Feasibility of endoscopic papillary large balloon dilation to remove difficult stones in patients with nondilated distal bile ducts

BACKGROUND Current guidelines recommend not performing papillary large balloon dilation in patients with nondilated distal bile ducts.AIM To assess the feasibility of balloon dilation to remove difficult stones in patients with nondilated distal bile ducts.METHODS Data from 1289 endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)procedures were obtained from two prospective studies.While 258 cases had difficult stones(>1 cm,multiple>8,impacted,or having a thin distal duct),191 underwent biliary dilation up to 15 mm after endoscopic sphincterotomy.Cholangiographies of these cases were retrospectively reviewed in order to classify the distal bile duct and both the stone size and number.Primary outcomes were clearance rate at first ERCP and complications.RESULTS Of the 191 patients(122 women and 69 men;mean age:60 years)who underwent biliary dilation for difficult stones,113(59%)had a nondilated or tapered distal duct.Patients with a dilated distal duct were older than those with nondilated distal ducts(mean 68 and 52 years of age,respectively;P<0.05),had more stones(median 4 and 2 stones per patient,respectively;P<0.05),and had less need for additional mechanical lithotripsy(6.4%vs 25%,respectively;P<0.05).Clearance rate at first ERCP was comparable between patients with a dilated(73/78;94%)and nondilated distal ducts(103/113;91%).Procedures were faster in patients with a dilated distal duct(mean 17 vs 24 min,respectively;P<0.005).Complications were similar in both groups(6.4%vs 7.1%,respectively).CONCLUSION Large balloon dilation for difficult stones is feasible in patients with a nondilated or even tapered distal duct.

Surgical strategies for challenging common bile duct stones in the endoscopic era: A comprehensive review of current evidence

While endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)remains the primary treatment modality for common bile duct stones(CBDS)or choledocho-lithiasis due to advancements in instruments,surgical intervention,known as common bile duct exploration(CBDE),is still necessary in cases of difficult CBDS,failed endoscopic treatment,or altered anatomy.Recent evidence also supports CBDE in patients requesting single-step cholecystectomy and bile duct stone removal with comparable outcomes.This review elucidates relevant clinical anatomy,selection indications,and outcomes to enhance surgical understanding.The selection between trans-cystic(TC)vs trans-choledochal(TD)approaches is described,along with stone removal techniques and ductal closure.Detailed surgical techniques and strategies for both the TC and TD approaches,including instrument selection,is also provided.Additionally,this review comprehensively addresses operation-specific complications such as bile leakage,stricture,and entrapment,and focuses on preventive measures and treatment strategies.This review aims to optimize the management of CBDS through laparoscopic CBDE,with the goal of improving patient outcomes and minimizing risks.

ESWL for difficult bile duct stones:A 15-year single centre experience

AIM:To evaluate the efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy(ESWL)for the management of refractory bile duct cholelithiasis in a third level referral centre.METHODS:The clinical records of all patients treated with a second generation electromagnetic lithotripter (Lithostar Plus,SIEMENS)from October 1990 to April 2005 were evaluated.All patients were monitored during the procedure and antibiotics were administered in case of cholangitis.Theχ 2 test and logistic regression analysis were performed as appropriate.RESULTS:Two hundred and fourteen patients(102 males,112 females;mean age 74.8±0.84 years-single stone 97,multiple stones 117)underwent ESWL.The mean number of sessions and shock waves were 3.5 ±0.13 and 3477.06±66.17,respectively.The maximum stone size was 5 cm.Complete stone clearance was achieved in 192(89.7%)patients.Of the remain-ing patients 15 required surgery,2 a palliative stent and in 5 patients stone fragmentation led to effective bile drainage with clinical resolution despite incomplete clearance.Age,sex and stone characteristics were not related to treatment outcome.Major complications occurred in two patients(haemobilia and rectal bleeding) and minor complications in 25(3 vomiting,22 arrhythmias).No procedure-related deaths occurred.CONCLUSION:ESWL is a safe and effective technique for clearance of refractory bile duct stones.

Innovation of endoscopic management in difficult common bile duct stone in the era of laparoscopic surgery

Common bile duct(CBD)stone is a common biliary problem,which often requires endoscopic approach as the initial treatment option.Roughly,7%-12%of the subjects who experience cholecystectomy were subsequently referred to biliary endoscopist for further management.In general,there are three classifications of difficult CBD stone,which are based on the characteristics of the stone(larger than 15 mm,barrel or square-shaped stones,and hard consistency),accessibility to papilla related to anatomical variations,and other clinical conditions or comorbidities of the patients.Currently,endoscopic papillary large balloon dilation(EPLBD)of a previous sphincterotomy and EPLBD combined with limited sphincterotomy performed on the same session is still recommended by the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy as the main approach in difficult CBD stones with history of failed sphincterotomy and balloon and/or basket attempts.If failed extraction is still encountered,mechanical lithotripsy or cholangioscopy-assisted lithotripsy or extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy can be considered.Surgical approach can be considered when stone extraction is still failed or the facilities to perform lithotripsy are not available.To our knowledge,conflicting evidence are still found from previous studies related to the comparison between endoscopic and surgical approaches.The availability of experienced operator and resources needs to be considered in creating individualized treatment strategies for managing difficult biliary stones.

Endoscopic management of difficult common bile duct stones

Endoscopy is widely accepted as the first treatment option in the management of bile duct stones.In this review we focus on the alternative endoscopic modalities for the management of difficult common bile duct stones.Most biliary stones can be removed with an extraction balloon,extraction basket or mechanical lithotripsy after endoscopic sphincterotomy.Endoscopic papillary balloon dilation with or without endoscopic sphincterotomy or mechanical lithotripsy has been shown to be effective for management of difficult to remove bile duct stones in selected patients.Ductal clearance can be safely achieved with peroral cholangioscopy guided laser or electrohydraulic lithotripsy in most cases where other endoscopic treatment modalities have failed.Biliary stenting may be an alternative treatment option for frail and elderly patients or those with serious co morbidities.

Immediate balloon deflation method in endoscopic papillary large balloon dilation for extraction of difficult bile duct stones

Background/Aims: Recently, endoscopic papillary large balloon dilation (EPLBD) using a large balloon (12 - 20 mm) for extraction of difficult common bile duct (CBD) stones has been widely accepted with favorable outcomes. However, there is no consensus with regard to the ballooning time. The aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of immediate balloon deflation in EPLBD for the treatment of difficult bile duct stone. Methods: This was a retrospective study of 80 consecutive patients with bile duct stones who were treated with an immediate balloon deflation method in EPLBD combined with endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) between January 2010 and December 2012. Overall success rate, success rate at first ERCP, and the frequency of mechanical lithotripsy for complete stone removal were assessed for efficacy and safety was evaluated by assessing major complications. Results: Overall success rate for complete stone removal was high (78/80, 97.5%) and success rate for complete stone removal at first ERCP was 86.3% (69/80). The use of mechanical lithotripsy was 0% (0/80). The overall complication rate was favorable (5/80, 6.3%). PostERCP pancreatitis was observed in 3 patients (two: mild, one: moderate). In subgroup analysis, the presence of periampullary diverticulum was the only factor affecting the success rate at first ERCP. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the favorable outcome of immediate balloon deflation for treatment of difficult CBD stones and can be considered for clinical application.

ERCP联合SpyGlass DS直视下激光碎石治疗胆管困难结石的疗效及安全性分析

目的评价ERCP联合SpyGlass DS直视下激光碎石治疗胆管困难结石的疗效及安全性。方法回顾性分析2014年1月至2022年12月在北京中医药大学东方医院消化内镜中心行ERCP联合SpyGlass DS直视系统行激光碎石治疗的难治性胆管结石患者的临床特征和治疗结局。记录并统计分析病例临床特征、操作情况、总体取石成功率、一次取石成功率、操作时间、并发症发生率、复发率。结果纳入的31例病例中,操作时间为(56.1±19.4)min,一次取石成功率为83.9%(26/31),总体取石成功率为90.3%(28/31)。1例(3.2%)患者出现术中出血,1例(3.2%)患者发生术后急性胰腺炎,9例(29.0%)患者出现术后高淀粉酶血症,1例(3.2%)患者发生术后出血,9例(29.0%)患者取尽结石后又出现结石复发。结论我院ERCP联合SpyGlass DS直视下激光碎石有较高的取石成功率,但术后并发症发生率较高,因本研究为回顾性分析且样本量较小,仍需更多大样本、多中心、前瞻性研究进一步研究加以验证。

PTCD引导下体外震波碎石联合ERCP治疗改道术后困难胆管结石2例

背景经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(endoscopic retrograde cholan-gio pancreatography,ERCP)是目前治疗胆管结石的常规手段,但对于改道术后的患者,由于乳头位置改变、胆管插管困难等原因,ERCP成功率有所下降,需探索更为合适的治疗方案.病例简介本文报道2例改道术后的困难胆管结石,在经经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术(percutaneous transhepatic cholangio-graphy drainage,PTCD)引导下进行体外震波碎石(ex-tracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy,ESWL)联合ERCP治疗,取得良好的治疗效果.结论对于一些高龄、基础条件差的困难胆管结石患者,常规ERCP失败后可尝试使用PTCD解除梗阻、充分引流,待一般情况好转后,择期ESWL联合ERCP取石,可取得不错的治疗效果.

The outcomes and safety of patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography combining a single-use cholangioscope and a single-use duodenoscope:A multicenter retrospective international study

Background: Duodenoscope-related multidrug-resistant organism(MDRO) infections raise concerns. Disposable duodenoscopes have been recently introduced in the market and approved by regulatory agencies with the aim to reduce the risk of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) associated infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of procedures performed with single-use duodenoscopes in patients with clinical indications to single-operator cholangiopancreatoscopy. Methods: This is a multicenter international, retrospective study combining all patients who underwent complex biliopancreatic interventions using the combination of a single-use duodenoscope and a single-use cholangioscope. The primary outcome was technical success defined as ERCP completion for the intended clinical indication. Secondary outcomes were procedural duration, rate of cross-over to reusable duodenoscope, operator-reported satisfaction score(1 to 10) on performance rating of the single-use duodenoscope, and adverse event(AE) rate. Results: A total of 66 patients(26, 39.4% female) were included in the study. ERCP was categorized according to ASGE ERCP grading system as 47(71.2%) grade 3 and 19(28.8%) grade 4. The technical success rate was 98.5%(65/66). Procedural duration was 64(interquartile range 15-189) min, cross-over rate to reusable duodenoscope was 1/66(1.5%). The satisfaction score of the single-use duodenoscope classified by the operators was 8.6 ± 1.3 points. Four patients(6.1%) experienced AEs not directly related to the single-use duodenoscope, namely 2 post-ERCP pancreatitis(PEP), 1 cholangitis and 1 bleeding.Conclusions: Single-use duodenoscope is effective, reliable and safe even in technically challenging procedures with a non-inferiority to reusable duodenoscope, making these devices a viable alternative to standard reusable equipment.

Poorly expandable common bile duct with stones on endoscopic retrograde cholangiography

AIM:To describe characteristics of a poorly expandable(PE) common bile duct(CBD) with stones on endoscopic retrograde cholangiography.METHODS:A PE bile duct was characterized by a rigid and relatively narrowed distal CBD with retrograde dilatation of the non-PE segment.Between 2003 and 2006,endoscopic retrograde cholangiography(ERC) images and chart reviews of 1213 patients with newly diagnosed CBD stones were obtained from the computer database of Therapeutic Endoscopic Center in Chang Gung Memorial Hospital.Patients with characteristic PE bile duct on ERC were identified from the database.Data of the patients as well as the safety and technical success of therapeutic ERC were collected and analyzed retrospectively.RESULTS:A total of 30 patients with CBD stones and characteristic PE segments were enrolled in this study.The median patient age was 45 years(range,20 to 92 years);66.7% of the patients were men.The diameters of the widest non-PE CBD segment,the PE segment,and the largest stone were 14.3 ± 4.9 mm,5.8 ± 1.6 mm,and 11.2 ± 4.7 mm,respectively.The length of the PE segment was 39.7 ± 15.4 mm(range,12.3 mm to 70.9 mm).To remove the CBD stone(s) completely,mechanical lithotripsy was required in 25(83.3%) patients even though the stone size was not as large as were the difficult stones that have been described in the literature.The stone size and stone/PE segment diameter ratio were associated with the need for lithotripsy.Post-ERC complications occurred in 4 cases:pancreatitis in 1,cholangitis in 2,and an impacted Dormia basket with cholangitis in 1.Two(6.7%) of the 28 patients developed recurrent CBD stones at follow-up(50 ± 14 mo) and were successfully managed with therapeutic ERC.CONCLUSION:Patients with a PE duct frequently require mechanical lithotripsy for stones extraction.To retrieve stones successfully and avoid complications,these patients should be identified during ERC.

ERCP联合SpyGlass DS治疗困难胆管结石的临床疗效评价及预后评价

目的评价内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)和ERCP+SpyGlass DS治疗困难胆管结石的临床疗效及预后。方法回顾性分析北京中医药大学东方医院内镜中心2020年1月至2023年6月收治的共80例行ERCP、ERCP+SpyGlass DS治疗的困难胆总管结石患者的临床资料,利用倾向性评分匹配法找到与ERCP+SpyGlass DS组病例匹配度最高的ERCP组病例,每组纳入40例患者,比较两组手术治疗情况、术后体温和症状及手术相关指标。结果两组患者手术操作时间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),两组患者住院天数、一次取石成功率、需要进行二次取石率,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);ERCP组术后发热患者占5.0%(2/40)、持续性腹痛患者占7.5%(3/40)、右上腹出现新腹痛患者占10.0%(4/40)、呕血患者占0%(0/40)、黑便患者占7.5%(3/40);ERCP+SpyGlass DS组术后发热患者占2.5%(1/40)、持续性腹痛患者占0%(0/40)、右上腹出现新腹痛患者占0%(0/40)、呕血患者占0%(0/40)、黑便患者占5.0%(2/40);两组患者AMY下降率、CRP下降率、术前白细胞计数、白细胞计数下降率、术前TBIL水平、TBIL下降率、术前DBIL水平,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者术前AMY水平、术后24 h AMY水平、术前CRP、术后24 h CRP水平、术后24 h白细胞计数、术后TBIL水平、术后DBIL水平、DBIL下降率,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论ERCP与ERCP+SpyGlass DS治疗困难胆管结石均安全可靠。ERCP联合SpyGlass DS临床疗效良好,预后积极,值得进一步推广。

井下急倾斜铅锌薄矿脉高效开采方法探讨

银山井下急倾斜铅锌薄矿脉历经60多年的开采,浅部铅锌矿石已基本开采完,现逐渐向深部转移。现用的传统浅孔留矿法有局限性,作业环境差、招工难的问题日益凸显,急需寻求安全高效的采矿方法来替代传统的浅孔留矿法。结合矿山生产现状、矿体开采条件、提高井下机械化作业水平和用机械设备完全替代人工进行采矿作业的要求,初步选择机械化上向分层留矿法、机械化上向水平分层充填采矿法进行采矿,采出的矿石经溜破系统破碎后,再经抛废富集系统,获得高品位矿石,以达到高效开采急倾斜薄矿脉的目标。经比较分析,最终选取具有明显优势的机械化上向分层留矿法开采银山深部急倾斜铅锌薄矿脉。

塑料内支架在难取性胆总管结石中的应用

目的评价塑料内支架治疗难取性胆总管结石的疗效。方法采用常规方法行ERCP造影,对48例难取性胆总管结石患者(35例为巨大结石,8例结石伴下端胆管狭窄,5例结石伴乳头过小)在导丝引导下行放置8.5F塑料胆道内支架1根治疗。结果3个月后第2次ERCP检查时发现12例结石消失;23例结石直径变小1/2以上或成碎片状,经网篮或气囊顺利取出;13例结石无明显变化,行更换塑料内支架治疗并B超随访,一旦发现结石明显变小,即再次ERCP+取石。经平均2.3次内镜下治疗,95.8%(46/48)患者结石取净。期间未发生与ERCP或留置支架相关的严重并发症。结论留置塑料内支架是治疗难取性胆总管结石简单有效的方法。

内镜下胆管塑料支架内引流治疗难取性胆总管结石

目的探讨塑料支架内引流(ERBD)术治疗难取性胆总管结石的疗效。方法采用常规方法行经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)造影,对48例胆总管难取性结石患者在导丝引导下置入8.5F塑料胆管内支架1、2根,并随访6～18个月。结果 6个月后B超复查时发现38例患者结石直径变小或成碎片状,第2次ERCP经网篮或气囊顺利取出;10例结石无明显变化,B超随访,一旦发现结石明显变小,即再次ERCP+取石;经平均2.5次内镜下治疗,95.8%(46/48)患者结石取净。期间未发生与ERCP或留置支架相关的严重并发症。结论留置塑料内支架是治疗难取性胆总管结石简单有效的方法。

输尿管镜手术时入镜困难66例临床分析

目的:探讨输尿管镜手术时入镜困难的原因与对策。方法:2003年4月～2005年12月共作输尿管镜手术1256例次,其中66例发生入镜困难,均采用相关方法处理。结果:6例采用技巧性旋转入镜成功,53例采用调节体位输尿管扩张等方法入镜成功,2例中转开放手术,5例插管后行ESWL。结论:克服输尿管镜入镜困难的要点是熟悉输尿管的解剖结构与镜下的立体空间感及操作技巧。

输尿管内支架管滞留后拔除困难的临床处理进展

输尿管内支架管(双J管)的长期滞留会导致双J管移位、断裂以及管周结石形成等并发症,是造成常规膀胱镜下双J管拔除困难的主要原因,其临床处理较为复杂,涉及不同的微创内镜技术,甚至需要通过传统开放手术方式取管。近年来,关于双J管滞留后拔除困难的报道越来越多,其中,多镜联合的手术方式得到了众多专家学者的推荐,而基于影像学检查的KUB评分系统有助于术前充分评估手术的难度及患者的预后。文章就双J管滞留的诊断方法、拔除困难的原因、术前准备以及手术处理进展等方面进行综述。

难处理金矿石提炼技术研究进展

黄金是稀贵金属,具有货币和商品双重属性的特殊资源性产品,黄金具有很大的需求市场。目前,国内外对含氰毒浸金法主要的预处理方法有焙烧氧化法、热压氧化法、生物氧化法、化学氧化法、堆浸法、微波氧化法等。而对于难处理金矿的无氰毒浸金法有硫脲法,卤化法,多硫化物法,硫代硫酸盐法,浮选法等。因此正在不断寻求新的环保型的新方法。

塑料内支架治疗难取性胆总管结石的疗效分析

目的评价塑料内支架治疗难取性胆总管结石的疗效。方法采用常规方法行ERCP造影,对58例难取性胆总管结石患者(41例为巨大结石,10例结石伴下端胆管狭窄、7例结石伴乳头过小),在导丝引导下放置一根8.5Fr塑料胆道内支架进行治疗。结果3个月后第二次ERCP检查时,发现15例结石消失;27例结石直径变小1/2以上或成碎片状经网篮或气囊顺利取出;16例结石无明显变化,行更换塑料内支架治疗并B超随访,一旦发现结石明显变小,即再次ERCP+取石。经平均2.3次内镜下治疗,96.5%患者结石取净。期间未发生与ERCP或留置支架相关的严重并发症。结论留置塑料内支架是治疗难取性胆总管结石简单有效的方法。

明清石刻俗字考释十题

自宋代开碑刻文献著录和研究以来,涉及明清石刻异体字、碑别字的成果很少。与丰富的字形材料相比,明清碑志异俗字不论材料收录还是本体研究都显得严重不足,远未发挥其潜在研究价值。明清石刻俗别字既有传承,又有新变化,特别是出现许多新见字形,于石刻异体字及汉字史研究价值突出,因此其研究现状亟待改变。考释明清石刻俗字旨在显现这批材料的实际价值,从而促进相关研究深入推进,同时也为碑志文献的研究和利用提供帮助,为石刻俗讹字释读考辨和汉语汉字史研究提供参考。

碑刻疑难异体字考辨八题

碑刻文献作为出土文献的重要组成部分,其大多时地明确,记载内容丰富广泛,文献真实性强,一定程度上可以弥补传世文献辗转传抄致误的缺陷和不足;但碑刻文献中往往多俗字、讹字、异体字等,为碑刻文献的准确释读与深入考证设置了诸多文字障碍,不利于对其有效科学利用。通过对碑刻文献中的八个疑难异体字进行考辨,举证字形与文献用例,究明字义,疏通上下文意,并进一步总结归纳字形演变规律,从而为碑刻疑难字考释乃至汉字发展史研究提供文献支撑和经验参考。