Bonding interface characteristic and shear strength of diffusion bonded Ti-17 titanium alloy

The bonding interface characteristic and shear strength of diffusion bonded Ti-17 titanium alloy at different bonding time were investigated. The results show that the average size of voids decreases while the amount of voids decreases after increasing to the maximum value with the increasing bonding time. The irregular void with a scraggly edge tends to an ellipse void with smooth surface and then changes to a tiny void with round shape. The grains across bonding interface occur at bonding time of 60 min. The shear strength of bond increases with increasing bonding time, and the highest shear strength of bond is 887.4 MPa at 60 min. The contribution of plastic deformation on the void closure and the increase of shear strength is significant even though the action time of plastic deformation is short.

Microstructures and interfacial quality of diffusion bonded TC21 titanium alloy joints

Diffusion bonding of TC21 titanium alloy was carried out at temperature ranging from 780 ℃ to 980 ℃ for 5-90 min.The interfacial bonding ratio,deformation ratio,microstructures and microhardness of the diffusion bonded joints were investigated.Results show that joints with high bonding quality can be obtained when bonded at 880 ℃ for 15？30 min.The microhardness increases with increasing the bonding temperature,while it has a peak value（HV367） when bonding time is prolonged up to 90 min.Fully equiaxed microstructures,bi-modal microstructures and fully lamellar microstructures were observed when bonded in temperature range of 780-880 ℃,at 930 ℃ or 980 ℃,respectively.The volume fraction of α phase first increases and achieves the maximum when bonded at 880 ℃ for 60 min,and then descended.

Interface structure and formation mechanism of diffusion-bonded joints of TiAl-based alloy to titanium alloy

Vacuum diffusion bonding of a TiAl based alloy (TAD) to a titanium alloy (TC2) was carried out at 1 273 K for 15～120 min under a pressure of 25 MPa . The kinds of the reaction products and the interface structures of the joints were investigated by SEM, EPMA and XRD. Based on this, a formation mechanism of the interface structure was elucidated. Experimental and analytical results show that two reaction layers have formed during the diffusion bonding of TAD to TC2. One is Al rich α(Ti)layer adjacent to TC2,and the other is (Ti 3Al+TiAl)layer adjacent to TAD,thus the interface structure of the TAD/TC2 joints is TAD/(Ti 3Al+TiAl)/α(Ti)/TC2.This interface structure forms according to a three stage mechanism,namely(a)the occurrence of a single phase α(Ti)layer;(b)the occurrence of a duplex phase(Ti 3Al+TiAl)layer;and(c)the growth of the α(Ti)and (Ti 3Al+TiAl)layers.

HIP diffusion bonding of P/M titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V and stainless steel 1Cr18Ni9Ti

The HIP diffusion bonding of P/M titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V and stainless steel 1Cr18Ni9Ti using pure Ni as intermediate layer was studied. Bonding joint with complex bonding interface was obtained by HIPing pre-alloyed Ti-6Al-4V powders and stainless steel 1Cr18Ni9Ti in a vacuum canning. The joint strengths were examined and the characteristics of bonding joint were observed. The result shows that the maximized strength of HIP diffusion bonding between P/M titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V and stainless steel 1Cr18Ni9Ti can be up to 388 MPa and the microstructure of bonding joint is acceptable.

Diffusion bonding of titanium alloy to tin-bronze

The vacuum diffusion bonding of titanium alloy to tin bronze has been studied and the feasibility and appropriate processing parameters have been investigated. The maximum tensile strength of the joints is 168 MPa , and a firm joint is obtained. The microstructure of diffusion bonded joint has been observed by SEM, X ray and EPMA, and the main factors affecting diffusion bonding have been analyzed. The intermetallic compounds Ti 2Cu and TiCu were formed near the interface. The width and quantity of the intermetallic compound increases with the increase of the bonding time. The formation of the intermetallic compounds results in embrittlement of the joint and the poor joint properties.

Effect of heating time on bonding interface, atom diffusion and mechanical properties of dissimilar titanium joints produced by thermal self-compressing bonding

Solid-state bonding between pure titanium and Ti6Al4V(TC4)alloy was conducted by a new bonding method named as rigid restraint thermal self-compressing bonding.Effects of heating time on bonding interface,atom diffusion and mechanical properties of the joints were studied.Results show that atom diffusion between pure titanium and TC4 alloy significantly takes place during bonding.The diffusion depths of Al and V in pure titanium side are increased with increasing heating time.Due to the enhancement of atom diffusion,bond quality of the bonding interface is improved along with the increase of heating time.The heating time seems to have little effect on microhardness distribution across the joint.However,the tensile strength and ductility of the joint have close relation to heating time.Prolonging heating time can improve the tensile strength and ductility of the joint,especially the latter.When the heating time increases to 450 s,solid-state joint with good combination of strength and ductility is attained.

Laser cladding of titanium alloy coating on titanium aluminide alloy substrate

A new diffusion bonding technique combined with laser cladding process was developed to join TiAl alloy to itself and Ti alloys. In order to enhance the weldability of TiAl alloys, Ti alloy coatings were fabricated by laser cladding on the TiAl alloy. Ti powder and shaped Ti alloy were respectively used as laser cladding materials. The materials characterization was carried out by OM, SEM, EDS and XRD analysis. The results show that the laser cladding process with shaped Ti alloy remedy the problems present in the conventional process with powder, such as impurities, cracks and pores. The diffusion bonding of TiAl alloy with Ti alloy coating to itself and Ti alloy was carried out with a Gleeble 1500 thermal simulator. The sound bonds of TiAl/TiAl, TiAl/Ti were obtained at a lower temperature and with shorter time.

Impact pressuring diffusion bonding of TA17 to 0Cr18Ni9Ti

Impact pressuring diffusion bonding tests were carried out to produce joint between TA17 titanium alloy and 0Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel. The reaction products and microstructure near the bonding interface were analyzed. The diffusion of Fe, Cr, Ni and Ti in the bond was revealed by energy dispersive spectroscopy. A number of phases, such as β-Ti, Fe2Ti and σ phases were identified by X-ray diffraction. It was concluded that the bonded joint broke in the region somewhere between Fe-Ti intermetallics and β-Ti during tensile loading. The relationship between bonding parameters and tensile strength of the joint was also determined experimentally, and the optimum time of bonding was only 220 s with 293 MPa joint strength.

Interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of diffusion-bonded joints of titanium TC4 (Ti-6Al-4V) and Kovar (Fe-29Ni-17Co) alloys

Diffusion bonding is a near net shape forming process that can join dissimilar materials through atomic diffusion under a high pressure at a high temperature.Titanium alloy TC4（Ti-6 Al-4 V）and 4 J29 Kovar alloy（Fe-29 Ni-17 Co）were diffusely bonded by a vacuum hot-press sintering process in the temperature range of 700-850°C and bonding time of 120 min,under a pressure of 34.66 MPa.Interfacial microstructures and intermetallic compounds of the diffusion-bonded joints were characterized by optical microscopy,scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction（XRD）and energy dispersive spectroscopy（EDS）.The elemental diffusion across the interface was revealed by electron probe microanalysis.Mechanical properties of joints were investigated by micro Vickers hardness and tensile strength.Results of EDS and XRD indicated that（Fe,Co,Ni）-Ti,TiNi,Ti_2Ni,TiNi_2,Fe_2 Ti,Ti_（17） Mn_3 and Al_6 Ti_（19） were formed at the interface.When the bonding temperature was raised from 700 to 850°C,the voids of interface were reduced and intermetallic layers were widened.Maximum tensile strength of joints at 53.5 MPa was recorded by the sintering process at 850°C for 120 min.Fracture surface of the joint indicated brittle nature,and failure took place through interface of intermetallic compounds.Based on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the diffusion-bonded joints,diffusion mechanisms between Ti-6 Al-4 Vtitanium and Fe-29 Ni-17 Co Kovar alloys were analyzed in terms of elemental diffusion,nucleation and growth of grains,plastic deformation and formation of intermetallic compounds near the interface.

Hot deformation behavior and strain compensation constitutive model of equiaxed fine grain diffusion-welded micro-duplex TC4 titanium alloy

In this work,two-stage diffusion bonding of micro-duplex TC4 titanium alloy was car-ried out to study the flow behavior and constitutive models of the bonding joint and the base metal after the same thermal cycling during the hot forming process.Microstructure and mechanical properties test were used to verify the good quality of the equiaxed fine grain diffusion-welded TC4 alloy.Quasi-static tensile experiment was carried out at temperatures ranging from 750–900℃and strain rates of 0.0001–0.1 s^(-1).The joint showed the weak dynamic recovery at strain rates of 0.01–0.1 s^(-1)and temperatures of 750–850℃.At strain rates of 0.0001–0.001 s^(-1)and tempera-tures of 850–900℃,the flow stress of joint presented steady-state characteristics.Different defor-mation conditions lead to the remarkable difference of dynamic softening performance between the joint and heat-treated base metal,but the flow stress in elastic and strain hardening stages exhibited similar behavior.The strain compensated Arrhenius-type constitutive models of TC4 joint and heat-treated base metal were developed respectively.The fifth-order polynomial functions between the material property correlation coefficients and strain were obtained.The models have shown good correlation,with correlation coefficient values of 0.984 and 0.99.The percentage average absolute relative error for the models were found to be 10%and 9.46%,respectively.

添加中间层的TC2钛合金/321不锈钢真空扩散焊研究

目的以Cu箔、Ni箔为中间层,使用真空扩散焊工艺实现TC2钛合金与321不锈钢的焊接。方法采用扫描电子显微镜、EDS能谱仪、X射线衍射仪、冲击韧性实验机、显微硬度计等仪器研究了焊接温度、典型中间层材料等工艺参数对TC2钛合金/321不锈钢焊接界面微观结构、界面元素扩散、接头力学性能的影响规律。结果在添加中间层的扩散焊接头中,是否会形成界面区和扩散区以及界面区和扩散区的宽度,受焊接温度的影响,也受中间层和母材成分及性能的影响。在以Ni为中间层的TC2钛合金与321不锈钢真空扩散焊接头中,扩散区会产生AlNi_(3)、NiTi等新物相,当以Cu为中间层时,扩散区中会产生Cu_(0.81)Ni_(0.19)等新物相。在实验条件下,使用铜箔作为中间层的TC2钛合金与321不锈钢真空扩散焊接头的力学性能优于使用镍箔作为中间层的真空扩散焊接头的力学性能。结论在实验条件下,添加中间层的TC2钛合金/321不锈钢真空扩散焊的最佳工艺参数如下:真空度为10^(-4)Pa,焊接温度为820℃,焊接压力为15MPa,焊接时间(即保温时间)为90min,保压时间为240min,以Cu作为中间层。

TA15/YG8复合管扩散复合工艺设计及其施压阶段的有限元模拟

目的以制备钛合金/硬质合金叠层复合管为目标,基于钛合金和硬质合金的性能特点,解决使异种管材相互靠近的载荷难以直接施加的问题,设计开发钛合金/硬质合金复合管的扩散复合工艺。方法借鉴颗粒介质成形的基本原理,提出一种钛合金管-硬质合金管扩散复合方法,并以TA15钛合金和YG8硬质合金为原材料,通过有限元模拟研究了管间间隙、固体颗粒的填充度、固体颗粒的尺寸和管坯长径比等工艺参数对扩散复合施压过程中TA15钛合金管/YG8硬质合金管界面上径向应力分布的影响。结果有限元模拟结果表明,本文设计提出的钛/硬质合金异质管制备工艺确实能将轴向压力转变为径向贴合力,并且可以通过调控下压量满足扩散复合的压力需求(最小径向应力大于10 MPa)。沿轴线方向,钛合金管与硬质合金管之间的径向应力呈不均匀分布,并且受到管间间隙、颗粒填充度、颗粒的尺寸、管坯长径比等参数的影响。管间装配精度越高、固体颗粒尺寸越小、固体颗粒的填充度越多,越有益于管坯之间的扩散复合。试验结果表明,TA15钛合金/YG8硬质合金复合管在不同部位皆实现了良好的冶金结合。结论设计开发了一种钛合金/硬质合金复合管扩散复合方法,制备出具有良好冶金结合界面的TA15钛合金/YG8硬质合金复合管。

钛合金扩散连接技术及其层合结构疲劳裂纹扩展研究进展

本文主要对钛合金的扩散连接及层合结构疲劳裂纹扩展行为的研究进展进行了综述,总结了扩散连接钛合金界面的微观组织演变和疲劳裂纹扩展特性。首先概述了超塑成形/扩散连接技术的应用背景和优势,以及提高钛合金扩散连接界面质量的辅助技术(如添加中间层、热氢处理、脉冲电流加热和表面改性)。从钛合金扩散连接和钛合金与其他合金扩散连接两方面综述了界面组织和力学性能,指出组织演变严重依赖界面处合金元素种类和元素相互扩散能力。扩散连接技术可用来制备同种和异种合金的层合结构,且可灵活控制界面焊合与未焊合区域的形状与分布。最后,简述了同种或异种钛合金扩散连接层合结构可降低疲劳裂纹扩展速率,从而优化钛合金构件的疲劳损伤容限性能。

VCrAl_(1.21)Ni_(0.93)Co_(1.85)高熵合金中间层真空扩散连接TC4钛合金和T2铜

根据伪二元合金设计策略和共晶高熵合金设计理念,设计并制备了VCrAl_(1.21)Ni_(0.93)Co_(1.85)共晶高熵合金中间层用于真空扩散连接TC4钛合金和T2铜,研究了不同连接温度对TC4/T2扩散连接接头微观组织和力学性能的影响规律.结果表明,所有接头界面结合良好无缺陷产生,在TC4侧的连接界面附近发生了部分相变,由α-Ti向β-Ti进行转变,并且形成了部分魏氏体组织.Ti_(2)(Co,Ni),Ti_(2)(V,Cr,Al),Ti(V,Cr,Co)和(V,Cr)(Al,Ni,Co)相形成在TC4/VCrAl_(1.21)Ni_(0.93)Co_(1.85)界面上,而VCrAl_(1.21)Ni_(0.93)Co_(1.85)/T2界面上形成了(V,Cr)(Al,Ni,Co)和(V,Cr)(Cu,Ni,Co)_(3)相.界面上形成高熵微观组织结构起到高熵固溶强化作用,扩散层Ⅰ和Ⅱ对应的生长激活能分别为229 kJ/mol和191 kJ/mol,接头抗剪强度在880℃时达到最大为194 MPa,接头主要沿着BCC基体相和B2相交替位置断裂,断口表面出现河流花样特征,属于一种典型的解理断裂模式.

TC4钛合金扩散连接接头的振动疲劳特性及劣化机理

为了研究扩散连接工艺对材料振动疲劳特性的影响,对扩散连接后的TC4钛合金和原始母材进行一系列振动疲劳试验以及显微组织表征。结果表明:扩散连接的热循环过程引起TC4钛合金显微组织变化,并导致其振动疲劳性能降低。经扩散连接后,TC4钛合金晶粒尺寸的不均匀性增加,加重了材料不同取向α晶粒间的不协调变形,从而使微孔洞易于在晶粒尺寸差异较大的两α晶粒的晶界上萌生,或者在较大α晶粒的内部萌生。同时,扩散连接后材料α晶粒取向的变化使得柱面滑移系更易被启动,促进了裂纹更早地萌生。此外,扩散连接后TC4钛合金β相含量的增加为微孔洞提供了更多的形核位置。因此,由扩散连接热循环过程造成的晶粒尺寸不均匀性增加、晶粒取向变化和β相含量增加使扩散连接TC4钛合金的振动疲劳性能劣化。

QAl10-4-4/TC6双金属连接界面组织与力学性能分析

铜合金/钛合金双金属材料能发挥各自的性能优势,兼具轻质、耐磨、高强等优异性能。本文通过真空热压扩散法连接QAl10-4-4铝青铜和TC6钛合金,并采用显微组织观察和剪切强度测试等方法,研究了直接连接和添加AgCuZnCd连接的QAl10-4-4/TC6双金属的界面组织和力学性能,探究了连接参数与中间层对QAl10-4-4/TC6双金属连接质量的影响规律,分析了双金属界面过渡层形成机理,建立了连接工艺-界面组织-力学性能的内在关联。结果表明:直接扩散连接的QAl10-4-4/TC6双金属连接质量较差,生成的金属间化合物导致界面上生长了贯穿长裂纹,剪切强度仅有21 MPa;添加AgCuZnCd连接QAl10-4-4/TC6双金属后界面金属间化合物减少,当连接温度为850℃时,界面剪切强度最大为178.19 MPa,温度超过850℃时,双金属界面强度迅速降低。

微观组织对钛合金扩散连接层合板疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

采用扩散连接技术制备了TA2/TA2/TA2层合板。通过引入Ti55异质层制备了TA2/Ti55/TA2异质层合板。通过疲劳裂纹扩展试验,比较了两种层合板的疲劳寿命,研究了异质层对层合板疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响。通过SEM和EBSD微观分析方法,揭示了异质层对层合板疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响机理。异质层合板的疲劳裂纹扩展寿命是同质层合板的1.65倍。裂纹尖端从TA2层进入TA2/Ti55界面时,疲劳裂纹扩展速率降低了53.1%。界面壁垒增加、疲劳裂纹尖端塑性区尺寸减小和晶粒择优取向弱化均延缓了疲劳裂纹扩展速率的增速。

扩散焊后TC4钛合金热变形行为及焊接界面孔洞演变

利用UTM5504X型电子万能试验机对扩散焊后TC4钛合金进行恒应变速率拉伸实验,研究材料在变形温度680~920℃、应变速率0.0001~0.1 s^(-1)条件下的热变形行为。通过光学显微镜分析了扩散焊后TC4钛合金和原始态TC4钛合金金相组织的差异,并研究了不同变形参数对焊接界面孔洞的影响。结果表明:与原始态TC4钛合金相比,扩散焊后TC4钛合金中针状α相发生了明显粗化。随着变形温度的上升和应变速率的下降,峰值应力逐渐减小。在变形温度680~800℃、应变速率0.0001~0.01 s^(-1)范围内,扩散焊后TC4钛合金趋于沿焊接界面断裂;当变形温度为920℃、应变速率为0.0001 s^(-1)时,扩散焊后TC4钛合金沿焊接界面断裂,伸长率为237.1%。当真应变保持恒定时,焊接界面的孔洞占比随着变形温度的上升和应变速率的下降逐渐减小。

Anisotropic Porous Ti6Al4V Alloys Fabricated by Diffusion Bonding:Adaption of Compressive Behavior to Cortical Bone Implant Applications

In this work, porous Ti6Al4V alloys with 30%-70% porosity for biomedical applications were fabricated by diffusion bonding of alloy meshes. Pore structure was characterized by Micro-CT and SEM. Compressive behavior in the out-of-plane direction and biocompatibility with cortical bone were studied. The results reveal that the fabricated porous Ti6Al4V alloys possess anisotropic structure with square pores in the in-plane direction and elongated pores in the out-of-plane direction. The average pore size of porous Ti6Al4V alloys with 30%-70% porosity is in the range of 240-360 Bin. By tailoring diffusion bonding temperature, aspect ratio of alloy meshes and porosity, porous Ti6Al4V alloys with different compressive properties can be obtained, for instance, Young＇s modulus and yield stress in the ranges of 4-40 GPa and 70-500 MPa, respectively. Yield stress of porous Ti6Al4V alloys fabricated by diffusion bonding is close to that of alloys fabricated by rapid prototyping, hut higher than that of fabricated by powder sintering and space-holder method. Diffusion bonding temperature has some effects on the yield stress of porous Ti6Al4V alloys, but has a minor effect on the Young＇s modulus. The relationship between compressive properties and relative density conforms well to the Gibson-Ashby model. The Young＇s modulus is linear with the aspect ratio, while the yield stress is linear with the square of aspect ratio of alloy meshes. Porous Ti6Al4V alloys with 60%-70% porosity have potential for cortical bone implant applications.

钛合金与其它金属材料扩散连接研究现状与发展

先进材料钛及钛合金与其它金属材料的扩散连接技术是当前材料连接领域的热点研究课题之一。本文综述了钛合金与其它金属材料扩散连接研究现状与发展 ,重点介绍了钛及钛合金与钢、铜合金、铝及其合金的扩散连接界面反应、连接工艺研究等内容 ,分析其优势与局限性 ,并展望其发展趋势。