Research on Spatial Distribution of Settlements in the Upper Reaches of the Minjiang River

Under the background of the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the settlements in the upper reaches of the Min River are significantly affected by the mountain environment, and their spatial distribution is typical and representative. In this study, the relationship between settlements and topography, rivers and transportation, and the spatial distribution patterns of settlements, such as the aggregation and orientation characteristics of settlements, have been studied. The main conclusions include: 1) The settlement density decreases with the increase of elevation, slope, and distance from rivers and roads;76.25% and 63.17% of the settlements are distributed in the range of elevation 1500 - 3000 m and slope 6° - 25°, the upper reaches of the Min River are mostly alpine valley terrain, the bottom of the river has a low altitude, the landscape is undulating. The warm and humid climate is suitable for farming, conducive to agricultural production, and an ideal living environment for mountain residents. 2) The nuclear density of the settlement is distributed in strips along the axis of the river, and the closer to the river, the greater the nuclear density value. 3) Mathematical statistical methods were applied for the first time to realize the quantitative expression of the coupling of settlement and river direction. The influence of topographic conditions in different watersheds on the coupling degree of settlement extension and river flow direction was revealed. The slope of the fitted straight line between the settlement and river direction was 0.897, and the two directions were consistent. Except for the mainstream of the Min River, the larger values of the standard deviation ellipse flattening of settlements in each basin appeared in the upper reaches of the bay, and the overall trend showed a gradual decrease from the upstream to the downstream, which was consistent with the topographic change characteristics of the basin.

Late Pleistocene environmental information on the Diexi paleo-dammed lake of the upper Minjiang River in the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, China

In 1999, Diexi paleo-dammed lake(2349 m a.s.l.) was discovered around Diexi town along the Minjiang River in Sichuan province. Diexi is located where the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau and the Sichuan Basin meet. The dammed lake was formed during the Last Glacial Maximum of the Late Pleistocene(~30,000 years ago) and began to empty about 15,000 years ago. The lacustrine sediments(up to 240 m thick) preserve abundant paleoenvironment information. In this paper, a mass of oxygen isotopes and 14 C dating from drilled cores are analyzed and discussed. The δ18 O curve on the paleo climate from this section is comparable with the coeval paleo climatic curves of ice cores and karsts in China and others. Furthermore, the physical model testing has confirmed that the disturbed zones in the core are caused by strong earthquakes occurred at least 10 times, which implies strong crustal deformation, as an important driving force, affecting climate change. This study provides a new window to observe East Asian monsoon formation, paleoenvironmental evolution and the global climate change.

Assessment of land use change and potential eco-service value in the upper reaches of Minjiang River,China

The remote sensing （RS） and geographical information system （GIS） technologies were adopted and a mathematic method was developed to evaluate the changes of ecosystem services in the upper reaches of Minjiang River-valley for providing advices to manage the ecosystem. The results showed that the land use change mainly occurred on forest, farmland and grassland. From 1986 to 1994, the area of farmland increased by 477% （60801 hm^2）, while the area of forest decreased by 4.97% （89012.17 hm^2）. From 1986 to 2000, the eco-service value of forest was degressive but that of farmland increased greatly as the increasing of planting area, while the total eco-service value decreased by 771.11×10^8 yuan RMB due to the rapid increase of population in this region. The driving force of eco-service change was also discussed in the paper. The nation policy of Natural Forest Protection Project has taken effect in preventing the decline of eco-services.

Two Village Ecosystems in the Upper Minjiang River, China: A Comparison of Emergy Flow

By using the concept of emergy and method of emergy analysis, this paper has studied two mountain settlement (village) ecosystems in two aspects: input and output of energy in the agro-systems and the use of fuel energy. The result reveals that the settlement agro-system in the valley of Minjiang River is better in both structure and function than that at the so-called half-high mountain. The former one is higher than the latter one regarding such indices as emergy yield ratio, labor productivity of emergy and emergy sustainable index, but lower than the latter one regarding environmental loading ratio. In terms of fuel emergy, the settlement in the valley enjoys more diversified sources and is less depending on bio-energy while the settlement at the half-high mountain has only one source (i. e. fuel wood) , much depending on bio-energy, may exert a greater pressure on environment.

Unsteadiness of COD in the Upper and Middle Reaches of Minjiang River

This paper explores and identifies the rules of the unsteady evolution of COD in the upper and middle reaches of Minjiang River through multi-scale analysis on the weekly COD data for the last six years provided by the Water Quality Monitoring Station,Minjiang River Bridge,Leshan City,Sichuan Province.The results of the wavelet analysis indicate that the COD index oscillates alternatively and differently at each time-scale in an oneyear cycle,and the density of COD,subjected to the runoff volume,the effects of Wenchuan Earthquake and agricultural seeding and industrial construction,etc.,is high in winter and spring,mild in summer and autumn.

Risk Assessment of Highway in the Upper Reaches of Minjiang River under the Stress of Debris Flow

The southwest mountainous area is a frequent debris flow disaster area in China, which poses a serious threat to the regional roads and greatly affects the normal traffic operation and the safety of residents’ lives and property. The debris flow risk assessment of highway can quantify the threat degree of debris flow to the roads. In this paper, from the perspective of villages and towns, taking the upper reaches of Minjiang River as the research area, four factors including road network density, highway disaster resistance capacity, population density and highway cost are selected, and the weight is obtained by using entropy weight method, and the debris flow vulnerability evaluation results of highway are obtained by weighted calculation. Four indexes of debris flow density, shape factor, relative height difference and annual rainfall are selected to evaluate the debris flow hazard of highway by using the information method. Based on the vulnerability and hazard evaluation results, the risk of highway debris flow is evaluated, and the results are classified and discussed. The results show that: the risk of debris flow on the upper reaches of Minjiang River is relatively low, the overall spatial distribution shows a trend of high in the East and low in the west, and the overall risk of township roads in Wenchuan county is the highest;The risk of debris flow is generally high within -10 to 30 km from the central fault zone of Longmenshan.

Based on the Theory of Optimizing the Allocation of Research of Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources of the Upper Reaches of Minjiang River

Water resource is an important supporting material for life support system and economic development, and the sustainable development and utilization of water resource are the guarantee of social sustainable development. The upper Minjiang River is the most important source of water supply for the Chengdu Plain. With the water resources of the upper Minjiang River facing the problems of overall water volume reduction, flood and water pollution, etc., based on the optimal allocation theory, this paper constructs an optimal allocation model of water resources in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River, analyzes its characteristics and proposes some relevant countermeasures and suggestions to solve the existing problems, aiming to provide references for the sustainable utilization of water resources in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River.

GIS-Based Spatial Analysis and Modeling for Landslide Hazard Assessment:A Case Study in Upper Minjiang River Basin

By analyzing the topographic features of past landslides since 1980s and the main land-cover types （including change information） in landslide-prone area, modeled spatial distribution of landslide hazard in upper Minjiang River Basin was studied based on spatial analysis of GIS in this paper. Results of GIS analysis showed that landslide occurrence in this region closely related to topographic feature. Most areas with high hazard probability were deep-sheared gorge. Most of them in investigation occurred assembly in areas with elevation lower than 3 000 m, due to fragile topographic conditions and intensive human disturbances. Land-cover type, including its change information, was likely an important environmental factor to trigger landslide. Destroy of vegetation driven by increase of population and its demands augmented the probability of landslide in steep slope.

Reproduction of the Sedimentary Disturbance Phenomenon of the Diexi Ancient Landslide-Dammed Lake under Earthquake

Valuable geological and environmental information can be obtained from the 200 m thick lacustrine sediments in the Diexi lake(an ancient landslide-dammed lake) of the Minjiang River. The shaking table test method was employed to study the disturbance phenomena which occurred in the Diexi lake sediments. The results show that the disturbance phenomena were caused by liquefaction-induced flows in the unconsolidated lacustrine sediments, due to triggering by earthquakes. The deformations only occurred in unconsolidated sediment layers and not in consolidated layers. This means that a consolidated layer cannot be liquefied and disturbed again by an earthquake for a second time. The disturbance on one layer corresponds to only one earthquake. The temporal occurrence of earthquakes could be determined by disturbance layers generated at different ages. In total, 10 disturbed layers were found in the lacustrine sediments of the Diexi lake. The experiments showed that there were more than 10 earthquakes between 30 ka B.P. and 15 ka B.P. in the Diexi lake area based on the dating of the disturbed sediment layers.

Possible relatedness between the outburst of the Diexi ancient dammed lake and ancient Chengdu’s cultural change

The Diexi ancient dammed lake is in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River.Six terraces with lacustrine sediments occur at the base.These terraces are the products of the graded outburst of the Diexi ancient dammed lake.The outburst of the ancient dammed lake would certainly have had an impact on the Chengdu Plain in the lower reaches of the Minjiang River.In this paper,on-site sampling and laboratory analysis were used to analyze the sediments of the Diexi ancient dammed lake and the Jinsha site in Chengdu Plain,and the environmental indicators of each sediment layer were tested.Through a comparative analysis of the environmental indicators in the sediments at the two locations,the following results were obtained:the palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental characteristics at the two locations generally show consistent changes.The most important finding is that the types and content of the major pollen taxa at the two locations are similar.The Pinus content strongly proves that the soil layers at the Jinsha site was sourced from the upper reaches of the Minjiang River.Considering that the demise of the ancient culture at the Jinsha site occurred close in time to the outburst of the ancient dammed lake,this similarity suggests that the cultural change at the Jinsha site may have been related to the outburst of the Diexi ancient dammed lake.

Assessing the Impact of the Sloping Land Conversion Program on Rural Household Income in the Upper Reaches of Minjiang River,China

One secondary target of the SLCP is poverty reduction. Therefore,the impact of the SLCP on household income is a subject of much research. This study was conducted to determine whether the SLCP has affected incomes of households at different income levels13 years after its implementation. Using survey data from 2012 on rural households＇ livelihoods in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River in Sichuan Province and using the non-participating households as a reference,the current impact of the SLCP on household income is calculated with a multiple linear regression model and a quantile regression model. The socio-geographic features of participating and non-participating households are also be compared. The results show no significant differences between the SLCP participating and non-participating households in many socio-demographic characteristics. Participating in the SLCP had no significant impact on household income at all income levels in the study area in 2012. This finding suggests that the SLCP is not currently increasing household income significantly in the study area,and that the implementation plan of the SLCP should be changed in this area in order to achieve its poverty reduction goal.

岷江上游汶川地震前后泥石流易发性评价

科学准确地绘制泥石流易发性区划图以及确定主控因子及其贡献率,是区域泥石流预警预报和风险管理的重要基础。文章以岷江上游为研究区,以小流域为评价单元,分别采用了5种机器学习模型构建了泥石流易发性评价模型,对汶川大地震前、后岷江上游泥石流易发性和评价因子贡献率进行了定量分析。结果表明:(1)集成机器学习模型的预测精度及受试者工作特征曲线下面积值均高于浅层机器学习模型,其中随机森林模型在地震前、后泥石流易发性评价中表现最优;(2)震前、震后泥石流发生率均随易发性等级的提高逐渐增大,且等级越高增量越大,各等级震后泥石流发生率均高于震前;(3)地震前、后侵蚀传递系数的贡献率均显著高于其他因子,与汶川大地震地震烈度空间分布特征叠加,加大了震后干流和支流泥石流由下游向上游发育程度逐渐降低的空间分布规律。

基于GeoProcessing方法的岷江上游流域数字水系建模

GeoProcessing不仅提供空间数据分析的简单功能,而且支持建立非常复杂的地理处理模型来完成定制的地理处理任务和执行批处理操作。通过GeoProcessing地理处理新方法建立流域数字水系模型,是流域水文构成模拟计算、流域水土流失分析等的重要基础。为水文过程模拟分析提供有力支持。以岷江上游流域为研究区,首先使用GeoProcessing建模方法生成岷江上游流域30 m×30 m DEM并对其进行洼地的确定、填充和平地的抬升等预处理,采用D8法计算水流方向和汇流面积,在此基础上实现流域分水岭、河网水系和子流域等参数提取,并建立岷江上游流域数字水系模型。通过模型计算,较精确地确定了岷江上游的流域边界,其提取结果与传统的手工数字化成果吻合程度高,且细节部分更加突出;与传统的分步式操作相比,提高了水系河网提取的阈值试验条件设置次数,可批量处理,自动化程度高,人为干扰小,结果更加可信。当取汇水累计量≥600栅格单元(面积约为0.05km2)且综合长度≤500 m的水系时得到的结果与手工数字化地形图水系吻合较好。

2000—2020年岷江上游干旱河谷区植被时空变化及其地形效应

针对岷江上游干旱河谷区生态极其脆弱的特点,利用NDVI数据通过像元二分法反演了岷江上游干旱河谷区2000—2020年的植被覆盖度(FVC),运用线性趋势分析和F显著性检验法,定量分析了FVC的时空变化规律,结合地形数据剖析岷江上游干旱河谷区FVC趋势变化与海拔、坡度、坡向之间的关系。结果表明:(1)2000—2020年,研究区植被覆盖度呈波动增加趋势,年均FVC由2000年0.62增加至2020年的0.67。(2)在空间上,植被覆盖度由低海拔至高海拔呈现增高趋势,低等级和中低等级植被覆盖度主要分布在岷江干流及岷江支流杂谷脑河两岸,中等级和中高等级植被覆盖度集中分布在河谷两岸低中山和中山区,高等级植被覆盖度则主要分布在远离河谷的高中山和中高山区。(3)高等级植被覆盖面积随海拔增加呈先减小后增加的趋势,在1100~1400 m和3200~3500 m区域达到峰值;高等级植被覆盖度面积随坡度增加呈现先增加后减少的趋势,10°~20°和30°~40°是植被覆盖度高等级和中高-高等级的峰值区;总体上阳坡植被覆盖度高于阴坡。植被覆盖状况受海拔、坡度以及坡向影响较大,对岷江上游干旱河谷区生态保护应考虑地形影响,因地制宜采取措施。

岷江上游1995—2020年生态地质环境安全评价与时空演化分析

岷江上游是长江上游生态安全的重要屏障,在“5·12”汶川地震发生后,地下岩体、地表基质和地上生态都受到了严重的破坏。为探索岷江上游流域地震前后生态地质环境安全状况,从“地质环境-生态环境”两个维度选取了16个评价指标,基于AHP-PCA熵组合权重法对岷江上游流域1995年、2001年、2009年和2020年生态地质环境安全进行评价并分析演化趋势。结果表明:岷江上游流域生态地质环境安全整体以较安全-安全为主。其中,生态地质环境较安全-安全主要分布在流域的中、东部地区,较不安全-不安全主要分布在西、北部高山区以及深切河谷区,整体呈现中东部高、西部和北部低的格局。1995—2020年岷江上游生态地质环境安全整体呈现先降低后逐步升高的趋势。其中,流域北部及深切河谷区生态地质环境安全变化波动大,且呈现升高-降低-升高的趋势,生态地质环境不稳定;西南部生态地质环境安全整体以降低为主,虽降低区域逐渐减少,但总体生态地质环境仍持续变差;流域中部生态地质环境安全整体以升高为主,且升高区域逐渐增加,生态地质环境持续向好。本次研究结果可为岷江上游生态保护修复提供基础支撑。

岷江上游近59年径流变化及归因识别

为高效利用岷江上游流域的水资源,基于1960~2018年流域水文气象资料,采用多种统计学理论分析径流的趋势、周期和突变点,应用基于Budyko理论的弹性系数法(Choudhury-Yang公式)和累积量斜率变化率比较法(SCRCQ法)对径流变化进行归因分析。结果表明,径流以12.5mm/10a的速率呈显著减少趋势,并在1993年发生突变。径流变化存在3、8、12、18年的主周期,其年内分配不均,主要集中于夏秋两季,占比73.6%。降雨对径流变化最为敏感,下垫面参数次之,潜在蒸散发最不敏感。Choudhury-Yang公式和SCRCQ法计算出气候变化对径流减少的贡献率分别达到58.13%、63.29%,表明气候变化是研究区径流减少的主要因素,而人类活动对径流减少的贡献亦不容低估,贡献率分别达到41.87%、36.71%。

岷江上游流域植被返青期对气候暖干化的响应特征

植被的物候变化反映了生态系统对气候变化的动态响应,是研究陆地生态系统变化的重要指标。其中返青期作为最重要的物候指标之一,其变化趋势对生态系统的水碳过程会产生重要影响。多项研究标明,返青期的变化方向和幅度取决于所在区域的气候条件。岷江上游是西南山区典型流域,植被具有明显的垂直分异特征,且其气候具有明显的暖干化趋势。采用MCD12Q2物候产品,结合气象、高程数据,运用趋势检验和相关性分析等方法研究2001-2016年岷江上游草地、混交林和落叶阔叶林返青期的时空分布特征及其对气候暖干化的响应。结果表明:2001-2016年岷江上游草地、混交林和落叶阔叶林的返青期差异较大,其均值分别为第124.5±12.5 d、105.0±14.5 d和113.2±10.5 d。3种植被类型的返青期具有明显垂直分异性,返青期都随海拔升高而推迟,且在高海拔段(>3 500 m)推迟幅度更大。在春季气候暖干化影响下,草地和落叶阔叶林的返青期均呈显著提前趋势(p <0.05),混交林呈不显著提前趋势(p> 0.05)。3种植被返青期变化趋势在垂直分布上存在3500 m海拔分界线,分界线以上返青期提前速率更高,趋势更显著。岷江上游春季4月最低气温升高是植被返青期提前主要原因。该研究结果可服务于岷江上游生态系统生态过程的进一步研究。

岷江上游芦花地区传统藏族民居建筑特征探析

芦花地区地处我国藏羌民族聚居的交错地带,其地域民族文化中杂有周边文化成分,显现出与藏彝走廊其他区域不同的民族文化特点,这种文化属性使得地域民居的文化事象和建筑特征也更有特色。研究以芦花地区传统藏族民居为对象,以建筑学、民族学与文化生态学的综合视角,运用田野调查、实地测绘、文献爬梳和口述访谈等方法,分析地缘环境与民族文化融合背景下民居的建筑特征以及文化生态,归纳民居建筑形体、空间构成、材料构造、建筑装饰方面的主要特征,为传统藏族民居的保护和利用提供依据。

岷江上游土壤侵蚀时空演变特征及其成因分析

为研究岷江上游流域土壤侵蚀动态变化情况,使用通用土壤流失方程(USLE)和统计学、空间分析等方法探讨了该区域2001—2017年土壤侵蚀时空演变特征及其成因。结果表明:(1)岷江上游流域土壤侵蚀主要发生在西部、西南部、东北部和东南部。(2)土壤侵蚀模数显著减小区域主要分布在流域西部和西南部,从地形、降水和土地利用看,主要分布于海拔2500~5000 m、坡度大于15°、年均降水量800~1200 mm的区域和林地侵蚀区。土壤侵蚀显著增加区域主要分布在北部和东南部,其中以中山、亚高山区域和年均降水量400~800 mm的干旱河谷区域为主。(3)土壤侵蚀状况与海拔、坡度、年降水量和植被类型在空间上呈显著正相关关系(p<0.05),随着海拔、坡度、年降水量增加,土壤侵蚀现象越明显。(4)未利用地、草地和林地土壤侵蚀较明显,侵蚀占比(轻度及以上侵蚀面积占该类型的比例)分别为87.11%,39.75%和9.49%。(5)不同类型林地侵蚀占比由大到小为疏林地(15.04%)>针叶林(13.50%)>混交林(4.41%)>阔叶林(0.97%)。林地土壤侵蚀主要受降水和植被覆盖度影响;而灌木和草地土壤侵蚀主要受制于降水。综上,未来该区域生态恢复需要重点加强对高海拔带(>2500 m)、坡度大于25°以及草地区域的植被恢复研究,进一步提高各类型植被水源涵养功能,开展流域土壤侵蚀分类治理,提高区域土壤侵蚀防治效果。

岷江上游面雨量多模式预报检验与集成研究

基于三源融合格点实况降水资料,以岷江上游面雨量为研究对象,采用多种评估指标,对2019年4月—2021年12月SWCWARMS、ECMWF、GRAPES_MESO模式及四川省智能网格的面雨量预报效果进行检验评估,并在此基础上采用回归集成、TS集成和Nash系数集成等方法开展了面雨量集成预报研究。结果表明:智能网格和ECMWF在岷江上游面雨量预报中的效果较优。面雨量分级检验中,4种单模式预报的TS评分随着量级增大而逐渐降低,空报率和漏报率逐渐增大,ECMWF在小雨预报中效果最好,智能网格在中雨预报中优于其他模式,SWCWARMS在大雨预报中占优。面雨量集成预报能较好地提升预测效果,3种多模式集成方法对比,回归集成的误差更小,而AS评分和效率系数更高。面雨量分级预报中,小雨预报宜采用3个模式多元回归集成,中雨预报宜采用4个模式TS集成,而大雨预报应考虑3个模式TS集成。