Preparation and emission characteristics of ethanol-diesel fuel blends

The preparation of ethanol-diesel fuel blends and their emission characteristics were investigated. Results showed the absolute ethanol can dissolve in diesel fuel at an arbitrary ratio and a small quantity of water(0.2%) addition can lead to the phase separation of blends. An organic additive was synthesized and it can develop the ability of resistance to water and maintain the stability of ethanol-diesel-trace amounts of water system. The emission characteristics of 10%, 20%, and 30% ethanol-diesel fuel blends, with or without additives, were compared with those of diesel fuel in a direct injection(DI) diesel engine. The experimental results indicated that the blend of ethanol with diesel fuel significantly reduced the concentrations of smoke, hydrocarbon(HC), and carbon monoxide(CO) in exhaust gas. Using 20% ethanol-diesel fuel blend with the additive of 2% of the total volume, the optimum mixing ratio was achieved, at which the bench diesel engine testing showed a significant decrease in exhaust gas. Bosch smoke number was reduced by 55%, HC emission by 70%, and CO emission by 45%, at 13 kW/1540 r/min. However, ethanol-diesel fuel blends produced a few ppm acetaldehydes and more ethanol in exhaust gas.

Comparative Study of Performances of a Single-Cylinder Diesel Enginefueled with Pure Diesel and Blends of Biodiesels/Pure Diesel

In this study, the principal objective is to compare the performances of an air-cooled one cylinder, four-stroke direct injection diesel engine using the blends (5% by volume B5, 10% by volume B10) of diesel and biodiesels derived respectively from palm oil, castor oil and raphia sese De Wild oil with pure diesel. All the biodiesels used in this work come from the plant species of the democratic republic of Congo as listed above. The engine performances (power, torque and brake specific consumption) at different engine speeds were determined at both full and partial loads. According to experimental results, the increments in the power output and torque when the mixtures of diesel and biodiesels were used and were observed. On the other side, the specific fuel consumption of the mixtures is higher than that of pure diesel although the calculated lower heating values are almost within the same range for the all studied fuels. Finally, in partial load 1/1, pure diesel blended with biodiesels B5 derived from castor oil presented high specific brake consumption values compared to the other fuels while B10 from the same oil presents low brake specific consumption values for power greater than 3.2 kW.

Diesel molecular composition and blending modeling based on SUBEM framework

Diesel molecular compositional model has important application for diesel quality prediction,blending,and molecular-level process model development.In this paper,different types of diesel molecular compositional and blending models were constructed based on the SU-BEM framework.More than 1500 representative molecules were selected to form the molecular structure library.The probability density functions(PDFs)combination was determined by experimental data and experience.A quadratic optimization strategy combining genetic algorithm with local optimization algorithm was adopted to improve the accuracy of the compositional model.The model results show good agreement with the experimental data.The diesel blending model was constructed at the molecular-level based on the above diesel compositional models.The properties of the blending model accord with the experimental regulations.It is proved that the compositional models and blending model constructed have high accuracy and strong prediction capability,and are applicable to the industrial process.

Effect of <i>γ</i>-Valerolactone Blending on Engine Performance, Combustion Characteristics and Exhaust Emissions in a Diesel Engine

γ-valerolactone (GVL) is a C5-cyclic ester that can be produced from biomass providing a potentially renewable fuel for transportation and feedstock for the chemical industry. Experiments were performed with fossil diesel (D), D + biodiesel (BD) and D + BD + GVL blends. A four-cylinder, turbocharged direct injection diesel engine was used for the tests. The engine was coupled to a dynamometer to vary the load. CO, NOx, THC and smoke emissions were measured by using a multi-channel gas analyzer. Combustion characteristics were assessed by in-cylinder pressure data with respect to crank angle and the derived heat release rates. Compared with D, and D + BD blends, addition of GVL had relatively little effect on engine performance and NOx emission, but reduced the exhaust concentration of CO, unburned fuel and smoke significantly. The smoke reduction is particularly notable in view of the very recent suggestion that black carbon is the second most important greenhouse gas in the atmosphere next to carbon dioxide. No diesel engine study with GVL has been reported so far.

Experimental Study on Performance and Combustion Analysis of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Diesel and Jatropha Oil Blended with Heptane

This work focuses on blending Jatropha oil with diesel fuel and heptane to improve its physico-chemical characteristics for production of blends and their use as fuel in a diesel engine. The influence of the heptane content was evaluated by comparing the results obtained from the engine (performance and combustion parameters) with those of the diesel fuel and straight Jatropha oil. The results obtained show an improvement in engine performance especially at low loads. Specifically, a reduction in the specific fuel consumption of the engine is obtained when the heptane content in the mixture is around 10% compared to that obtained with pure Jatropha oil. The best results were obtained with the blend containing 70% Jatropha oil, 20% diesel fuel and 10% heptane (J70G20H10). Overall engine efficiency and exhaust gas temperatures are comparable for all fuels tested. Engine combustion parameters are improved with J70G20H10. The results obtained with J70G20H10 are close to those of the engine operating on diesel fuel. The cyclic dispersion is low with coefficients of variation of the indicated mean effective pressure (COVIMEP) whose values are less than 10%. The lowest values of the COVIMEP are obtained with the blend J70G20H10.

1,1-Dibutoxybutane as a Petroleum Diesel Fuel BlendingComponent and Their Mixture Performance

Effect of 1,1-dibutoxybutane （DBB） addition on petroleum DF （diesel fuel） performance has been studied. The study wasstarted by preparing DBB from decomposition of 1 -butanol on manganese impregnated on activated carbon （Mn/AC） catalyst at 450 ℃ in stainless steel reactor. The product was distilled at 200 ℃ and the residue obtained was analyzed by GC-MS and HSQC NMR toconfirm its structure and purity. The DBB-DF mixtures were prepared at different compositions and determined their excess molarvolume, homogeneity, phase stability, ignition quality, lubricity, cold flow quality, energy content, and viscosity. The addition of DBBinto DF formed a homogeneous mixture and had a good phase stability. The mixtures gave positive excess molar volume values overthe whole concentration ranges. The ignition quality and lubricity of the mixtures increased without lost in cold flow quality. Slightdecreased in viscosity and energy content per mass unit were observed.

混合燃油在喷嘴内线空化流动特性及喷雾研究

基于高压共轨燃油喷射系统原尺寸量级透明喷嘴内部流动及喷雾可视化试验平台,针对纯柴油(D100)与汽/柴油混合燃油(D20G80),开展了不同燃油属性下喷孔锥度(锥度分别取值为1、2和3)及喷孔数(单孔、2孔和3孔)对喷嘴内空化瞬态流动及喷雾影响的试验.结果表明:喷孔锥度对D100和D20G80在喷嘴内的空化及喷雾的影响明显不同,D20G80在不同喷孔锥度的喷嘴内均有较强的线空化出现,对应较大的喷雾锥角及喷雾边缘的波动,D100仅在锥度为2的喷嘴内出现线空化;对于锥度为2的喷嘴,2孔喷嘴内纯柴油与混合燃油均发生了线空化且与单孔喷嘴类似,但强度更低,3孔喷嘴内则主要出现几何诱导的壁面空化,喷雾边缘波动性强于单孔和2孔喷嘴.

Dispersion Performance of Methanol-Diesel Emulsified Fuel Prepared by High Gravity Technology

A new continuous process for preparing methanol-diesel emulsified fuel with an Impinging Stream-Rotating Packed Bed is proposed. The droplet size of dispersed phase(methanol) of the emulsified fuel has a significant effect on the combustion of methanol-diesel emulsified fuel. In this paper, the methanol-diesel emulsified fuel uses diesel as the continuous phase and methanol as the dispersed phase. The Sauter mean diameter of the dispersed phase of methanol-diesel emulsified fuel was characterized with microphotography and arithmetic method. The experimental result showed that the Sauter mean diameter of the dispersed phase, which was decreased with the augmentation of the high gravity factor, liquid flow rate and emulsifier dosage, was inversely proportional to the methanol content. The Sauter mean diameter of the dispersed phase can be controlled and adjusted in the range of 12—40 μm through the change of operating conditions. The correlative expressions of the Sauter mean diameter of emulsified fuel were obtained and the calculated values agreed well with the experimental values.

Densities and excess molar volumes of mixtures containing diesel,biodiesel and alkanols at temperatures from 288.15 to 313.15 K

The present work is focusing on the synthesization and physico-chemical properties of Jatropha curcas biodiesel with diesel and alcohols.The densities of binary diesel(2)+1-alkanols(C_(3) or C_(4))(3)and ternary Jatropha curcas biodiesel(1)+diesel(2)+1-alkanols(C_(3)or C_(4))(3)blends have been reported over full range of composition at temperatures within range 288.15 to 313.15 K.Also densities of Jatropha curcas biodiesel(1)+diesel or 1-alkanols(C_(3) or C_(4))(2)blends have been measured at 313.15 K.Excess molar volumes,V^E,V^E_(123)of binary and ternary blends were calculated from the measured data and the derived properties were correlated to composition using Redlich-Kister equation.A reasonable agreement was found between the measured and estimated values.Further,densities and excess molar volumes data were reasoned to discuss molecular interactions taking into consideration effect of composition and temperature.

Study on Application of Pour Point Depressant for Diesel Fuel

Taking into account the actual crude slate processed at the refinery, it is necessary to make reasonable combination and blending of crude oils. In order to cope with high wax content in diesel fuel it is proposed to appropriately regulate the refining process scheme and add additives to refined products. This measure after being applied in the production practice has brought about good results and has met the needs of commercial production.

A Comparative Study of Thumba Seed Bio Diesel

Biodiesel is considering a clean-burning fuel produced from non edible vegetable oils, or animal fats. It is produced by transesterification of oils with short-chain alcohols or by the esterification of fatty acids. In the present context, biodiesel is an alternative eco friendly diesel fuel. Keeping this in view, an attempt has been made through the experiment of Thumba blended biodiesel on CI engine in laboratory and analyzes its properties and characteristic compare with other biodiesel oils. Five blends B05, B10, B15, B20 and B25 of thumba seed oil biodiesel were papered and it performance was evaluated with 7HP four-stroke diesel engine. The performance of thumba seed oil biodiesel were compared with biodiesel prepared by mustard, castor and Jatropha seed oil with same blends.

Application of Waste Biomass Pyrolysis Oil in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine： For a Small Scale Non-Grid Electrification

The population which could not access to electricity was around 1.2 billion in 2010 and is distributed in many low developing countries. With the increase in the population and the economic growth in those countries, waste generation is growing rapid especially for the organic and the plastic, and the uncontrolled waste disposal is becoming more serious issues to manage it. The interest on waste to energy is growing by the above drivers. This research was carried out for aiming to the real world adaption at the minimum cost of the pyrolysis oil from waste biomass in a diesel engine, mainly for electricity generation. The proposal of the appropriate adaptable blend ratio was the major scope rather than the optimization of the engine parameters. For the sake of it, the pyrolysis oil of the waste biomass was produced from a gasification pilot plant in Japan and blended with biodiesel at minimum effort. A small single cylinder diesel engine （direct injection） was used for the experiment with regard to full load power-output, exhaust emissions and fuel consumption.

同牌号油品不同密度差值范围对油品调和影响的探讨

通过实验室模拟试验和石油库油罐混调试验,分别对汽油和柴油的不同密度差值范围的油品混调时呈现的分层现象进行了试验和分析,结果表明:随着密度差值范围的增大,油品的相溶区域在不断收缩变窄,相溶区域内的密度差幅度也在增大,密度分布分层现象也越来越严重。汽油组的硫含量和辛烷值指标数据以及柴油组的硫含量和闪点指标数据都是同步随着油品混合状态进行分布。为此,建议成品油销售企业制定调和方案时:油品密度差值范围在0~2kg/m^(3)时,大部分的混合区域能呈现混溶状态,可进行调和;密度差值范围在2~4kg/m^(3)时,相溶区域逐渐缩减,分层趋势逐渐显现,可进行调和,但需将管控等级设为中风险级,应做好调和后的取样监测工作;密度差值范围大于4kg/m^(3)后,相溶区域集中在油品交界区域内,已呈现明显的分层现象,管控等级为高风险级,不建议进行调和。

Emissions of particulate matter and associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from agricultural diesel engine fueled with degummed,deacidified mixed crude palm oil blends

Mixed crude palm oil （MCPO）, the mixture of palm fiber oil and palm kernel oil, has become of great interest as a renewable energy source. It can be easily extracted from whole dried palm fruits. In the present work, the degummed, deacidified MCPO was blended in petroleum diesel at portions of 30% and 40% by volume and then tested in agricultural diesel engines for long term usage. The particulates from the exhaust of the engines were collected every 500 hr using a four-stage cascade air sampler. The 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameters for the first three stages were 10, 2.5 and 1μm, while the last stage collected all particles smaller than 1 μm. Sixteen particle bounded polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） were analyzed using a high performance liquid chromatography. The results indicated that the size distribution of particulate matter was in the accmnulation mode and the pattern of total PAHs associated with fine-particles （〈 1 μm） showed a dominance of larger molecular weight PAHs （4--6 aromatic rings）, especially pyrene. The mass median diameter, PM and total PAH concentrations decreased when increasing the palm oil content, but increased when the running hours of the engine were increased. In addition, Commercial petroleum diesel （PB0） gave the highest value of carcinogenic potency equivalent （BaPeq） for all particle size ranges. As the palm oil was increased, the; BaPeq decreased gradually. Therefore the degununed-deacidified MCPO blends are recommended for diesel substitute.

催化裂化装置掺炼直馏柴油效果分析

针对催化裂化装置掺炼直馏柴油进行了分析。某石化公司在降低柴汽比过程中,2套催化裂化装置掺炼了常减压装置10%的直馏重柴油,在确保质量合格及操作参数没有大幅度变化的情况下,2套催化装置汽油收率提高了0.5%~3%,液化气收率提高了0.3%~1%,柴油收率降低了0.5%~2.5%,明显降低了柴汽比,为后续装置进行直馏柴油掺炼累部分操作经验,同时为全厂降低柴汽比积累了数据。

柴油机燃用乙醇柴油燃料的燃烧与排放特性

对燃用多种比例乙醇柴油的柴油机燃烧与排放特性进行了试验研究。测试了 5 %～ 2 5 %乙醇柴油燃料以及柴油和乙醇的基本物理性质 ,在ZS1 1 0 0柴油机上对各种比例的乙醇柴油测试了发动机在主要工况下的性能与排放特性 ,并用光学可视化方法研究了柴油、1 5 %乙醇柴油、1 5 %乙醇柴油加十六烷值改进剂的燃烧过程。

不同配比乙醇柴油混合燃料的经济性和排放性

为了研究乙醇柴油混合燃料的经济性和排放性,该文在双缸直喷式柴油机和在用的柴油轿车上分别进行了发动机台架试验和整车底盘测功机试验。结果表明,在不调整柴油机条件下,使用乙醇柴油混合燃料能够在一定程度上改善发动机燃油经济性和降低排气烟度和NOX排放,但HC排放增加。适当减小供油提前角有利于改善乙醇柴油混合燃料发动机经济性和排放特性。对于试验车辆,燃用E10有利于降低汽车在中、高速时的等速工况燃料消耗量和常温下冷起动后PM、NOX排放量。该研究结果对于改善乙醇柴油混合燃料的燃油经济性和排放性具有实用价值。

柴油机燃用柴油/二甲氧基甲烷混合燃料的燃烧特性研究

开展了柴油机燃用柴油/二甲氧基甲烷混合燃料的燃烧特性研究,为含氧燃料的使用和研究提供理论与试验依据。研究结果表明,在相同平均有效压力(pBMEP)和转速下,随着燃料中二甲氧基甲烷掺混比例(含氧量)的增加,放热率峰值增加,放热率曲线型心向上止点偏移,预混燃烧比例增加而扩散燃烧比例减小,燃烧过程等容度提高,发动机当量柴油的有效燃油消耗率降低,缸内气体最高平均温度无明显升高。柴油中添加DMM对主燃烧时间影响不大,但总燃烧时间变短。

乙醇柴油混合燃料的制备工艺和废气的排放特性

为降低柴油机排放对环境造成的污染 ,用乙醇部分替代柴油 ,探索了乙醇柴油混合燃料的制备方法 ,研究了掺混乙醇及助溶剂对柴油机排放的影响 .结果表明 :无水乙醇可以和柴油以任意比例混溶 ,但痕量水 ( 0 2 %)的添加即导致混合物分层 ,合成的有机助溶剂可保证乙醇 柴油 痕量水体系的稳定性 .基于台架实验 ,考察了掺混1 0 %、2 0 %、3 0 %乙醇对燃料排放性能的影响 .乙醇的最佳掺混比为 2 0 %.在额定工况点 (功率为 1 3kW ,转速为1 5 40r/min)时 ,掺混 2 0 %乙醇的混合燃料可降低烟度 5 5 %,降低HC排放 70 %,降低CO排放 45 %.不添加助溶剂时 ,乙醇的掺混导致排放尾气中产生乙醇、微量乙醛等有机物 .而添加非金属离子助溶剂可使HC、乙醇。

柴油机燃用乙醇-柴油含氧燃料时微粒特性的分析

研究了一台增压柴油机燃用乙醇-柴油时的微粒总质量排放及粒径分布特性,并对微粒中可溶性有机物(SOF)、干碳烟(DS)和硫酸盐的质量百分比及SOF中的组分进行了分析.结果表明:使用含氧燃料后柴油机排气烟度大幅度降低而微粒总排放量降低幅度要小一些;微粒中DS排放降低;SOF排放增加,与未燃甲酯的产生导致HC排放增加有关;多环芳香烃比例随发动机负荷增大而减小;含氧燃料使得粒径分布在0.2～0.5 μm范围内的比重在小负荷时降低,大负荷时升高.