Differential pressure difference based altitude control of a stratospheric satellite

An autonomous altitude adjustment system for a stratospheric satellite(StratoSat)platform is proposed.This platform consists of a helium balloon,a ballonet,and a two-way blower.The helium balloon generates lift to balance the platform gravity.The two-way blower inflates and deflates the ballonet to regulate the buoyancy.Altitude adjustment is achieved by tracking the differential pressure difference(DPD),and a threshold switching strategy is used to achieve blower flow control.The vertical acceleration regulation ability is decided not only by the blower flow rate,but also by the designed margin of pressure difference(MPD).Pressure difference is a slow-varying variable compared with altitude,and it is adopted as the control variable.The response speed of the actuator to disturbance can be delayed,and the overshoot caused by the large inertia of the platform is inhibited.This method can maintain a high tracking accuracy and reduce the complexity of model calculation,thus improving the robustness of controller design.

Sand Production Prediction and Safe Differential Pressure Determination in a Deepwater Gas Field

Sand production is a critical issue during the development of offshore oil and gas fields.Certain gas fields(e.g.the AB gas field)have high porosity and high permeability,and with water at the bottom of the reservoir,the risk of sand production greatly increases at high differential pressures.Based on reservoir properties,geological conditions,production requirements,and well logging data,in this study an ultrasonic time difference method,a B index method,and a S index method are used together with a model of rock mass failure(accounting for water influx and pressure depletion)to qualitatively predict sand production.The results show that considered sample gas field has an overall high risk of sand production.The critical differential pressure(CDP)without water influx is in the range of 1.40 to 2.35 MPa,the CDP after water influx is from 0.60 to 1.41MPa.The CDP under pressure depletion is in the range of 1.20 to 1.92 MPa.The differential pressure charts of sand production are plotted,and the safe differential pressure windows with or without water influx are obtained.The model calculation results and the experimental results are consistent with the field production data,which indicates that the implemented prediction method could be taken as a reference for sand production prediction in similar deep water gas fields.

Research on double differential pressure dynamic flowmeter

When testing an electrohydraulic proportional valve,it is necessary to test the high frequency dynamic flow with bias.Because of the limitation of the piston stroke,a no-load hydraulic cylinder is only suitable for a reciprocating symmetrical dynamic flow test.Since the traditional differential pressure flowmeter is affected by viscosity and inertia of the fluid,it is only suitable for measuring steady flow.Therefore,a new type of double pressure differential dynamic flowmeter is designed to improve the traditional differential pressure flowmeter.The influence of fluid viscosity and inertia in the flow process are negated by subtracting the differential pressure in section expansion from the differential pressure in section contraction.The double differential pressure flowmeter is modeled and a flow meter prototype is designed.Then,the flow coefficients are identified and corrected by a practical test.Finally,the dynamic performance and steady-state precision of the flowmeter are verified by comparing with the test results of the no-load hydraulic cylinder.The double differential pressure dynamic flowmeter is proven to measure dynamic flow accurately,especially at higher dynamic frequencies.

Liquid Level Measurement in Oil Tanks Based on Double-differential Pressure Technique

The system principle and configuration of the double differential pressure method for measuring oil tank level are presented. The fundamental method and circuit of fiber optic transmission are analyzed .The accuracy and security of level measurement in the oil tanks have been greatly improved.

Reliability of gas holdup measurements using the differential pressure method in a cyclone-static micro-bubble flotation column

Gas holdup is one of the key parameters in flotation process. Gas holdup as measured by a differential pressure method was investigated and the relative errors compared to the average gas holdup from the volume expansion method. The errors were used to establish optimum measurement positions. The results show that the measurement position should be in the middle of the column and in the region half way from the center to the wall (the half-radius). The gas holdup along the axial direction is lower at the bottom and higher at the top of the floatation column. The gas holdup along the radial direction is lower near the wall and higher near the center of the flotation column. The average gas holdup measure- ment can be replaced by regional gas holdup values.

Analysis of Gas Flow Rate and Pressure Loss of Medical Mask Differential Pressure Tester

The objective of this study is to find a suitable method to overcome the pressure loss problem in the gas pipe during the gas exchange detection of medical masks.Based on the European Standards EN 14683,the parameters of a medical mask differential pressure tester were selected,subsequently two schemes of gas pipe layouts were designed,including four kinds of pipe diameter which are 4,5,6.5,and 8mm respectively.Lastly,the models of each scheme were established and imported into Fluent,and the relevant parameters were set for simulation.After data analysis,the results showed that among the four different pipe diameters,the pressure loss of 8mm diameter of the pipe was lower in both the schemes,additionally the pressure loss of the second scheme(the gas pipe was short and smooth)was lower under the same pipe diameter.At the flow rate of v=8L/min,the pressure loss from the inlet to the measurement point is less than 200Pa,and the estimated measurement error is less than 1.5%.In conclusion,shortening the length of the pipe,and increasing the diameter of the pipe can reduce the gas pressure loss,subsequently improve the measurement accuracy of the medical mask differential pressure tester.

Design of Na-K Alloy Differential Pressure Sensor with On-line Monitoring Function

Because the melting point of the alkalis is very high and the metal activity is strong, the common pressure sensor can＇t be used to measure pressure of liquid metal. In this paper, a differential transformer differential pressure sensor for measuring liquid alkalis pressure is designed, the working principle and specific design plan of the sensor are introduced, the standard current signal （ 4 -20 mA） or digital communication RS485 can be output according to the needs, and the functions of remote monitoring and data optimization can be realized through the LAN interface.

A triboelectric nanogenerator based on a spiral rotating shaft for efficient marine energy harvesting of the hydrostatic pressure differential

Equipment used in underwater sensing and exploration typically relies on cables or batteries for energy supply,resulting in a limited and inconvenient energy supply and marine environmental pollution that hinder the sustainable development of distributed ocean sensing networks.Here,we design a deep-sea differential-pressure triboelectric nanogenerator(DP-TENG)based on a spiral shaft drive using modified polymer materials to harness the hydrostatic pressure gradient energy at varying ocean depths to power underwater equipment.The spiral shaft structure converts a single compression into multiple rotations of the TENG rotor,achieving efficient conversion of differential pressure energy.The multi-pair electrode design enables the DP-TENG to generate a peak current of 61.7μA,the instantaneous current density can reach 0.69μA cm^(-2),and the output performance can be improved by optimizing the spiral angle of the shaft.The DP-TENG can charge a 33μF capacitor to 17.5 V within five working cycles.It can also power a digital calculator and light up 116 commercial power light-emitting diodes,demonstrating excellent output capability.With its simple structure,low production cost,and small form factor,the DP-TENG can be seamlessly integrated with underwater vehicles.The results hold broad prospects for underwater blue energy harvesting and are expected to contribute to the development of self-powered equipment toward emerging“smart ocean”and blue economy applications.

Differential pressure reset strategy based on reinforcement learning for chilled water systems

Air conditioning water systems account for a large proportion of building energy consumption.In a pressure-controlled water system,one of the key measures to save energy is to adjust the differential pressure setpoints during operation.Typically,such adjustments are based either on certain rules,which rely on operator experience,or on complicated models that are not easy to calibrate.In this paper,a data-driven control method based on reinforcement learning is proposed.The main idea is to construct an agent model that adapts to the researched problem.Instead of directly being told how to react,the agent must rely on its own experiences to learn.Compared with traditional control strategies,reinforcement learning control(RLC)exhibits more accurate and steady performances while maintaining indoor air temperature within a limited range.A case study shows that the RLC strategy is able to save substantial amounts of energy.

Online differential pressure reset method with adaptive adjustment algorithm for variable chilled water flow control in central air-conditioning systems

Central air-conditioning systems predominantly operate under partial load conditions.The optimization of a differential pressure setpoint in the chilled water system of a central air-conditioning system leads to a more energy-efficient operation.Determining the differential pressure adjustment value based on the terminal user's real-time demand is one of the critical issues to be addressed during the optimal control process.Furthermore,the online application of the differential pressure setpoint optimization method needs to be considered,along with the stability of the system.This paper proposes a variable differential pressure reset method with an adaptive adjustment algorithm based on the Mamdani fuzzy model.The proposed method was compared with differential pressure reset methods with reference to the chilled water differential temperature,outdoor temperature,and linear model based on the adjustment algorithm.The energy-saving potential,temperature control effect,and avoidance of the most unfavorable thermodynamic loop effects of the four methods were investigated experimentally.The results indicated that,while satisfying the terminal user's energy supply demand and ensuring the avoidance of the most unfavorable thermodynamic loop,the proposed adaptive adjustment algorithm also decreased the differential pressure setpoint value by 25.1%—59.1%and achieved energy savings of 10.6%-45.0%.By monitoring the valve position and supply air temperature of each terminal user,the proposed method exhibited suitable online adaptability and could be flexibly applied to buildings with random load changes.

Electric power generation technology of natural gas pressure reduction:Insights from black box-gray box hierarchical exergy analysis and evaluation method

Based on the“three box”exergy analysis model,a black box-gray box hierarchical exergy analysis and evaluation method is put forward in this paper,which is applied to evaluate the power generation technology of differential pressure produced by natural gas expansion.By using the exergy analysis theory,the black box-gray box hierarchical exergy analysis models of three differential pressure power generation technologies are established respectively.Firstly,the“black box”analysis models of main energy consuming equipment are established,and then the“gray box”analysis model of the total system is established.Based on the calculation results of exergy analysis indexes,the weak energy consumption equipment in the whole power generation process is accurately located.Taking a gas field in southwest China as an example,the comprehensive energy consumption evaluation of the three power generation technologies is carried out,and the technology with the best energy consumption condition among the three technologies is determined.Finally,the rationalization improvement measures are put forward from improving the air tightness,replacing the deflector and reducing the flow loss.

An Analysis of the Static and Dynamic Behavior of the Hydraulic Compensation System of a Multichannel Valve

Electro-hydraulic proportional valve is the core control valve in many hydraulic systems used in agricultural and engineering machinery.To address the problem related to the large throttling losses and poor stability typically associated with these valves,here,the beneficial effects of a triangular groove structure on the related hydraulic response are studied.A mathematical model of the pressure compensation system based on the power-bond graph method is introduced,and the AMESim software is used to simulate its response.The results show that the triangular groove structure increases the jet angle and effectively compensates for the hydrodynamic force.The steady-state differential pressure at the valve port of the new pressure compensation structure was 0.65 MPa.Furthermore,experimental results show that the pressure difference at the main valve port is 0.73 MPa,and that the response time is less than 0.2 s.It is concluded that the new compensation structure has good pressure compensation response characteristics.

Flow Regime Identification of Gas-liquid Two-phase Flow Based on HHT

A new method to identify flow regime in two-phase flow was presented, based on signal processing of differential pressure using Hilbert Huang transform （HHT）. Signals obtained from a Venturi meter were decomposed into different intrinsic mode functions （IMFs） with HHT, then the energy fraction of each intrinsic mode and the mean value of residual function were calculated, from which the rules of flow regime identification were summarized. Experiments were carried out on two-phase flow in the horizontal tubes with 50mm and 40mm inner diameter, while water flowrate was in the range of 1.3m^3.h^-1 to 10.5m^3.h^-1, oil flowrate was from 4.2m^3.h^-1 to 7.0m^3.h^-1 and gas flowrate from 0 to 15m^3.h^-1. The results show that the proposed rules have high precision for single phase, bubbly, and slug, plug flow regirne identification, which are independent of not only properties of two-phase fluid. In addition, the method can meet the need of industrial application because of its simple calculation.

Influence of the Hole Chamfer on the Characteristics of a Multi-hole Orifice Flowmeter

In order to analyze the influence of the hole chamfer on the metering performances of a Multi-hole Orifice Flowmeter and optimize the related orifice structure,a multi-hole orifice flowmeter with DN80 and throttle ratio of 0.45 was considered in the present study.The flow field characteristics were determined in the framework of a CFD technique.The results show that the multi-hole orifice flowmeter with filleting transition around the throttle orifice has higher accuracy in a wide range of the space of parameters,and is more suitable for accurate measurement of fluid in process control.

Piloting Study on Biofouling Control of Reverse Osmosis System in Steel Mill Wastewater Reuse

The biofouling of RO （Reverse Osmosis） system is one of the most common problems in highly contaminated demineralization and wastewater reuse system. The biological fouling occurs due to the bacteria growth and proliferation under nutritive environment, resulting in a dramatic increase of dP （differential pressure） in the RO system, which requires frequent system shutdown for cleaning. This paper discusses the effectiveness of low-dP RO element and periodic flushing on the biofouling scheme of industrial steel mill wastewater reuse system. The low-dP RO element is able to provide low RO system dP, which is expressed to be lower biofouling starting point during the industrial system operation. However, the periodic flushing utilizes fresh water to remove the biofilm deposit along with feed channel. The long term operation performance demonstrated strong caustic is effective in removing the biofilm and recovering RO system performance. It is experimentally validated that, in the case of a high biofouling environment, low-dP RO element and periodic flushing is able to extend the cleaning cycles by 36.6% and 11.4%, respectively. Meanwhile, a joint application of both methods is proven to improve the biofouling control and extend the cleaning cycle by 62.5%, as compared to standard RO technology.

Measurment of gas-liquid two-phase slug flow with a Venturi meter based on blind source separation

We propose a novel flow measurement method for gas–liquid two-phase slug flow by using the blind source separation technique. The flow measurement model is established based on the fluctuation characteristics of differential pressure(DP) signals measured from a Venturi meter. It is demonstrated that DP signals of two-phase flow are a linear mixture of DP signals of single phase fluids. The measurement model is a combination of throttle relationship and blind source separation model. In addition, we estimate the mixture matrix using the independent component analysis(ICA) technique. The mixture matrix could be described using the variances of two DP signals acquired from two Venturi meters. The validity of the proposed model was tested in the gas–liquid twophase flow loop facility. Experimental results showed that for most slug flow the relative error is within 10%.We also find that the mixture matrix is beneficial to investigate the flow mechanism of gas–liquid two-phase flow.

LIQUID-GAS TWO PHASE FLOW RATES METERING BY DUAL PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL MEASUREMENTS

The measurement of the overall mass flow rates in a two phase, gas/liquid pipeline is considered on the basis of dual pressure differential measurements for a combined contraction/frictional pipe type of flow meter and a numerical model to predict overall mass flow rates from pressure differentials measured from this type of flow meter is presented. The experiments generally conform with the predictions of the flow rates prediction model. Whilst the practicability of such metering of two phase flows is clearly demonstrated, application of the method would require careful calibration to allow for the influence of nozzle coefficients, pipe Reynolds number and void fraction upon the one dimensional compressible flow equations through wall friction factor and interphase slip effects.

Micro-flow structure at regime transition from bubbling to turbulent fluidization in a fluidized bed

Gas-solid fluidized beds have found extensive utilization in frontline manufacturing,in particular as low-velocity beds.The fluidization status,the bubbling or turbulent flow regime and the transition in between,determine the system performance in practical applications.Though the convoluted hydrodynamics are quantitively evaluated through numerous data-processing methodologies,none of them alone can reflect all the critical information to identify the transition from the bubbling to the turbulent regime.Accordingly,this study was to exploit a coupling data processing methodology,in the combination of standard deviation,power spectrum density,probability density function,wavelet transform,and wavelet multiresolution method,to jointly explain the micro-flow structure at the regime transition from bubbling to turbulent fluidization.The transient differential pressure fluctuation was measured for the evaluation in a fluidized bed(0.267 m i.d.×2.5 m height)with FCC catalysts(d_(p)=65μm,ρ_(p)=1780kg/m^(3))at different superficial gas velocities(0.02–1.4 m/s).The results show that the onset of turbulent fluidization starts earlier in the top section of the bed than in the bottom section.The wavelet decomposition displays that the fluctuation of differential pressure mainly concentrates on the sub-signals with an intermediate frequency band.These sub-signals could be synthesized into three types of scales(micro-scale,meso-scale,and macro-scale),representing the multi-scale hydrodynamics in the fluidized bed.The micro-scale signal has the characteristic information of bubbling fluidization,and the characteristic information of turbulent fluidization is mainly represented by the meso-scale signal.This work provides a systematic comprehension of fluidization status assessment and serves as an impetus for more coupling analysis in this sector.

Distribution characteristics of holdups in a multi-stage bubble column using electrical resistance tomography

Based on the principle of chemical reaction engineering, the addition of perforated plates can improve the performance of conventional bubble column and decrease the backmixing behaviors. The distribution characteristics of gas holdup in a multi-stage bubble column embedded with five types of sieve plates and three types of tongue plates were studied using electrical resistance tomography （ERT）. The effects of superficial gas velocity and the geometric design of perforated plates on the gas holdup and its radial distribution above and below the plates of the bubble column were discussed. Experimental results show ERT is suitable as an online monitoring tool to provide useful information on the hydrodynamic param-eters of multi-stage bubble columns. With increasing superficial gas velocity, local gas holdup increases, and gas holdup below the plate increases with decrease of free area （%FA）, hole diameters or angle of tongue plates. ERT technique facilitates noninvasive and nonintrusive visualization of cross-sectional distribution of gas holdup in a bubble column.

Development of Test Method for Measuring Sintering Temperature of Mould Fluxes

Excessive sintering of mould fluxes can readily cause defects and sticker breakouts in continuously cast strands.Studying the sintering property is important to minimize problems related to sintering arising from the use of mould fluxes in continuous casting.An effective method of measuring the apparent sintering temperature has been developed in this study.The method is based on monitoring the formation of cavities caused by melting of samples.For monitoring,the differential pressure of an inert gas flow was measured through a set volume of sample（mould flux A）held in a furnace tube.The apparent sintering temperature was defined in this test to determine sintering process.The sintering properties of fluxes with various contents of carbon black were examined along with identification of mineralogical phases and the nature of the sinter for samples of mould flux A held for one hour at different temperatures.The experimental results indicated that the apparent sintering temperature（AST）was a useful parameter to assess the threat of problems related to sinter.