Irregular dietary habits as a predictor of stunting occurrence among children under 5 years of age:a literature review

Objective:To identify the illustration of feeding patterns of stunting children using literature review method.Methods:This study was a descriptive narrative research using literature review approach to explore dietary habits of children with stunting problem.All the literature review processes employed Guideline Review measurement of Joanna Briggs Institute.Related ar ticles in literature were obtained from journal databases,such as Pub Med,Science Direct,Google Scholar,and Dimensions through structured research question with Patient,Exposure an interest,Outcome or response(PEO)methods.Results:This study found 2246 published ar ticles from 2018 to 2021 about children with stunting.Screening process was conducted fur ther to eliminate ar ticles with irrelevant titles and abstracts,and also the unsuitable ar ticles with the research question;hence,about 9 ar ticles were eligible to be reviewed ahead.All these ar ticles mentioned that children with irregular dietary habits would likely experience stunting.The low intake of nutritional food became the major predictor of stunting.Conclusions:Inappropriate feeding patterns and the variety of food were being the factors of stunting emergence among children<5 years of age.High consumption of carbohydrates,less animal-based protein,and misunderstanding about intake of sweetenedcondensed milk predisposed children to suffer stunting.

The Prevalence of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and its Association with Lifestyle/dietary Habits among University Faculty and Staff in Chengdu

Objective To investigate the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） in different university categories and its association with lifestyle/dietary habits. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out on 9 378 faculty members and staff who participated in an annual health checkup at three universities selected by random cluster sampling. Demographic, anthropometric, biochemical indices and abdominal ultrasound measurements were collected. A nested case-control study was conducted with 200 NAFLD cases and 200 controls matched by gender, age （±3 years）, and university. Results The overall prevalence of NAFLD was 10.3% （13.7% in males and 6.8% in females）. The prevalence was significantly higher in the science and engineering university {22.1%） than in the comprehensive universities with （6.4%） and without （10.9%） medical colleges. Obesity/overweight, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and family history of NAFLD were independently associated with higher risk of NAFLD, as were frequent consumption of desserts and salty/spicy foods. Using nutritional supplements was a protective factor against NAFLD. Intake of coarse cereals, potatoes, vegetables, fruits, and milk was significantly lower, and intake of red meat, viscera, candies and pastries, cooking oil, and total energy was significantly higher in participants with NAFLD than in controls. Conclusion Science and engineering university faculty and staff are key targets for NAFLD prevention. NAFLD is closely associated with age, gender, university type, metabolic diseases, and lifestyle/dietary habits.

Association between dietary habits and recurrent respiratory infection in children: A case-control study

Objective:To explore the association between dietary habits and recurrent respiratory infection(RRI)in children aged 0e14 years.Methods:This caseecontrol study compared dietary data of children with(cases)and without RRI(controls)collected via structured questionnaire.Participants were recruited from Chinese medicine clinics,hospitals,and children’s learning institutions in Beijing.A logistic regression analysis and odds ratio(OR)calculations were conducted using SPSS 17.0 software.Results:A total of 241 questionnaires were collected(case:control ratio:approximately 2:1).Frequent consumption of processed foods(OR Z 2.988,95%confidence intervals 1.375e6.491)and high-sugar foods(OR Z 2.268,95%confidence intervals 1.163e4.424),frequent picky eating(OR Z 2.614,95%confidence intervals 1.363e5.014),and a meat-heavy diet with fewer vegetables(OR Z 1.830,95%confidence intervals 1.358e2.467)correlated positively correlated with RRI.Additionally,57.80%of the children with RRI were addicted to high-sugar foods,compared with 41.57%of the children without RRI(P Z.015).Furthermore,63.16%of the children with RRI were picky eaters,compared with 48.31%of the children without RRI(P Z.024).Finally,30.92%of the children with RRI frequently consumed processed foods,compared with only 17.98%of the children without RRI(P Z.027Conclusion:Although RRI correlates positively with several dietary habits,in the future,prospective cohort studies with larger samples are needed to generalize these findings.

Differences in dietary habits of people with vs without irritable bowel syndrome and their association with symptom and psychological status:A pilot study

BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated that dietary factors are involved in irritable bowel syndrome(IBS),but the role of diet was evaluated mostly based on food frequency questionnaire.Whether food categories,quantity per time,and intake frequency are different between IBS patients and non-IBS individuals has not been clearly clarified.AIM To explore differences in dietary habits of people with vs without IBS and their correlation with symptom and psychological status.METHODS A total of 220 questionnaires were administered in a community population and the Rome IV criteria was applied to diagnose IBS.The dietary questionnaire used in this study was multidimensional from food categories,quantity per time,and intake frequency,in contrast to“yes or no”classification used in previous studies.Questionnaires including IBS symptom severity scale(IBS-SSS),IBS quality of life,visceral sensitivity index,hospital anxiety and depression score(HADS),and gastrointestinal symptom rating scale were used to assess the participants.Rank sum test was used to compare the quantity per time and intake frequency between IBS patients and non-IBS participants.The correlation between psychological factors and diet was evaluated by Spearman correlation analysis.Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the possible dietary risk factors for IBS.RESULTS In total,203 valid questionnaires were collected(response rate 92.3%).Twentyfive participants met the Rome IV criteria for IBS,including 15(60.0%)women and 10(40.0%)men.Compared with the non-IBS group,the quantity per time and intake frequency of soybean and its products,spicy food,and dry-fried nuts were statistically significant in IBS participants(P<0.05).They were positively associated with IBS-SSS and HADS anxiety and depression scores(P<0.05).Besides,seafood,soft drinks,vegetables,and fruits differed only in quantity per time.The intake frequencies of egg,barbecue,and coarse grain were statistically significant in IBS patients(P<0.05).We also found that the frequency of soybean and its products(≥7 times/week,odds ratio=11.613,95%confidence interval:2.145-62.855,P=0.004)was an independent risk factor for IBS.CONCLUSION Both quantity per time and intake frequency,especially soybean,differ between IBS patients and non-IBS participants.Dietary habits might play potential roles in the pathophysiology of IBS.

Dietary Habits and Oral Hygiene Practice amongst Dental Students at the College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah University

The aim of the present study was to assess the dietary habits and oral hygiene practice of dental students in a new dental school. A self-administered structured closed-ended questionnaire on demographic characteristics, medical history, oral hygiene and dietary habits was distributed to dental students. Results showed that One third of students indicated that they don’t consume low pH beverages (soft drinks) at all, while 48.9% drink a soft drink or two a day. Students took varying amount of time to consume their drinks. The majority of participants consumed citric juices, fruits and/or pickles at least once a day. 91.3% of students use either soft (41.8%) or medium (49.5%) toothbrush. Only a fifth (16.9%) of the students brush their teeth after drinking soft drinks and 58.2% brush their teeth after vomiting. In conclusion, young adults need to be aware about their dietary habits & oral hygiene, and also a proper dental health program needs to be applied.

The impact of perception bias for cardiovascular disease risk on physical activity and dietary habits

Objective:Cardiovascular disease(CVD)remains a significant public health challenge in China.Accurateperception of individual CVD risk is crucial for timely intervention and preventive strategies.This studyaimed to determine the alignment between CVD risk perception levels and objectively calculated CVDrisk levels,then investigate the disparity in physical activity and healthy diet habits among distinct CVDrisk perception categories.Methods:From March to August 2022,a cross-sectional survey was conducted in Zhejiang Province usingconvenience sampling.Participants aged between 20 and 80 years,without prior diagnosis of CVD wereincluded.CVD risk perception was evaluated with the Chinese version of the Attitude and Beliefs aboutCardiovascular Disease Risk Perception Questionnaire,while objective CVD risk was assessed through thePrediction for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk(China-PAR)model.Participants’demographicinformation,self-reported physical activity,and healthy diet score were also collected.Results:A total of 739 participants were included in the final analysis.Less than a third of participants(29.2%)accurately perceived their CVD risk,while 64.5%over-perceived it and 6.2%under-perceived it.Notably,half of the individuals(50.0%)with high CVD risk under-perceived their actual risk.Compared tothe accurate perception group,individuals aged 60e80 years old(OR=6.569),currently drinking(OR=3.059),and with hypertension(OR=2.352)were more likely to under-perceive their CVD risk.Meanwhile,participants aged 40-<60 years old(OR=2.462)and employed(OR=2.352)were morelikely to over-perceive their risk.The proportion of individuals engaging in physical activity was lowest inthe under-perception group,although the difference among the three groups was not statistically significant(X^(2)=2.556,P=0.278).In addition,the proportion of individuals practicing healthy diet habitswas also lowest in the under-perception group,and a significant statistical difference was observedamong the three groups(X^(2)=10.310,P=0.006).Conclusion:Only a small proportion of participants accurately perceived their CVD risk,especially amongthose with high actual CVD risk.Individuals in the under-perceived CVD risk group exhibited the lowestrates of physical activity engagement and healthy diet adherence.Healthcare professionals should prioritize implementing personalized CVD risk communication strategies tailored to specific subgroups toenhance the accuracy of risk perception.

Disease awareness and dietary habits of patients with epilepsy in western China:a cross-sectional study

Background:The optimal management of epilepsy includes engaging patients through education on knowledge of the disease,its treatment and diet control.Methods:This was a cross-sectional survey-based cohort study,aimed to investigate the awareness of epilepsy in Chinese patients and to understand their dietary habits.Participants were consecutively enrolled from epileptic patients treated in a single epilepsy center from October 1,2019 to February 29,2020.A self-reported questionnaire(Cronbach’sα=0.758)consisting of 3 parts was sent to 407 patients with epilepsy.The questionnaire included items on demographic information,epilepsy features,awareness of epilepsy treatment and dietary habits.Results:About half of the patients(53.8%,219/407)thought epilepsy was curable and only 80%knew that the first choice of treatment is medication.While 58.6%of the patients with low educational level preferred the use of antiepileptic drugs(p=0.014),52.7%believed that the medication should not be stopped immediately after seizure control(p=0.026),especially after surgery(40.5%,p=0.011).Patients with lower household monthly incomes had less awareness of the use of antiepileptic drugs than patients with higher incomes:only 39.2 and 49.8%of patients with lower incomes thought that the drugs could be stopped after epilepsy surgery or seizure control,respectively,compared to 51.6 and 66.1%with higher incomes.Alcohol(86.2%),caffeine(56.8%)and strong tea(49.1%)were top three foods considered by the patients to be avoided to prevent seizures.Approximately 30.2%of patients identified at least one food that made them susceptible to seizures.Conclusions:Patient education on epilepsy,antiepileptic drugs and diet for management of seizures should be provided especially to patients with less education,lower income or inaccurate beliefs of epilepsy in Western China.

Traditional Dietary Habits and Interprovincial Migration in College Choice: Evidence From Ningxia in China

Purpose:Every September,millions of students—elite human resources—enter higher education in China.This large-scale college-induced migration has substantial impacts on China’s national and local labor markets.This study examines the migration pattern in college choice and admission among the Hui students in China.In doing so,we extend the existing interprovincial migration model by identifying and measuring the role of traditional dietary habits in college migration decisions.Design/Approach/Methods:This study uses college entrance examination(Gaokao)admission data for 10 high school graduation cohorts from 2001 to 2010 in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.These data are used to study the interprovincial migration of the Hui students following their college entrance examination.Ordinary least squares and logit regressions are used to control for other confounding factors,while the method of instrumental variables and placebo group comparison were used to rule out other explanations.Findings:Results demonstrate that traditional dietary habits produce geographic inequalities in terms of college opportunities for Hui and other minority group students.First,after controlling for variables such as college entrance examination scores and personal characteristics,results show that the Hui students are more likely to choose an institution closer to their hometown and preferred institutions located in Ningxia and the northwestern provinces rather than the Yangtze/Pearl River Delta regions and coastal provinces.Second,this migration pattern is shaped by the dietary habits of the Hui.Third,the Hui students were more likely to choose institutions in underdeveloped areas,resulting in corresponding welfare losses.Originality/Value:This study supplements classic college choice literature by documenting a special impact factor of geography previously overlooked by researchers,demonstrating the need to examine the underlying mechanisms of proximity and its significance in college choice.Moreover,the provision of dietary information may have important policy impacts for improved college choice,as well as for human capital investment and poverty alleviation measures in Northwest China.

Development and validation of a prediction model for early screening of people at high risk for colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer(CRC)is a serious threat worldwide.Although early screening is suggested to be the most effective method to prevent and control CRC,the current situation of early screening for CRC is still not optimistic.In China,the incidence of CRC in the Yangtze River Delta region is increasing dramatically,but few studies have been conducted.Therefore,it is necessary to develop a simple and efficient early screening model for CRC.AIM To develop and validate an early-screening nomogram model to identify individuals at high risk of CRC.METHODS Data of 64448 participants obtained from Ningbo Hospital,China between 2014 and 2017 were retrospectively analyzed.The cohort comprised 64448 individuals,of which,530 were excluded due to missing or incorrect data.Of 63918,7607(11.9%)individuals were considered to be high risk for CRC,and 56311(88.1%)were not.The participants were randomly allocated to a training set(44743)or validation set(19175).The discriminatory ability,predictive accuracy,and clinical utility of the model were evaluated by constructing and analyzing receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves and calibration curves and by decision curve analysis.Finally,the model was validated internally using a bootstrap resampling technique.RESULTS Seven variables,including demographic,lifestyle,and family history information,were examined.Multifactorial logistic regression analysis revealed that age[odds ratio(OR):1.03,95%confidence interval(CI):1.02-1.03,P<0.001],body mass index(BMI)(OR:1.07,95%CI:1.06-1.08,P<0.001),waist circumference(WC)(OR:1.03,95%CI:1.02-1.03 P<0.001),lifestyle(OR:0.45,95%CI:0.42-0.48,P<0.001),and family history(OR:4.28,95%CI:4.04-4.54,P<0.001)were the most significant predictors of high-risk CRC.Healthy lifestyle was a protective factor,whereas family history was the most significant risk factor.The area under the curve was 0.734(95%CI:0.723-0.745)for the final validation set ROC curve and 0.735(95%CI:0.728-0.742)for the training set ROC curve.The calibration curve demonstrated a high correlation between the CRC high-risk population predicted by the nomogram model and the actual CRC high-risk population.CONCLUSION The early-screening nomogram model for CRC prediction in high-risk populations developed in this study based on age,BMI,WC,lifestyle,and family history exhibited high accuracy.

Clinical epidemiology of gastric cancer in Hehuang valley of China:A 10-year epidemiological study of gastric cancer

AIM: To investigate the clinical epidemiological characteristics of gastric cancer in the Hehuang valley, China, to provide a reference for treatment and prevention of regional gastric cancer.

Diet and functional dyspepsia: Clinical correlates and therapeutic perspectives

Hypervigilance and symptoms anticipation,visceral hypersensitivity and gastroduodenal sensorimotor abnormalities account for the varied clinical presentation of functional dyspepsia(FD)patients.Many patients recognize meals as the main triggering factor;thus,dietary manipulations often represent the first-line management strategy in this cohort of patients.Nonetheless,scarce quality evidence has been produced regarding the relationship between specific foods and/or macronutrients and the onset of FD symptoms,resulting in nonstandardized nutritional approaches.Most dietary advises are indeed empirical and often lead to exclusion diets,reinforcing in patients the perception of“being intolerant”to food and self-perpetuating some of the very mechanisms underlying dyspepsia physiopathology(i.e.,hypervigilance and symptom anticipation).Clinicians are often uncertain regarding the contribution of specific foods to dyspepsia physiopathology and dedicated professionals(i.e.,dietitians)are only available in tertiary referral settings.This in turn,can result in nutritionally unbalanced diets and could even encourage restrictive eating behaviors in severe dyspepsia.In this review,we aim at evaluating the relationship between dietary habits,macronutrients and specific foods in determining FD symptoms.We will provide an overview of the evidence-based nutritional approach that should be pursued in these patients,providing clinicians with a valuable tool in standardizing nutritional advises and discouraging patients from engaging into indiscriminate food exclusions.

Risk Factors for Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Elderly Chinese Population in Shenyang of China

Objective The paper aims to evaluate the risk factors for age‐related macular degeneration （AMD） in elderly Chinese population in Shenyang,a northeast city of China.Methods A case‐control study was conducted to investigate the risk factors for the prevalence of AMD.Ninety three AMD patients diagnosed by a complete ophthalmic examination were recruited as cases from the outpatient departments of two eye hospitals in Shenyang,while 108 normal subjects of similar age and sex were recruited as controls.A questionnaire was administered among both cases and controls.Results AMD patients aged 60 years and older accounted for 75.3%.There were significantly higher educational levels,shorter smoking history,less sunlight exposure and cataract,and higher proportion of antioxidants intake in controls than in AMD patients.The frequency of intake of fruits,legumes,fish and shrimps was significantly higher in controls than in AMD patients.In a binary logistic regression analysis,smoking and cataract were the risk factors for AMD （OR：4.44,95% CI：2.27‐8.69;OR：4.47,95% CI：2.26‐8.85 respectively）.The high educational background was a protective factor for AMD （OR：0.761,95% CI：0.51‐0.98）.Conclusion A low educational background,smoking and cataract are associated with a higher prevalence of AMD.

Adherence to Mediterranean diet and advanced glycation endproducts in patients with diabetes

BACKGROUND In recent years,American Diabetes Association started to strongly advocate the Mediterranean diet(MD)over other diets in patients with diabetes mellitus(DM)because of its beneficial effects on glycemic control and cardiovascular(CV)risk factors.Tissue levels of advanced glycation endproducts(AGEs)emerged as an indicator of CV risk in DM.Skin biopsy being invasive,the use of AGE Reader has been shown to reflect tissue AGEs reliably.AIM To examine the association between adherence to MD and AGEs in patients with DM type II.METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on 273 patients with DM type II.A survey questionnaire was composed of 3 separate sections.The first part of the questionnaire included general data and the habits of the participants.The second part aimed to assess the basic parameters of participants’diseases and associated conditions.The third part of the questionnaire was the Croatian version of the 14-item MD service score(MDSS).AGEs levels and associated CV risk were measured using AGE Reader(DiagnOptics Technologies BV,Groningen,The Netherlands).RESULTS A total of 27(9.9%)patients fulfilled criteria for adherence to MD,with a median score of 8.0(6.0-10.0).Patients with none/limited CV risk had significantly higher percentage of MD adherence in comparison to patients with increased/definite CV risk(15.2%vs 6.9%,P=0.028),as well as better adherence to guidelines for nuts(23.2%vs 12.6%,P=0.023)and legumes(40.4%vs 25.9%,P=0.013)consumption.Higher number of patients with glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c)<7%adhered to MD when compared to patients with HbA1c>7%(14.9%vs 7.3%,P=0.045).Moreover,those patients followed the MDSS guidelines for eggs(33.0%vs 46.8%,P=0.025)and wine(15.6%vs 29.8%,P=0.006)consumption more frequently.MDSS score had significant positive correlation with disease duration(r=0.179,P=0.003)and negative correlation with body mass index(BMI)values(r=-0.159,P=0.008).In the multiple linear regression model,BMI(β±SE,-0.09±0.04,P=0.037)and disease duration(β±SE,0.07±0.02,P<0.001)remained significant independent correlates of the MDSS score.Patients with HbA1c>7%think that educational programs on nutrition would be useful for patients in significantly more cases than patients with HbA1c<7%(98.9%vs 92.6%,P=0.009).CONCLUSION Although adherence to MD was very low among people with diabetes,we demonstrated that adherence to MD is greater in patients with lower CV risk,longer disease duration,and well-controlled glycaemia.

Sharp Decline in the Food Self-sufficiency Ratio in Japan and Its Future Prospects

Most Japanese are enjoying rich and convenient dietary habits nowadays. However, majorities of Japanese are feeling anxiety about the future food supply because Japan＇s food self-sufficiency ratio has fallen most rapidly in the last 45 years, and is lowest amongst countries with a population of more than 100 million. Major causes and mechanisms of the decline in the food self-sufficiency ratio over the last 45 years were analyzed. Drastic changes of dietary habits under rapid economic growth and sharp appreciation of the yen against the US dollar were found to be the major causes of the sharp decline of the food self-sufficiency ratio. Preliminary projections about the food self-sufficiency ratio in 2015 were carried out, and it was found that it will not be easy to achieve the policy goal of raising the food self-sufficiency ratio to 45% by 2015.

Vegetables, Herbs and Spices: The Importance of Family and Tasting

Objective: To explore why and how consumers utilize vegetables, herbs and spices. Methods: Focus groups were conducted with adult participants (n = 54) to determine attitudes, self-efficacy, and behaviors related to liking and usage of vegetables, herbs and spices as well as strategies to increase vegetable intake. Results: Seasonal availability, and family-centered memories and practices were motivation for vegetable intake. A diverse number of vegetables (n = 39) were listed as favorites based on taste and versatility, but seasonings were not commonly included in responses regarding preparation. Participants felt that vegetable dish names should reflect ingredients explicitly;that seasonings enhanced vegetable flavors;and that salt and pepper were most commonly used seasonings. The preferred strategy to increase vegetable consumption was through tasting or sampling opportunities;seasoning use was not mentioned. However, participants perceived that suggestions or demonstrations on how to prepare vegetables at home would be helpful. Personal gardens were mentioned frequently, but were not connected to strategies for increasing intake. Conclusions and Implications: Vegetable intake has a family focus that should be emphasized to increase intake. Efforts to increase intake could emphasize flavor and versatile preparation methods through tasting opportunities or educational demonstrations.

A review on the recent advances in the effects of exogenous substances in food on gut microbiota

Gut microbiota is a large number of microorganisms closely related to human and animal health.The changes in the microbiota under different conditions directly reflect the health status of the host.As the main factor affecting the microbiota,the daily diet has attracted increasingly attention.Related studies have shown that in addition to the main endogenous components in food that interfere with the gut microbiota of human and other animals,other types of exogenous substances(e.g.,food additives,food condiments,and harmful chemicals produced in various food processing)can also cause changes in the gut microbiota.This paper systematically summarizes the recent advances in the effects of the exogenous substances,i.e.,food additives,food condiments,and food processing by-products,on gut microbiota.We further reviewed the changes of gut microbiota under the dietary intervention and the dietary habit adjustment from the perspective of weight loss,emphasizing the importance of a healthy diet and the weight loss method of balanced nutrition.Our study provided significant guidance for the investigation of gut microbiota in the field of a daily diet.

A comparison of chemical MSW compositional data between China and Denmark

Chemical waste compositions are important for municipal solid waste management, as they determine the pollution potentials from different waste strategies. A representative dataset for chemical characteristics of individual waste fractions is frequently required to assess chemical waste composition, but it is usually reported in developed countries and not in developing countries. In this study, a dataset for Chinese waste was established through careful data screening and assessment, named as CN dataset. Meanwhile, a dataset for Danish waste（DK dataset） was also summarized based on previous studies. In order to quantitatively evaluate the reliabilities of CN and DK datasets, the chemical waste compositions in four Chinese cities were estimated by utilizing both of them, respectively. It is indicated that the usage of CN datasets led to significantly lower discrepancies from the actual values based on laboratory analysis in most cases. Within the datasets, the moisture contents of food waste, paper, textiles, and plastics, the carbon content of food waste, as well as the oxygen content of plastics would induce significant divergences, which should be paid special attention when gathering the information. In addition, the fractional waste compositions in China showed similar features with other developing countries but differ significantly with developed countries. Thus the above-mentioned conclusions could also be true in other developing countries.

Health-related behaviors in children of ethnic minorities and Han nationality in China

Objective:The purpose of this study was to understand the health-related behaviors in children of ethnic minorities and Han nationality so as to provide a basis for formulating a health promotion plan,reasonably allocating health resources,and improving health conditions of the entire population of children.Methods:The selection and processing of study subjects,as well as health-related behaviors,were based on the 2009 Chinese Health and Nutrition Survey(CHNS)data.A total of 867 children were involved in this study,including 762 Han children and 105 minority children.Comparative analysis was conducted on the reported ratio of health-related behaviors,including society and family variation,as well as dietary habit variation,and health condition scores.Results:A comparison on health-related behaviors between ethnic minority and Han children indicated the following:with respect to society and family variation,statistical significance(P<0.05)existed between the two groups in health-related behaviors influenced by parents who did or did not stay at home,level of education,and medical insurance status;and with respect to dietary habit variation,statistical significance(P<0.05)existed in the differences of dietary habits between the two groups.Moreover,differences in the weight-forage Z score(WAZ),weight-forheight Z score(WHZ),and body mass index-for-age Z score(BAZ)between the two groups were statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:Health-related behavioral norms and health conditions of ethnic minority children should be further improved.Increased health awareness of families with children and health care system development should be stressed to elevate the health level of the entire population of children in China.

Counseling strategies for nutritional anemia by family physicians in Saudi Arabia,2016:Implication for training

Context:Prevalence of nutritional anemia among Saudi female and children is evident and has been reflected in different studies,most of researchers conclude that there is a gap in dietary coun-seling in addition to the poor awareness of community about appropriate dietary habits;this study is trying to assess counseling behavior and training competency of family physician at primary health centers with respect to nutritional anemia.Objective:Study objective is to assess general beliefs,practice,and level of training in coun-seling by family physician.Methodology:This is a cross-sectional study design;data collected using self-administered questionnaire provided to the doctor at clinic site.Results:The most commonly learned counseling technique in order as follows motivational interviewing(68%),cognitive behavioral therapy(58%),and 15-Minute Hour approach(53%).Conclusion:This study confirms the presence of positive counseling beliefs and practices by family physicians;however,the result is also reflects the current reluctant state of family physicians in devoting ample time for nutritional anemia counseling.