Anisotropy of Trabecular Bone from Ultra-Distal Radius Digital X-Ray Imaging: Effects on Bone Mineral Density and Age

Background: When applied to trabecular bone X-ray images, the anisotropic properties of trabeculae located at ultra-distal radius were investigated by using the trabecular bone scores (TBS) calculated along directions parallel and perpendicular to the forearm. Methodology: Data from more than two hundred subjects were studied retrospectively. A DXA (GE Lunar Prodigy) scan of the forearm was performed on each subject to measure the bone mineral density (BMD) value at the location of ultra-distal radius, and an X-ray digital image of the same forearm was taken on the same day. The values of trabecular bone score along the direction perpendicular to the forearm, TBSx, and along the direction parallel to the forearm, TBSy, were calculated respectively. The statistics of TBSx and TBSy were calculated, and the anisotropy of the trabecular bone, which was defined as the ratio of TBSy to TBSx and changed with subjects’ BMD and age, was reported and analyzed. Results: The results show that the correlation coefficient between TBSx and TBSy was 0.72 (p BMD and age was reported. The results showed that decreased trabecular bone anisotropy was associated with deceased BMD and increased age in the subject group. Conclusions: This study shows that decreased trabecular bone anisotropy was associated with decreased BMD and increased age.

Full-field mapping of internal strain distribution in red sandstone specimen under compression using digital volumetric speckle photography and X-ray computed tomography

It is always desirable to know the interior deformation pattern when a rock is subjected to mechanicalload. Few experimental techniques exist that can represent full-field three-dimensional （3D） straindistribution inside a rock specimen. And yet it is crucial that this information is available for fully understandingthe failure mechanism of rocks or other geomaterials. In this study, by using the newlydeveloped digital volumetric speckle photography （DVSP） technique in conjunction with X-ray computedtomography （CT） and taking advantage of natural 3D speckles formed inside the rock due to materialimpurities and voids, we can probe the interior of a rock to map its deformation pattern under load andshed light on its failure mechanism. We apply this technique to the analysis of a red sandstone specimenunder increasing uniaxial compressive load applied incrementally. The full-field 3D displacement fieldsare obtained in the specimen as a function of the load, from which both the volumetric and the deviatoricstrain fields are calculated. Strain localization zones which lead to the eventual failure of the rock areidentified. The results indicate that both shear and tension are contributing factors to the failuremechanism. 2015 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting byElsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

CVIP-Net: A Convolutional Neural Network-Based Model for Forensic Radiology Image Classification

Automated and autonomous decisions of image classification systems have essential applicability in this modern age even.Image-based decisions are commonly taken through explicit or auto-feature engineering of images.In forensic radiology,auto decisions based on images significantly affect the automation of various tasks.This study aims to assist forensic radiology in its biological profile estimation when only bones are left.A benchmarked dataset Radiology Society of North America(RSNA)has been used for research and experiments.Additionally,a locally developed dataset has also been used for research and experiments to cross-validate the results.A Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)-based model named computer vision and image processing-net(CVIP-Net)has been proposed to learn and classify image features.Experiments have also been performed on state-of-the-art pertained models,which are alex_net,inceptionv_3,google_net,Residual Network(resnet)_50,and Visual Geometry Group(VGG)-19.Experiments proved that the proposed CNN model is more accurate than other models when panoramic dental x-ray images are used to identify age and gender.The specially designed CNN-based achieved results in terms of standard evaluation measures including accuracy(98.90%),specificity(97.99%),sensitivity(99.34%),and Area under the Curve(AUC)-value(0.99)on the locally developed dataset to detect age.The classification rates of the proposed model for gender estimation were 99.57%,97.67%,98.99%,and 0.98,achieved in terms of accuracy,specificity,sensitivity,and AUC-value,respectively,on the local dataset.The classification rates of the proposed model for age estimation were 96.80%,96.80%,97.03%,and 0.99 achieved in terms of accuracy,specificity,sensitivity,and AUC-value,respectively,on the RSNA dataset.

Radiological and X-Ray Diffraction Characterization of Bauxite and Rutile Ore Contaminated Environment in Kanam and Wase Mineral Exploration Sites, Plateau State-Nigeria

Two non-destructive analytical techniques (gamma spectrometer and X-ray diffractometer) were employed in the analysis of bauxite and rutile ore and their vicinity soil and control sourced within the Kanam and Wase mineral exploration sites. The activity concentrations of natural radionuclides 238U, 232Th, and 40K in the soil samples received from bauxite and rutile mineral mining vicinities revealed high concentrations of 238U, 232Th, and 40K compared to the control soil samples sourced 500 m away from the mineral exploration vicinities. Radiological detriments RLI, AUI, Hin and Hex unveiled values exceeding the radiation standard concentration (>1) for soil. X-ray diffraction characterization of bauxite ore revealed the interlocking minerals of Bauxite (18)%, Albite (11)%, Garnet (15)%, Illite (6)% and Muscovite (43)% in various proportions obtained within the 2θ range (9.18 to 64.4) and a peak value (intensity, cps) of 3400. Pure bauxite percentage in the ore meets metallurgical grade (15 - 25)%. X-ray diffraction of rutile ore revealed the minerals of rutile (40)%, quartz (21.4)%, ilmenite (27)% and garnet (11.8)% found within the 2θ range (27.5 to 35.6) and a peak value intensity of 31.1 - 100.0 cps also meeting the metallurgical grade of 15% - 25%. The major environmental concern associated with the mineral-sands industry is the radiation hazards, pollution of ground-water sources from heavy metals, mineral transport with heavy equipment’s, dredging operations in fragile coastal area and clearing of vegetation.

Radiation Doses in Diagnostic Radiology and Method for Dose Reduction

Objective: The current research study aims to calculate entrance surface air kerma for skull, chest, cervical spine, lumbar spine, and pelvic X-ray examinations in interior posterior and posterior interior positions and generate a method for chest dose reduction to decrease radiation risk. Materials and Methods: The indirect dose measurement was used in the current research. The X-ray tube output was measured using RAD-CHECK Plus ionization chamber and the indirect entrance surface air kerma was calculated via applying physical acquisition parameters such as a focus on skin distance, tube current times exposure time (mAs), and applied tube voltage (kV), and applying a mathematical model. Results: The main findings were obtained from comparing the radiation doses with the reference levels of International organizations such as the American College of Radiology and the International Atomic Energy Authority. The mean entrance skin dose for the skull (AP), skull (PA), skull (LAT), cervical spine (PA), cervical spine (LAT), lumbar spine (AP), lumbar spine (LAT), pelvis (AP), and pelvis (LAT) of adult X-ray examinations was within the diagnostic reference dose level values obtained by ACR (2018) except for the ESD for chest (AP) which was 0.88 mGy. Conclusions: The results of the study concluded that by adjusting the applied tube voltage, kV, and tube current product time, mAs decreased the radiation dose to the chest X-ray by 58%.

Rapid digitalization and panoramic evaluation of weld X-ray film

The computer evaluation of weld X-ray film is an attractive technique for weld seam NDT （ nondestructive testing）. To achieve this target, digitalization of film is the first step and automatic defect identification is another key technique. In this paper, a weld X-ray film digitalizing system has been established with linear array CCD and highlight LED light source. Its space resolution can reach 0. 04 mm/pixel and scanning speed can reach 100 mm/s for an industrial film. The transfer function curves of the system have been measured and the results indicate that its image gray resolution can reach 88 G/D at 4. 5D, and its dynamic range can be wider than 2. OD. In order to facilitate the evaluation of large welded structure, a panoramic evaluation algorithm is developed also. The algorithm includes image matching, image fusion and panoramic evaluation of the long linked film image.

Application of X-ray digital tomosynthesis in knee joint trauma examination

Objective: To explore the clinical value of X-ray digital tomosynthesis(DTS)in the diagnosis of knee joint fractures. Methods: A total of 28 cases of thoracic trauma, X-ray film cannot be clearly diagnosed or can confirm the diagnosis but the need for further identification of forensic diagnosis of cases of DTS scan and three-dimensional reconstruction in order to control the study. Results: 1. The reconstructed images after DTS scanning showed that the knee joint fractures were clearly diagnosed, and the detection rate of 28 knee joint fractures was 92.86%. 2. DTS scanning could clearly detect the fresh knee joint fracture's fracture line, corresponding line and broken bones. For the old fracture, DTS scanning could clearly show the condition of the fracture end's healing. Conclusions: The technique is of great value in the diagnosis of knee joint fracture, especially in the examination of complex structure, thick body and review of internal fixation after fracture.

Research on Influence of Electromagnetic Interference on X-Ray Digital Detection

X-ray digital imaging technology has found wide application owing to its advantages of real-time, visualization and rapid imaging. In substations the substantial electromagnetic interference has some influence on the live detection by the X-ray digital imaging technology, hindering the promotion of the technology in the detection of electric equipment. Based on a large number of field tests, the author carded out a series of researches on electromagnetic interference protection measures, image de-noising, and image enhancement algorithms.

Imaging Analysis of Trabecular Bone Texture Based on the Initial Slope of Variogram of Ultra-Distal Radius Digital X-Ray Imaging: Effects on Bone Mineral Density and Age

Background: When applied to trabecular bone X-ray images, a method for analyzing trabecular bone texture based on the initial slope of variogram (ISV) was used to assess the trabecular bone health. Methodology: Data from more than two hundred subjects were retrospectively studied. For each subject, a DXA (GE Lunar Prodigy) scan of the forearm was performed, and bone mineral density (BMD) value was measured at the location of ultra-distal radius, X-ray digital image of the same forearm was taken on the same day, and ISV value over the same location of ultra-distal radius was calculated. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated to examine the correlation between BMD and ISV of the trabecular bones located at the same ultra-distal radius. ISV values changed with subjects’ age were also reported. Results: The results show that ISV value was highly correlated with the DXA-measured BMD of the same trabecular bone located at the ultra-distal radius. The correlation coefficient between ISV and BMD with the 95% confident was 0.79 ± 0.09. They also demonstrated that the age-related changes in trabecular bone health and differentiated age patterns in males and females, respectively. The results showed that the decrease in BMD was accompanied by a decrease in the initial slope of variogram (ISV). Conclusions: This study suggests that ISV might be used to quantitatively evaluate trabecular health for osteoporosis and bone disease diagnosis.

Tracking the phase transformation and microstructural evolution of Sn anode using operando synchrotron X-ray energy-dispersive diffraction and X-ray tomography

Tin(Sn)holds great promise as an anode material for next-generation lithium(Li)ion batteries but suffers from massive volume change and poor cycling performance.To clarify the dynamic chemical and microstructural evolution of Sn anode during lithiation and delithiation,synchrotron X-ray energydispersive diffraction and X-ray tomography are simultaneously employed during Li/Sn cell operation.The intermediate Li-Sn alloy phases during de/lithiation are identified,and their dynamic phase transformation is unraveled which is further correlated with the volume variation of the Sn at particle-and electrode-level.Moreover,we find that the Sn particle expansion/shrinkage induced particle displacement is anisotropic:the displacement perpendicular to the electrode surface(z-axis)is more pronounced compared to the directions(x-and y-axis)along the electrode surface.This anisotropic particle displacement leads to an anisotropic volume variation at the electrode level and eventually generates a net electrode expansion towards the separator after cycling,which could be one of the root causes of mechanical detachment and delamination of electrodes during long-term operation.The unraveled chemical evolution of Li-Sn and deep insights into the microstructural evolution of Sn anode provided here could guide future design and engineering of Sn and other alloy anodes for high energy density Li-and Na-ion batteries.

Head dual energy-computed tomography angiography versus neuro-digital subtraction angiography

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry provides two modes of head computed tomography （CT） angiography scanning： neuro-digital subtraction angiography and dual-energy CT angiography （DE-CTA）. Previous studies have compared image quality, radiation exposure, and bone removal between neuro-digital subtraction angiography and DE-CTA. However, the number of cases was relatively small. The present study examined 300 suspected cases of cerebrovascular disease and observed the methods and duration of post-processing, examination time, and data volume. Results demonstrated similar image quality between the two methods, but lower radiation doses and shorter examination time in DE-CTA. DE-CTA allowed for faster and more stable scanning performance and post-processing methods, facilitating accurate and direct diagnosis of cerebrovascular disease.

Integrating digital twins and deep learning for medical image analysis in the era of COVID-19

Background Digital twins are virtual representations of devices and processes that capture the physical properties of the environment and operational algorithms/techniques in the context of medical devices and tech-nologies.Digital twins may allow healthcare organizations to determine methods of improving medical processes,enhancing patient experience,lowering operating expenses,and extending the value of care.During the present COVID-19 pandemic,various medical devices,such as X-rays and CT scan machines and processes,are constantly being used to collect and analyze medical images.When collecting and processing an extensive volume of data in the form of images,machines and processes sometimes suffer from system failures,creating critical issues for hospitals and patients.Methods To address this,we introduce a digital-twin-based smart healthcare system in-tegrated with medical devices to collect information regarding the current health condition,configuration,and maintenance history of the device/machine/system.Furthermore,medical images,that is,X-rays,are analyzed by using a deep-learning model to detect the infection of COVID-19.The designed system is based on the cascade recurrent convolution neural network(RCNN)architecture.In this architecture,the detector stages are deeper and more sequentially selective against small and close false positives.This architecture is a multi-stage extension of the RCNN model and sequentially trained using the output of one stage for training the other.At each stage,the bounding boxes are adjusted to locate a suitable value of the nearest false positives during the training of the different stages.In this manner,the arrangement of detectors is adjusted to increase the intersection over union,overcoming the problem of overfitting.We train the model by using X-ray images as the model was previously trained on another dataset.Results The developed system achieves good accuracy during the detection phase of COVID-19.The experimental outcomes reveal the efficiency of the detection architecture,which yields a mean average precision rate of 0.94.

A cadaveric breast cancer tissue phantom for phase-contrast X-ray imaging applications

Background:As mammography X-ray imaging technologies advance and provide elevated contrast in soft tissues,a need has developed for reliable imaging phantoms for use in system design and component calibration.In advanced imaging modalities such as refraction-based methods,it is critical that developed phantoms capture the biological details seen in clinical precancerous and cancerous cases while minimizing artifacts that may be caused due to phantom production.This work presents the fabrication of a breast tissue imaging phantom from cadaveric breast tissue suitable for use in both transmission and refraction-enhanced imaging systems.Methods:Human cancer cell tumors were grown orthotopically in nude athymic mice and implanted into the fixed tissue while maintaining the native tumor/adipose tissue interface.Results:The resulting human–murine tissue hybrid phantom was mounted on a clear acrylic housing for absorption and refraction X-ray imaging.Digital breast tomosynthesis was also performed.Conclusion:Both attenuation-based imaging and refraction-based imaging of the phantom are presented to confirm the suitability of this phantom's use in both imaging modalities.

数字介入——当介入放射学遇上数字医学

数字介入作为一个跨学科领域,结合了数字技术与介入治疗手段。在介入放射学实践中,数字医学通过电子健康记录、人工智能、可穿戴设备及远程监控等基本工具,在高级成像技术、介入手术规划、图像引导手术、导航设备和介入手术机器人、3D打印、远程医疗教育和培训等方面均有深度融合应用,从而优化了诊断和治疗过程,提高了医疗服务效率和准确性。同时,数字介入也带来了与数据安全和隐私等相关的挑战。面对这些挑战,未来发展方向应当更加注重技术与伦理间的平衡,确保数字介入可持续、安全发展。

数字化模式下医学影像学CBL教学法的应用

目的:探讨数字化模式下以病例为基础的医学影像学教学模式在临床教学工作中的应用价值。方法:利用医院影像存储及传输系统和放射科信息系统,构建医学影像学数字化教学病例库,将该病例库中的示教病例应用于北京大学医学部八年制医学影像学的临床教学。比较数字化模式与传统胶片模式的教学效果。结果:成功构建了能满足教学需要的数字化教学病例库,该病例库收集了1300余例典型示教病例,将这些示教病例应用于临床教学工作,取得良好的教学效果,明显提高了学生对教学工作的满意度,并取得了较理想测试成绩。结论:数字化模式下CBL教学法改变了医学影像学传统胶片式教学模式,实现了在PACS/RIS环境下的数字化医学影像学教学,教学质量得到明显提高。

Three-dimensional finite element simulation and reconstruction of jointed rock models using CT scanning and photogrammetry

The geometry of joints has a significant influence on the mechanical properties of rocks.To simplify the curved joint shapes in rocks,the joint shape is usually treated as straight lines or planes in most laboratory experiments and numerical simulations.In this study,the computerized tomography (CT) scanning and photogrammetry were employed to obtain the internal and surface joint structures of a limestone sample,respectively.To describe the joint geometry,the edge detection algorithms and a three-dimensional (3D) matrix mapping method were applied to reconstruct CT-based and photogrammetry-based jointed rock models.For comparison tests,the numerical uniaxial compression tests were conducted on an intact rock sample and a sample with a joint simplified to a plane using the parallel computing method.The results indicate that the mechanical characteristics and failure process of jointed rocks are significantly affected by the geometry of joints.The presence of joints reduces the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS),elastic modulus,and released acoustic emission (AE) energy of rocks by 37%–67%,21%–24%,and 52%–90%,respectively.Compared to the simplified joint sample,the proposed photogrammetry-based numerical model makes the most of the limited geometry information of joints.The UCS,accumulative released AE energy,and elastic modulus of the photogrammetry-based sample were found to be very close to those of the CT-based sample.The UCS value of the simplified joint sample (i.e.38.5 MPa) is much lower than that of the CT-based sample (i.e.72.3 MPa).Additionally,the accumulative released AE energy observed in the simplified joint sample is 3.899 times lower than that observed in the CT-based sample.CT scanning provides a reliable means to visualize the joints in rocks,which can be used to verify the reliability of photogrammetry techniques.The application of the photogrammetry-based sample enables detailed analysis for estimating the mechanical properties of jointed rocks.

汽车油箱漏油的X射线成像分析方法

汽车金属油箱由薄不锈钢板经电阻焊工艺焊接而成,焊缝质量直接影响油箱的安全性和可靠性。本研究提出一种基于X射线成像的油箱焊缝漏油快速分析方法,即先采用微焦点射线数字成像(DR)对油箱焊缝漏油进行初步筛选,确定是否存在缺陷,再对含缺陷的焊缝进行显微计算机层析成像(CT),最后依据三维重建结果评估缺陷贯穿性。对2个汽车油箱电阻焊焊缝试样进行漏油分析,DR检测出2个焊缝试样分别含9、7处缺陷;显微CT的切片图像显示,试样缺陷中分别有6、1处贯穿型裂纹缺陷,这些裂纹均可能是油箱漏油点。对CT重建的缺陷进行三维分割和尺寸测量,试样缺陷尺寸分别为1.0~2.4、0.6~2.5 mm。对三维分割的缺陷进行内部可视化处理,结果与切片图像分析结果一致。本文所提方法可有效减少高精度CT检测资源的浪费,缩短漏油分析所需的时间,对于焊缝质量分析具有可靠性和安全性。

数字化医学影像学信息系统在放射科质量管理中的应用

目的研究数字化医学影像学信息系统在放射科质量管理中的应用效果。方法选取2020年11月—2022年11月山东健康集团莱芜中心医院放射科任职的19名工作人员为研究对象,2020年11月—2021年11月应用常规影像学系统管理,2021年12月—2022年11月应用数字化医学影像学信息系统管理,并在两个时段分别选择380例放射性成片统计,对比两种管理模式下成片质量、工作人员管理质量和管理满意度。结果数字化医学影像学信息系统管理模式下,信息资料不准和资料不完整发生率均低于常规管理,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);数字化医学影像学信息系统管理模式下,工作人员各项管理质量评分均高于常规管理,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);数字化医学影像学信息系统管理模式下,工作人员管理满意度(100.00%)高于常规管理(73.68%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论数字化医学影像学信息系统在放射科质量管理中应用效果颇为显著,可有效提高成片质量和工作人员管理质量,人员管理满意度亦有提升。

远程影像与PACS系统在放射科数字化管理中的应用效果分析

目的分析远程影像与图像存档与通信系统(Pictures Archiving and Communication Systems,PACS)在放射科数字化管理中的应用效果。方法选取2021年1—12月京山市人民医院放射科工作的45名工作人员,纳入常规组,接受常规管理;选取2022年1—12月京山市人民医院放射科工作的45名工作人员,纳入探究组,接受以远程影像与PACS系统为基础的放射科数字化管理。比较两组工作人员的工作流程时间以及工作质量评分。结果探究组登记核验、图像申请单匹配、书写审核报告、报告送达时间等工作流程时间短于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。探究组操作熟练性、报告准确性、工作效率、信息完整性等工作质量评分高于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论远程影像与PACS系统在放射科数字化管理中的应用能够显著优化工作流程,提高工作效率和工作质量,对于提升放射科服务质量和患者安全性具有积极意义。

关于DSA机房环境影响评价的思考

数字减影血管造影机(DSA)是核技术利用项目中最常见的医用Ⅱ类射线装置。核技术利用环境影响评价报告的编制、评审和复核均遵循《辐射环境保护管理导则核技术利用建设项目环境影响评价文件的内容和格式》(HJ 10.1—2016)格式及要求,需采用理论计算的方式核算DSA机房的屏蔽防护是否满足《放射诊断放射防护要求》(GBZ 130—2020)辐射限值。本文从DSA设备结构特点和作为医疗器械的准入条件方面入手,给出满足GBZ 130—2020最低屏蔽铅当量、最不利机房尺寸及最不利工况下DSA机房的屏蔽计算及参数选取,并通过计算结果验证了GBZ 130—2020对DSA机房的最小铅当量要求。建议DSA机房的环境影响预测方法,可采取与GBZ 130—2020标准对比,而不必拘泥于HJ 10.1—2016要求的理论计算,有利于减轻环评编制人员、评审人员和审批人员的工作负担。