Differences Between Male andFemale Sex in Speech Behaviour

This paper describes male-female differences in speech behavior from the following aspects: their different attitudes towards public speaking and private speaking; their different attitudes towards public details and private details; their different purposes towards troubles; their different attitudes towards asking information. Then this paper presents explanations for male-female differences in speech behavior from social point of view and anthropological point of view.

Factors related to lymph node metastasis and surgical strategy used to treat early gastric carcinoma

AIM:The prognosis of early gastric carcinoma (EGC) is generally excellent after surgery. The presence or absence of lymph node metastasis in EGC is an important prognostic factor. The survival and recurrence rates of node-negative EGC are much better than those of node-positive EGC. This study examined the factors related to lymph node metastasis in EGC to determine the appropriate treatment for EGC.METHODS: We investigated 748 patients with EGC who underwent surgery between January 1985 and December 1999 at the Division of Gastroenterologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital. Several clinicopathologic factors were investigated to analyze their relationship to lymph node metastasis: age, sex, tumor location, tumor size, gross type, histologic type, depth of invasion, extent of lymph node dissection, type of operation,and DNA ploidy.RESULTS:Lymph node metastases were found in 75 patients (10.0%). Univariate analysis showed that male sex, tumor size larger than 2.0cm, submucosal invasion of tumor, histologic differentiation, and DNA ploidy pattern were risk factors for regional lymph node metastasis in EGC patients. However, a multivariate analysis showed that three risk factors were associated with lymph node metastasis:large tumor size, undifferentiated histologic type and submucosal invasion. No statistical relationship was found for age, sex, tumor location, gross type, or DNA ploidy in multivariate analysis. The 5-year survival rate was 94.2% for those without lymph node metastasis and 87.3% for those with lymph node metastasis, and the difference was significant (P<0.05).CONCLUSION: In patients with EGC, the survival rate of patients with positive lymph nodes is significantly worse than that of patients with no lymph node metastasis. Therefore,a standard D2 lymphadenectomy should be performed in patients at high risk of lymph node metastasis: large tumor size, undifferentiated histologic type and submucosal invasion.

Relationship between phenotypes of cell-function differentiation and pathobiological behavior of gastric carcinomas

AIM: To reveal the correlation between the functional differentiation phenotypes of gastric carcinoma cells and the invasion and metastasis by a new way of cell-function classification.METHODS:Surgically resected specimens of 361 gastric carcinomas(GC) were investigated with enzyme-, mucin-, and tumor-related marker immunohistochemistry. According to the direction of cell-function differentiation, stomach carcinomas were divided into five functionally differentiated types. RESULTS: (1) Absorptive function differentiation type (AFDT): there were 82 (22.7%) patients including 76 (92.7%) aged 45 years. Sixty-nine (84.1%) cases belonged to the intestinal type. Thirty-eight (46.3%) expressed CD44v6 and 9 (13.6%) of 66 male patients developed liver metastasis.The 5-year survival rate of patients in this group (58.5%) was higher than those with the other types (P【0.01). (2) Mucin secreting function differentiation type (MSFDT): 54 (15%) cases. Fifty-three (98.1%) tumors had penetrated the serosa, 12 (22.2%) expressed ER and 22 (40.7%) expressed CD44v6. The postoperative 5-year survival rate was 28.6%. (3) Absorptive and mucin-producing function differentiation type (AMPFDT): there were 180 (49.9%) cases, including 31 (17.2%) aged younger than 45 years. The tumor was more common in women (62, 34.4%,) and expressed more frequently estrogen receptors (ER) (129, 81.7%) than other types (P【0.01). Ovary metastasis was found in 12 (19.4%) out of 62 female subjects. The patients with this type GC had the lowest 5-year survival rate (24.7%) among all types. (4) Specific function differentiation type (SFDT): 13 (3.6%) cases. Nine (69.2%) tumors of this type derived from APUD system, the other 4 (30.7%) were of different histological differentiation. Sixty per cent of the patients survived at least five years. (5) Non-function differentiation type (NFDT): 32 (8.9%) cases. Nineteen (59.4%) cases had lymph node metastases but no one with liver or ovary metastasis. The 5-year survival rate was 28.1%. CONCLUSION: This new cell-function classification of GC is helpful in indicating the characteristics of invasion and metastasis of GC with different cell-function differentiation phenotypes. Further study is needed to disclose the correlation between the cell-functional differentiation phenotypes and the relevant genotypes and the biological behavior of gastric carcinoma.

北部湾中国鲎不同群体及雌雄个体形态差异分析

采用t检验、主成分分析和判别分析等多元统计方法,分析和比较北海市和钦州市中国鲎群体的体质量(Y)和全长(X1)、头胸部长(X2)、头胸部宽(X3)、腹部长(X4)、腹部宽(X5)、剑尾长(X6)等7个可量性状,研究两者形态差异,并对北海群体进行雌雄个体的形态差异分析。t检验结果显示,2组群体仅X6/X1差异极显著(P<0.01),其他指标的差异不显著(P>0.05)。主成分分析构建了1个主成分,其贡献率为50.16%。对北海群体的5项比例性状进行逐步判别分析,筛选出3个比例性状构建的判别方程对该群体的2组群体识别的正确率达73.3%。指出,北海市群体雌性个体体型大,X2和X6均大于雄性,但X4小于雄性。

不同激素治疗方案对女性围绝经期异常子宫出血的临床疗效分析

目的分析女性围绝经期异常子宫出血治疗中,不同激素治疗方案的实施价值。方法非随机选取2020年1月—2023年11月莘县妇幼保健院收治的88例围绝经期异常子宫出血患者为研究对象,按治疗方法不同分为两组,各44例。对照组给予单一炔诺酮片治疗、研究组在此基础上联用黄体酮胶囊治疗,比较两组患者子宫内膜厚度、血红蛋白水平、月经量、性激素指标水平及临床治疗有效率、不良反应发生情况。结果与对照组相比,研究组患者的血红蛋白水平更高,子宫内膜厚度更小、月经量更少,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);治疗后两组性激素指标优于治疗前,且治疗后研究组较对照组更低,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);研究组治疗有效率(97.73%)低于对照组(77.27%),差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=4.838、8.416,P<0.05)。研究组不良反应发生率(2.27%)低于对照组(13.64%)。结论炔诺酮片+黄体酮胶囊联合治疗的实施效果更佳,可以帮助患者有效改善性激素指标状况,对降低子宫内膜厚度,提升血红蛋白水平具有积极意义,具有较高的应用价值。

Comparison of heart rate monitoring with indirect calorimetry for energy expenditure evaluation

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to compare established methods with newly-developed methods for estimating the total energy expenditure(TEE). Methods:The study subjects comprised 46 individuals,including 16 middle-aged men(mean age 51.4 years),14 middle-aged women(mean age 49.9 years) and 16 young women(mean age 19.1 years).The TEE was estimated from 24-h heart rate(HR) data using newly-developed software (MoveSense HRAnalyzer 201 la,RC1.Suunto Oy,Vantaa,Finland),and was compared against the TEE determined using doubly labeled water (DLW).Agreement between the two methods was analyzed using Bland and Altman plots. Results:The HR method yielded similar TEE values as the DLW method at the group level,with an average of 8.6 kcal/day in the difference in the mean,but with large individual variations.Forty-four(96%) out of 46 subjects fell within±2SD of the mean difference in TEE comparisons, and there was no tendency towards under- or over-estimation. Conclusion:Our results indicate that the current software using HR analysis for the estimation of daily TEE needs further development for use with free-living individuals.

A Brief Case Analysis about Language and Gender

Language and gender is an important topic in sociolinguistic studies. This paper aims to analyze the differences between male language and female language of"Friends"on the basis of understanding the relative theories and studies about language and gender.

Seed and Wasp Production in the Mutualism of Figs and Fig Wasps

Figs (Moracea: Ficus) and fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chlocloids: Agaonideae) depend on each other to complete their reproduction. Monoecious fig species and their pollinating wasps are in conflict over the use of fig ovaries which can either produce one seed or one wasp. From observation on Ficus virens Ait., we showed that female flowers with outer layer of ovaries (near to the wall of syconium) had no significant difference from that with inner and interval layer of ovaries (near to the syconium cavity), in which most seeds and wasps were produced. This meant that fig tree provided the same potential resource for seed and wasps production. Observation indicated that there was usually only one foundress in syconium at female flower phase and no com- petition pollinators. Measurement of the style length of female flowers and the ovipositor of pollinators indicated that most ovaries could be reached by pollinator’s ovipositor. However, at the male flower phase, production of seeds was significantly more than that of wasps including non-pollinating wasps but there was no significant difference between seed and pollinating wasp production when without non-pollinating wasps produced. This result indicated that non-pollinating wasps competed ovaries not with seeds but with pollinating wasps for ovipositing. Bagged experiment showed that the sampling fig species was not self-sterile which was important for figs and wasps to survive bad season. Seed production in self-pollinated figs was not significantly different from total wasps in- cluding non-pollinating ones. This might be related with the weaker competition among wasps since bagged figs were not easy to reach by wasps from outside.

中国乡村性别差异对生猪产能的影响研究——基于31个省市面板门槛模型分析

为了探究乡村性别差异对生猪产能的影响,采用全国31个省市2006—2020年面板数据进行OLS及GMM基准分析,了解乡村性别差异对生猪产能影响的大体趋势,进一步检验性别差异与生猪产能间是否存在门槛效应。得出结论如下:乡村女性文盲比及女性离婚率对生猪产能皆存在显著负向抑制作用,且随着生猪生产者价格指数的升高该作用力度不断加深,其中乡村女性文盲比影响程度更甚于乡村女性离婚率。提出缩小城乡教育差异、提供生育补助、加快生猪产业科技创新等建议。

性别差异还是性别歧视——中小学教师“女兵男将”现象的实证分析

从性别视角来看,中小学校长队伍性别结构严重失衡。现有研究表明,该问题受社会、组织、家庭及个人等综合因素影响。但综观现有研究成果并未厘清失衡的根源是性别差异,还是性别歧视?针对于此,基于省域大规模调查数据,探究中小学教师“女兵男将”现象的根源,发现:性别是获得校长职位机会的重要影响因素,江苏省中小学女性教师在学历、职称、工作经验方面的资历优于男性教师,且女校长在领导力、行动力方面的能力显著优于男校长,但女性教师在竞选校长时机会显著少于男性教师。这一发现厘清了中小学教师“女兵男将”问题的根源是性别歧视而非性别差异。对此,建议:中小学教师职称评定政策适当向女教师倾斜,畅通女教师职业发展通道;缩短女校长职前教龄,延长女校长职业发展关键期;充分考虑学校特征和校长领导性别特质,合理搭建校领导班子;宣传女校长领导成效,打破性别刻板印象,发挥女性在办学治校上的优势。

工业大麻种子及苗期性别鉴定方法的研究

【目的】探究工业大麻在生产实践中减少雄株比例,提高雌株比例的方法。【方法】通过形态学观察法、生理代谢差异比较、化学物质鉴定法及DNA分子标记鉴定法对工业大麻的种子及未进行性别分化的苗期叶片进行性别鉴定。【结果】通过测定雌雄工业大麻叶片中的NADH和TTCH含量发现,雌雄性工业大麻叶片的NADH和TTCH含量差异明显。通过显色反应发现,甲基红染色20 h后,雄麻变为紫红色,雌麻变为黄褐色。溴麝香草酚蓝染色12 h后,雌麻变为草绿色,雄麻变为天蓝色。快蓝B盐染色20 h后,雌叶表层纤毛变成淡红色,雄叶纤毛仍为无色透明态。通过特异性序列OPV-08和SCAR1可鉴定工业大麻种子及苗期的雌雄性。【结论】形态学观察法、生理代谢差异比较、化学物质鉴定法及DNA分子标记鉴定法(特异性序列OPV-08和SCAR1)可用于工业大麻的性别鉴定。

栀子对不同性别大鼠食欲及体质量的影响

目的:研究栀子对不同性别大鼠食欲及体质量的影响,分析栀子发挥减肥作用的有效剂量。方法:将60只SD大鼠(雌雄各半,雌雄分开喂养)随机分为对照组(等体积生理盐水)、栀子低剂量组(0.75 g/kg)、栀子等效剂量组(0.95 g/kg)、栀子中剂量组(1.50 g/kg)和栀子高剂量组(3.00 g/kg),灌胃给药4周。每周测定给药后5 h、10 h内各组大鼠饮食量,计算各组饮食抑制率和体质量增长率。结果:与同组雄性大鼠比较,除栀子高剂量组第2周外,第1周、第3周、第4周灌胃5 h后,各剂量组雌性大鼠的饮食抑制率均升高(P<0.05);除栀子高剂量组第4周外,第1周、第2周、第3周灌胃10 h后,各剂量组雌性大鼠的饮食抑制率均升高(P<0.05),且栀子等效剂量组升高最明显(P<0.01)。与对照组比较,第1至10天栀子中剂量组、栀子高剂量组雌性大鼠体质量增长率显著降低(P<0.01)。总体来看,与对照组比较,栀子等效剂量组雌性大鼠体质量增长率降低(P<0.05),栀子中剂量组、栀子高剂量组体质量增长率显著降低(P<0.01)。与对照组比较,第1至10天、第11至20天、第21至28天栀子高剂量组雄性大鼠体质量增长率均降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:栀子对雌性大鼠的食欲抑制和减肥作用明显优于雄性大鼠,且栀子等效剂量即可对雌性大鼠发挥减肥作用。

大菱鲆选育家系雌、雄群体的生长发育差异

采用全长／体长、体高／体长、全长／体高和体质量为评价指标，分别对9～33月龄大菱鲆雌、雄群体在生长发育过程中体型的动态变化及生长性能差异进行了比较。大菱鲆雌、雄群体形态比较结果显示，雌、雄群体的全长／体长、体高／体长、全长／体高在不同发育阶段呈现特有的变化，但在雌、雄群体间，除33月龄的体高／体长和全长／体高差异达到显著水平外，3项指标在不同阶段没有差异或差异不显著，即可以认为，对于统计初始体质量相同或相近的大菱鲆雌、雄群体，全长／体长、体高／体长和全长／体高3个形态比例指标是随发育时间序列同步变化。基于Logistic模型对大菱鲆雌、雄群体生长性能的比较结果显示，雌性群体的拐点月龄、拐点体质量和最大月增重均大于雄性群体；对于雌性和雄性群体的瞬时增长率，除在9～13月龄雌性群体稍低于雄性群体外，13～33月龄的雌性群体均高于雄性群体，且随着生长发育和体质量差异的增大，雌、雄瞬时增长率的差异也呈增大趋势；雄性群体进入快速生长期的始速点和进入缓慢生长期的终速点均比雌性群体提前，雄性群体的快速生长期时间区间长度小于雌性群体，其对应的体质量区间长度也小于雌性群体，雌性群体在快速生长期的月增重显著高于雄性群体。研究表明，大菱鲆雌、雄群体在生长发育过程中存在着显著的生长差异，而形态差异不显著。

平胸龟年龄与生长及雌雄差异的比较

对野生平胸龟年龄与生长及雌雄差异进行了研究，结果表明：体质量、背甲长、背甲宽、腹甲长、腹甲宽、体高均随其年龄的增长而增加，3—4龄时增长速度最快，4—5龄时增长较慢，体质量与年龄的生长方程为m=20．346e0.6612t体质量与背甲长、背甲宽、腹甲长、腹甲宽、体高，背甲宽与背甲长、腹甲宽与腹甲长，背甲长与腹甲长呈极显著正相关关系（P〈0．01）．雌雄性比约为1：1，1、2龄雌雄无显著差异，3龄时雌雄的背甲宽与背甲长比例具有显著性差异（P〈0．05），雌性偏圆形，雄性偏椭圆形；5龄时雌雄头甲宽与背甲长的比例有显著差异（P〈0．05），雌性大于雄性．雌雄在生长方面存在差异，0～1龄时雌雄性生长相当，2、3龄时雄性生长快于雌性，雄性体质量大于雌性，但在4—5龄时雌性生长加快，雌性的体质量是雄性体质量的1．12倍．

网箱养殖黄姑鱼生长特性初步研究

为了深入了解黄姑鱼Nibea albiflora(Richardson)的养殖生态学特征,自2009年6月至2010年6月定期测定网箱养殖环境因子,每月测量网箱养殖黄姑鱼的全长、体长和体重,并自黄姑鱼7月龄开始统计其雌雄个体差异。结果表明,黄姑鱼夏季生长较快,冬季生长相对较慢,养殖期间体重的平均生长速度为0.72 g/d,全长的平均增长速度为0.048 cm/d,至15月龄时体重达到(288.32±38.56)g;雌雄个体7月龄时存在显著差别(P<0.05),随着黄姑鱼的生长,这种差别逐渐增大,15月龄时,雌性体重是雄性的1.31倍。

尼罗罗非鱼生长激素及其受体的cDNA克隆与mRNA表达的雌雄差异

尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)雌雄鱼生长差异明显,为了探讨其原因,本文采用RT-PCR方法克隆了尼罗罗非鱼生长激素(Growthhormone,GH)及其受体(Growth hormone receptor,GHR)的cDNA序列,并应用半定量RT-PCR方法比较了雌、雄尼罗罗非鱼垂体GHmRNA、肝脏GHRmRNA、肌肉GHRmRNA的表达差异。序列分析表明:GH开放阅读框为615bp,共编码204个氨基酸;GHR开放阅读框为1908bp,共编码635个氨基酸。以RT-PCR方法研究了GH、GHR在各组织的分布情况,结果表明:GH仅在垂体中检测到有表达,而GHR在所检测的18种组织中均有表达,其中以肝脏、肌肉、性腺、下丘脑、胸腺表达量较高。以半定量RT-PCR方法进一步比较了雌、雄尼罗罗非鱼垂体GHmRNA、肝脏GHRmRNA、肌肉GHRmRNA的表达量,结果表明:雄鱼垂体GHmRNA和肝脏GHRmRNA的表达量均显著高于雌鱼,肌肉GHRmRNA的表达量则无显著差异,推测垂体GHmRNA和肝脏GHRmRNA表达的雌雄差异是尼罗罗非鱼雌雄生长差异的主要原因之一。

雌雄小鼠胸腺和脾脏的免疫比较

[目的]探讨雌雄小鼠之间存在的免疫差异。[方法]以8周龄的雌雄小鼠为研究对象,测量雌雄小鼠的胸腺和脾脏质量及其脏器指数的大小;通过HE染色观察雌雄小鼠胸腺和脾脏的组织形态学变化;利用流式细胞术分析胸腺和脾脏中CD3、CD4、CD8和CD19各淋巴细胞的百分含量。[结果]雌性小鼠的胸腺质量和胸腺指数均大于雄性小鼠(P<0.05);雌性小鼠的脾小体的形态结构比雄性小鼠更完整;雌性小鼠胸腺的CD4+CD8+双阳性细胞百分含量高于雄性小鼠(P<0.01),CD4-CD8-双阴性细胞百分含量低于雄性小鼠(P<0.05),CD4+和CD8+单阳性细胞百分含量明显低于雄性小鼠(P<0.01)。[结论]雌雄小鼠之间存在着免疫差异,特别是胸腺方面差异更明显。

雌雄蚕茧茧质和丝质差异性分析

以家蚕荧光茧色判性蚕品种“荧苏×荧晓”F1为材料,分析了雌雄蚕茧茧质、丝质方面的差异性,为批量生产优质雄蚕丝、雌蚕丝提供理论依据。

青海沙蜥的生长及两性生长差异

为了研究自然生境中沙蜥的生长和两性生长差异情况,于2001～2002两年间对分布在四川西北部若尔盖地区的青海沙蜥(Phrynocephalus vlangalii)进行了6次标志重捕.结果表明:第一年8、9月出生的沙蜥到第二年的6月SVL、TL和BM都有显著的生长(p＜0.05),雌、雄个体的两性生长差异不显著(p＞0.05);第二年6月至8、9月间,雌、雄个体的SV、TL和BM都有快速的生长(p＜0.01),从7月份开始出现了两性生长差异(雌性的生长速度J于雄性)(p＜0.01);第三年的6月至8月间,雌性的SVL、TL和BM仍在快速生长(p＜0.01),而雄性的生长则不显著(p＞0.05),雌性的三个生长指标的生长量远大于雄性(p＜0.01),并且SVL和BM的生长量与第二年的同期生长量非常接近(p＞0.05);四年以后,雌、雄个体的SVL和TL的生长及两性生长差异都不再显著(p＞0.05),但是在体形大小上还存在极显著的两性异形(p＜0.01).在青海沙蜥的生长发育过程中,雄性的生长曲线近似'S'形,而雌性则是非'S'形.雌、雄个体的生长受季节和年龄的影响,造成雌、雄两性成长差异的主要原因是雌、雄个体对繁殖的能量投入不平衡.