度为2.2~213090.0μg/kg;10份诱鱼剂中均检出DZP,检出率达100%,浓度为637000.0~3471000.0μg/kg;27份水样中DZP检出率达85.2%,浓度为0.4~9.8μg/L和71份淡水鱼中DZP的检出率为54.9%,浓度为0.5~21.8μg/kg。由此可见窝料、饵料及诱鱼剂的使用可能是水体和水产品中DZP频繁检出的重要原因之一,对消费者食用安全和水产养殖行业的健康发展均具有潜在风险,亟需加强DZP监管和监测。