L-Arginine Supplementation Mitigates Dichlorvos-Induced Haematocardiotoxicity, and Oxidative Stress in Male Wistar Rats

Due to its toxicity, dichlorvos—a common organophosphate pesticide—poses significant risks to human health. This study utilized male Wistar rats to explore the potential protective effects of L-arginine supplementation against dichlorvos-induced toxicity, focusing on cardiotoxicity, haematotoxicity and oxidative stress. The rats were divided into four groups: Control, L-arginine (L), Dichlorvos (D), and L-arginine + Dichlorvos (L + D). Dichlorvos was administered to the D group, L-arginine (100 mg/kg) to the L group, and both L-arginine and dichlorvos to the L + D group. The study evaluated various parameters, including cardiovascular, oxidative stress markers, and haematological indices. Significant changes in haematological parameters such as haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (HCT), and red blood cell count (RBC) indicated haematotoxicity after dichlorvos administration. Additionally, elevated cardiac markers, including lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), suggested cardiotoxic effects. Exposure to dichlorvos also resulted in decreased antioxidant enzyme levels and increased oxidative stress indicators like malondialdehyde (MDA). Remarkably, L-arginine supplementation mitigated the damage caused by dichlorvos. It normalized the altered haematological parameters, demonstrating its protective effect against haematotoxicity. The rise in cardiac markers was reduced with L-arginine supplementation, indicating protection against cardiotoxicity. Moreover, L-arginine significantly decreased oxidative stress, as evidenced by lower MDA levels and restored antioxidant enzyme activity. In conclusion, L-arginine supplementation in male Wistar rats showed promising protective effects against dichlorvos-induced cardiotoxicity, haematotoxicity and oxidative stress. This suggests that L-arginine may offer a beneficial intervention to mitigate the adverse effects of dichlorvos on blood and heart health, paving the way for potential treatments for pesticide poisoning.

Degradation effects on dichlorvos by a biocontrol strain,Trichoderma atroviride T23

Excessive use of organophosphate pesticides(OP),such as dichlorvos,in farming system poses a threat to human health through potential contamination of environment.To date,biodegradation has been prospected most promising approach to eliminate environmental OP residues.Trichoderma species as a biological control microorganism is often exposed to the chemical pesticides applied in environments,so it is necessary to understand the mechanism of degradation of dichlorvos by Trichoderma.In this study,dichlorvos significantly inhibited the growth,sporulation and pigmentation of T.atroviride T23,and the dichlorvos degradation activity of T23 required the initial induction effect of dichlorvos and the culture conditions,including the nutrient and pH values of the medium.Various changed primary and secondary metabolites released from T23 in the presence of dichlorvos were speculated as the energy and antioxidants for the strain itself to tolerate dichlorvos stress.The results showed that T23 could produce a series of enzymes,especially the intracellular enzymes,to degrade dichlorvos.The activities of the intracellular enzyme generated by T23 were differentially changed along time course and especially relied on initial dichlorvos concentration,ammonium sulfate and phosphate added in the medium.In conclusion,some dichlorvos-induced chemical degradation related enzymes of T23 were proved to be involved in the degradation of dichlorvos.

Genomic Instability Is a Mechanism for Diminished Male Fertility Following Chronic Dichlorvos Exposure

Background and Objectives: Chronic low-dose exposure to dichlorvos occurs in communities in Africa where the substance is used indiscriminately for a variety of purposes. This experiment used an animal model to evaluate genomic instability induced by this pattern of chronic exposure and its relationship with some measures of fertility in males. Methods: Seventy-five male Rattus norvegicus rats obtained for this experiment, were randomly allotted into five groups. Dichlorvos was given by oral gavage at doses of 0.28 mg/kg, 0.56 mg/kg and, 1.68 mg/kg, respectively, to three of the groups, on alternate days for 50 weeks. The remaining two groups received plain drinking water and cyclophosphamide as negative and positive controls, respectively. Samples were collected at 17, 34, and 50 weeks. Sperm count, sperm morphology and serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, dihydrotestosterone, oestrogen and progesterone were determined. Furthermore, the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes was determined in bone marrow cells obtained from the femur. Results: The mean ranks of micronuclei frequency had an increasing trend. The frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MnPCE) had a significant negative correlation with oestrogen (rs = -0.47, p = 0.00, n = 50), follicle-stimulating hormone (rs = -0.41, p = 0.00, n = 50) and progesterone (rs = -0.37, p = 0.01, n = 50) serum levels. A positive monotonic relationship also existed between micronuclei frequency and those of tubular necrosis, tubular vacuolation, and residual bodies. A positive significant moderate correlation was found between MnPCE and the proportion of immotile sperms (rs = 0.41, p = 0.00, n = 50). Conclusion: The nature of the correlations between micronuclei frequency and the proportion of immotile sperms, adverse histological changes and serum hormone levels found in this study suggest genomic instability as the possible mechanism for diminished fertility in males chronically exposed to dichlorvos.

Antagonism of 3-(2',2',2'-Phenyl-cyclopentyl-hydroxylethoxy)-quinuclidine Against the Depression of Respiratory Center Induced by Dichlorvos(DDVP)

以乌拉坦麻醉猫膈神经放电及肋间外肌放电为指标(可分别反映延髓呼吸中枢背侧组 DRG 和腹外侧组 VRG 的活动),观察3-(2′,2′,2′-苯基环戊基羟基乙氧基奎宁环(PCHE)对抗敌敌畏(DDVP)的呼吸中枢抑制作用,椎动脉(iva)注射 DDVP 2 mg,膈神经放电立即被抑制,继之肋间外肌放电也抑制或先短暂兴奋再抑制。再于椎动脉注射阿托品0.2 mg,仅少数动物(1/3)的肋间外肌放电开始恢复,当加大剂量至0.25 mg 时,部分动物的两种放电才恢复(2/6)。注射 PCHE 0.2mg,可使大部分动物(5/6)的两种放电同时恢复。提示DDVP 优势影响 DRG,阿托品对 VRG 的作用要比 DRG 明显,PCHE 对 DRG 及 VRG 均有较强的作用;PCHE 在低于阿托品剂量就可产生更强的对抗 DDVP 所致的呼吸中枢抑制作用。

Isolation and Characterization of a Dichlorvos-Degrading Strain DDV-1 of Ochrobactrum sp.

The objective of this research was to isolate a dichlorvos (2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate)-degrading strain of Ochrobactrum sp., and determine its effectiveness in remediation of a dichlorvos-contaminated soil. A dichlorvos-degrading bacterium (strain DDV-1) was successfully isolated and identified as an Ochrobactrumsp. based on its 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Strain DDV-1 was able to utilize dichlorvos as a sole carbon source, and the optimal pH and temperature for its cell growth and degradation were 7.0 and 30 ℃, respectively. Also, the growth and degradation of strain DDV-1 showed the same response to dissolved oxygen. In addition, the soil degradation test indicated that in soil spiked with 100 mg L-1 or 500 mg L-1 dichlorvos and inoculated with 0.5% or 1.0% (v/v) strain DDV-1, complete degradation of dichlorvos could be achieved in 24 h. The present study showed that strain DDV-1 was a fast dichlorvos-degrading bacterium in soil. However, further research will be needed to clarify the degradation pathway and the properties of the key enzymes involved in its biodegradation.

Genotoxicity of the Pesticide Dichlorvos and Herbicide Butachlor on Rana zhenhaiensis Tadpoles

Genotoxicity of dichlorvos and butachlor on erythrocytes of Rana zhenhaiensis tadpoles was investigated by the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis assay or comet assay.Tadpoles were treated for 24h in the laboratory with different concentrations of the testing agents,2.256,4.512,6.768,9.024,11.280mg/L for dichlorvos and 0.292,0.584,0.876,1.168,1.460mg/L for butachlor,to use the comet Assay to test for the significance of dosage responsiveness to an increase in DNA damage,asmeasured by themean DNA tail length-to-width ratio.The concentrations of 4.512mg/L dichlorvos and 0.876mg/L butachlor resulted in highly significant increases in DNA damage of the tadpoles.There were linear correlations between themean DNA tail length-to-width ratio and the concentrations of the two test substances.Our results showed that the two commonly used agricultural chemicals caused dose dependent DNA damage of amphibians,and that comet assaymight be a useful tool formeasuring DNA damage of tadpoles exposed in the field.

Photocatalytic degradation of dichlorvos using TiO_2 supported on hollow glass microbeads

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Hepatic and reproductive toxicity of sub-chronic exposure to dichlorvos and lead acetate on male Wistar rats

Objective:To investigate the hepatic and reproductive toxicity of dichlorvos and lead acetate on male Wistar rats.Methods:Fifteen adult male Wistar rats(170-190 g)were randomly divided into three groups,with 5 rats in each group.Group 1 received 0.5 mL distilled water orally and served as the control group,while groups 2 and 3 were orally treated with 2 mg/kg body weight(b.w.)dichlorvos and 10 mg/kg b.w.lead acetate,respectively,for 55 days.Epididymal sperm,serum follicle stimulating hormone(FSH),luteinizing hormone(LH),testosterone concentrations,testicular 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity(17β-HSD),androgen receptor expression,aspartate aminotransferase(AST),alanine aminotransferase(ALT),testicular oxidant and antioxidant enzymes were evaluated with standard methods.Results:Sperm count,motility,morphology,FSH,LH,testosterone levels,17β-HSD,androgen receptor expression,and catalase activity were significantly reduced in the dichlorvos and lead acetate treated groups as compared with the control group(P<0.05).The liver AST,ALT activities and malondialdehyde concentration were significantly increased in the dichlorvos and lead acetate treated groups as compared with the control group(P<0.05).Conclusions:The reproductive and hepatic toxicity activities of dichlorvos and lead acetate in male Wistar rats are similar.

Comparative Analysis on the Haematological Parameters and Antioxidant Levels of Parboiled and Un-Parboiled Dichlorvos (DDVP)-Treated Beans

This study comparatively evaluates the haematological and antioxidant effects of differently prepared (parboiled and un-parboiled) beans treated with sniper (i.e. a dichlorvos insecticide) and fed to wistar albino rats. Thirty (30) male wistar albino rats of known body weight were assigned into six (6) groups of 5 each. The groups received: 70 g and 30 g of un-parboiled beans (groups 1 & 2), 70 g and 30 g (groups 3 & 4) of parboiled beans compounded in the pellets as feed stock, beans only and standard feed for a period of 30 days. The rats were euthanized, and blood samples were collected after the termination of the study. Dichlorvos significantly decreased (P < 0.05) the concentration of the antioxidant enzymes (GSH, GPx, SOD, CAT) in the groups fed with un-parboiled beans unlike the groups fed with parboiled beans which were non-significantly decreased. There was significant increase in the malondialdehyde concentration of the groups fed with un-parboiled beans. Dose dependent variations were seen in the packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cell (WBC), haemoglobin (Hb) and platelet. But a reduced concentration of red blood cell count (RBC) for the un-parboiled groups and an increase in the parboiled group were seen, although both were not significant (P < 0.05).

Effects of Dichlorvos on Immune Enzyme Activities in the Serum of Macrobrachium nipponense

In this study,the effects of three different concentrations（0.5,0.25 and 0.125μl/L）of dichlorvos solution on phenoloxidase（PO）activity,hemolysin activity,peroxidase（POD）activity and antibacterial activity in the serum of Macrobrachium nipponense during four days were investigated.The results indicated that phenoloxidase activity,hemolysin activity,peroxidase activity and antibacterial activity in the serum of Macrobrachium nipponense were improved under the stress of dichlorvos during a short time.With the extension of stress duration and increase of dichlorvos concentration,the activities of various immunological indices were inhibited due to the cumulative effect of dichlorvos in vivo;overall,the reduction increased gradually with the extension of stress duration.

Evaluation of respiratory dysfunction in a pig model of severe acute dichlorvos poisoning

Background Respiratory failure is the main cause of death in acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning. In this study, a pulse-induced contour cardiac output monitor was used to evaluate the respiratory status in a pig model of acute dichlorvos poisoning. Methods Twenty female pigs were randomly allocated to dichlorvos （n=7）, atropine （n=7）, and control （n=6） groups. In the dichlorvos group, pigs were administered 80% emulsifiable dichlorvos （100 mg/kg） via a gastric tube. In the atropine group, pigs were similarly administered dichlorvos, and 0.5 hours later, atropine was injected to attain and maintain atropinization. The control group was administered saline solution. Arterial blood gas was measured at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours post-injection. The extravascular lung water index and pulmonary vascular permeability index were recorded by the pulse-induced contour cardiac output monitor. At termination of the study, the animals were euthanized, the lung wet-to-dry weight ratio was determined, and histopathology was observed. Results In the dichlorvos group, the extravascular lung water index and pulmonary vascular permeability index were substantially increased from 0.5 hours and were particularly high within 1 hour. In the atropine group, these indices increased initially, but decreased from the 1-hour mark. The control group exhibited no obvious changes. In both the dichlorvos and atropine groups, the extravascular lung water index was negatively correlated with partial pressure of oxygen/fraction of inspiration oxygen （POz/FiO2） and positively correlated with the pulmonary vascular permeability index. Compared with the control group, the lung wet-to-dry weight ratio markedly increased and the histopathological findings obviously changed in the dichlorvos group, but only mildly increased and changed, respectively, in the atropine group. Conclusion The extravascular lung water index is an appropriate and valuable parameter for assessment of respiratory function in acute dichlorvos poisoning.

Protective effects of penehyclidine hydrochloride on acute lung injury caused by severe dichlorvos poisoning in swine

Background Organophosphate poisoning is an important health problem in developing countries which causes death mainly by inducing acute lung injury. In this study, we examined the effects of penehyclidine hydrochloride （PHC）, a selective M-receptor inhibitor, on dichlorvos-induced acute lung injury in swine. Methods Twenty-two female swines were randomly divided into control （n=5）, dichlorvos （n=6）, atropine （n=6）, and PHC （n=5） groups. Hemodynamic data, extravascular lung water index （EVLWI）, and pulmonary vascular permeability index （PVPI） were monitored; blood gas analysis and acetylcholinesterase （AchE） levels were measured. PaO2/FiO2, cardiac index （CI）, and pulmonary vascular resistance indices （PVRI） were calculated. At termination of the study, pulmonary tissue was collected for ATPase activity determination and wet to dry weight ratio （W/D） testing 6 hours post-poisoning. TUNEL assay, and Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 expression were applied to pulmonary tissue, and histopathology was observed. Results After poisoning, PHC markedly decreased PVRI, increased CI more effectively than atropine. Anticholinergic treatment reduced W/D, apoptosis index （AI）, and mitigated injury to the structure of lung; however, PHC reduced AI and caspase-3 expression and improved Bcl-2/Bax more effectively than atropine. Atropine and PHC improved ATPase activities; a significant difference between groups was observed in Ca2＋-ATPase activity, but not Na＋-K＋-ATPase activity. Conclusions The PHC group showed mild impairment in pathology, less apoptotic cells, and little impact on cardiac function compared with the atropine group in dichlorvos-induced acute lung injury.

Invulnerability of bromelain against oxidative degeneration and cholinergic deficits imposed by dichlorvos in mice brains

BACKGROUND： The present study elucidates the protective potential ofbromelain against dichlorvos intoxication in mice brains. Dichlorvos induces the oxidative stress by disproportionating the balance between free radicals generation and their scavenging in neurons which leads to neuronal degeneration. METHODS： In this study, mice were divided into four groups- group I （control）, group II （dichlorvos treated）, group III （bromelain treated） and group IV （exposed to both bromelain and dichlorvos both）. RESULTS： Dichlorvos treatment increased the levels ofthiobarbituric acid reactive substances （TBARS） and protein carbonyl content （PCC） which indicate the increased oxidative stress. Meanwhile, brain endogenous antioxidants and cholinesterases level was decreased after dichlorvos exposure. Levels of TBARS and PCC decreased whereas cholinesterases level was recorded to be elevated after bromelain exposure. CONCLUSION： Bromelain offered neuroprotection by decreasing oxidative stress and augmenting cholinesterases in mice brains. This study highlights the invulnerability of bromelain against oxidative and cholinergic deficits in mice brains.

Characterization of Esterases of Tamarindus indica Seeds

Germinating seeds of Tamarindus indica synthesizes various enzymes which are required for the degradation of seed reserves such as xyloglucans, fatty acid esters and proteins. Among these, esterases, belonging to a group of hydrolytic enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of various types of esters. They play an important role in cell expansion as well as detoxification of xenobiotics and many agrochemicals and insecticides. The esterases are extracted from the germinating tamarind seeds using 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7. The Km with α-naphthyl acetate as the substrate is 19.23 μM and the enzymes are optimally active at pH 7.0 to 7.5 and are stable between pH 5.0 to 9.0. The optimum temperature of esterase activity of tamarind seed is between 37?C - 50?C and is stable up to 40?C. The activity declined by 30% at 60?C and about 90% at 70?C. Highest esterase activity and specific activity are observed on the 21st day of germination. The polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) indicated the presence of nine isozymes of esterases. Band numbers 1, 5 and 6 are the major esterolytic bands present throughout the germination period while band numbers 2 & 3 are minor bands present only during the latter period of the germination. Based on substrate and inhibitor specificity in conjunction with electrophoresis, the esterases 1 to 8 have been classified as carboxylesterases sensitive to organophosphate inhibitor (OP) and PCMB (p-chloromercuribenzoate) while esterase 9 is classified as carboxylesterase sensitive to OP. These esterases are unaffected by carbamate inhibitor, eserine sulphate.

Electrocatalytic degradation of pesticide micropollutants in water by high energy pulse magnetron sputtered Pt/Ti anode

The increasing occurrence of pesticide micropollutants highlights the need for innovative water treatment technologies,particularly for small-community and household applications.Electro-oxidation is being widely studied in this area,unfortunately,safe,stable and efficient electrocatalytic anodes without released heavy metal ions are still highly required.In this study,we fabricated a Pt/Ti anode by high energy pulse magnetron sputtering(HiPIMS-PtTi)which was used to decompose dichlorvos(DDVP)and azoxystrobin(AZX)in water.The results show that the reaction rate constant(kENR)on HIPIMS was 35.7 min-1(DDVP)and 41.3 min-1(AZX),respectively,superior to electroplating Pt/Ti anode(EP-PtTi).The identification of radicals(^(·)OH,^(1)O_(2),^(·)O_(2)-)and micro-area analyses evidenced that Pt atoms were embedded into the TiO_(2) lattice on the surface of Ti plate by high-energy ions,which resulted in more adsorbed hydroxyls,and higher production of·OH under polarization conditions.Besides,the electro-oxidation intermediates of DDVP and AZX were identified and the degradation pathways were speculated:(1)indirect oxidation dominated by·OH attack,and(2)direct electron transfer reaction of pesticides on the anode surface.The cooperated reactions achieve the complete degradation and highly efficient mineralization of DDVP and AZX.

A Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry‑Based Metabonomic Study on Estimation of Toxicant in Rats

The aim of this study was to develop a gas chromatography‑mass spectrometry(GC‑MS)‑based metabolomics method to distinguish different kinds of poisons in the blood.We examined the changes in blood metabolites using GC‑MS following administration of four different poisons(paraquat,dichlorvos,aconitine,and sodium nitrite).The data were analyzed with orthogonal partial least squares.Then,total and single differential metabolite profiles were evaluated with support vector machine(SVM)models.The results showed that various metabolites(5‑ketone proline,1,5‑anhydrohexitol,lactic acid,glycine 2,2‑furoic acid,and 3‑hydroxybutyric acid)were differential between the experimental groups and the control groups.The accuracy rates of the SVM models established using total and single differential metabolites were 80%and 100%,respectively.In conclusion,we successfully developed a poison screening method.The established SVM models can distinguish four kinds of poisons and could be used to establish a complete poison metabonomic information database.Furthermore,some of the metabolites could be biomarkers of these poisons.Finally,both the models and potential biomarkers may reduce the time required for poison detection and provide direction for solving cases and auxiliary diagnosis.