The grain color of wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） is an important characteristic in crop production. Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase genes （DFR） encode the key enzyme dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, which is involved in th...The grain color of wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） is an important characteristic in crop production. Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase genes （DFR） encode the key enzyme dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, which is involved in the pigmentation of plant tissues. To investigate the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin deposition in grains of wheat, we determined the expression of the wheat DFR gene in purple grains of cultivar Heimai 76. The results showed that DFR transcripts were localized in the seed coat of purple grains rather than in the pericarp, whereas anthocyanins were accumulated in both tissues of purple grains, suggesting that anthocyanin deposition was mainly regulated at the transcriptional level. Overexpression of the TaDFR-A gene in Arabidopsis showed that TaDFR-A was responsible for the pigmentation of Arabidopsis plant tissues, indicating TaDFR-A gene has the same role in Arabidopsis.展开更多
BACKGROUND Disorders of primary bile acid synthesis may be life-threatening if undiagnosed,or not treated with primary bile acid replacement therapy. To date, there are few reports on the management and follow-up of p...BACKGROUND Disorders of primary bile acid synthesis may be life-threatening if undiagnosed,or not treated with primary bile acid replacement therapy. To date, there are few reports on the management and follow-up of patients with Δ4-3-oxosteroid 5β-reductase(AKR1 D1) deficiency. We hypothesized that a retrospective analysis of the responses to oral bile acid replacement therapy with chenodeoxycholic acid(CDCA) in patients with this bile acid synthesis disorder will increase our understanding of the disease progression and permit evaluation of this treatment regimen as an alternative to the Food and Drug Administration(FDA) approved drug cholic acid, which is currently unavailable in China.AIM To evaluate the therapeutic responses of patients with AKR1 D1 deficiency to oral bile acid therapy, specifically CDCA.METHODS Twelve patients with AKR1 D1 deficiency, confirmed by fast atom bombardment ionization-mass spectrometry analysis of urine and by gene sequencing for mutations in AKR1 D1, were treated with differing doses of CDCA or ursodeoxycholic acid(UDCA). The clinical and biochemical responses to therapy were monitored over a period ranging 0.5-6.4 years. Dose adjustment, to optimize the therapeutic dose, was based on changes in serum biochemistry parameters,notably liver function tests, and suppression of the urinary levels of atypical hepatotoxic 3-oxo-Δ4-bile acids measured by mass spectrometry.RESULTS Physical examination, serum biochemistry parameters, and sonographic findings improved in all 12 patients during bile acid therapy, except one who underwent liver transplantation. Urine bile acid analysis confirmed a significant reduction in atypical hepatotoxic 3-oxo-Δ4 bile acids concomitant with clinical and biochemical improvements in those patients treated with CDCA. UDCA was ineffective in down-regulating endogenous bile acid synthesis as evidenced from the inability to suppress the urinary excretion of atypical 3-oxo-Δ4-bile acids. The dose of CDCA required for optimal clinical and biochemical responses varied from 5.5-10 mg/kg per day among patients based on maximum suppression of the atypical bile acids and improvement in serum biochemistry parameters, and careful titration of the dose was necessary to avoid side effects from CDCA.CONCLUSION The primary bile acid CDCA is effective in treating AKR1 D1 deficiency but the therapeutic dose requires individualized optimization. UDCA is not recommended for long-term management.展开更多
Dihydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxy-dihydroflavonol and （±）-3,5,7-trihydroxy-4′-methoxy-dihydroflavonol were found in many medicinal plants, here we describe a concise synthesis route by selective protection, aldol-cond...Dihydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxy-dihydroflavonol and （±）-3,5,7-trihydroxy-4′-methoxy-dihydroflavonol were found in many medicinal plants, here we describe a concise synthesis route by selective protection, aldol-condensation, 30% H2O2 epoxidation, cyclization and deprotection from 2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophone and anisaldehyde.展开更多
基金the National Special Program for Research and Industrialization of Transgenic Plants，国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)，国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)
文摘The grain color of wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） is an important characteristic in crop production. Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase genes （DFR） encode the key enzyme dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, which is involved in the pigmentation of plant tissues. To investigate the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin deposition in grains of wheat, we determined the expression of the wheat DFR gene in purple grains of cultivar Heimai 76. The results showed that DFR transcripts were localized in the seed coat of purple grains rather than in the pericarp, whereas anthocyanins were accumulated in both tissues of purple grains, suggesting that anthocyanin deposition was mainly regulated at the transcriptional level. Overexpression of the TaDFR-A gene in Arabidopsis showed that TaDFR-A was responsible for the pigmentation of Arabidopsis plant tissues, indicating TaDFR-A gene has the same role in Arabidopsis.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81570468 and No.81741056Jinshan Science and Technology Commission,No.2014-3-07
文摘BACKGROUND Disorders of primary bile acid synthesis may be life-threatening if undiagnosed,or not treated with primary bile acid replacement therapy. To date, there are few reports on the management and follow-up of patients with Δ4-3-oxosteroid 5β-reductase(AKR1 D1) deficiency. We hypothesized that a retrospective analysis of the responses to oral bile acid replacement therapy with chenodeoxycholic acid(CDCA) in patients with this bile acid synthesis disorder will increase our understanding of the disease progression and permit evaluation of this treatment regimen as an alternative to the Food and Drug Administration(FDA) approved drug cholic acid, which is currently unavailable in China.AIM To evaluate the therapeutic responses of patients with AKR1 D1 deficiency to oral bile acid therapy, specifically CDCA.METHODS Twelve patients with AKR1 D1 deficiency, confirmed by fast atom bombardment ionization-mass spectrometry analysis of urine and by gene sequencing for mutations in AKR1 D1, were treated with differing doses of CDCA or ursodeoxycholic acid(UDCA). The clinical and biochemical responses to therapy were monitored over a period ranging 0.5-6.4 years. Dose adjustment, to optimize the therapeutic dose, was based on changes in serum biochemistry parameters,notably liver function tests, and suppression of the urinary levels of atypical hepatotoxic 3-oxo-Δ4-bile acids measured by mass spectrometry.RESULTS Physical examination, serum biochemistry parameters, and sonographic findings improved in all 12 patients during bile acid therapy, except one who underwent liver transplantation. Urine bile acid analysis confirmed a significant reduction in atypical hepatotoxic 3-oxo-Δ4 bile acids concomitant with clinical and biochemical improvements in those patients treated with CDCA. UDCA was ineffective in down-regulating endogenous bile acid synthesis as evidenced from the inability to suppress the urinary excretion of atypical 3-oxo-Δ4-bile acids. The dose of CDCA required for optimal clinical and biochemical responses varied from 5.5-10 mg/kg per day among patients based on maximum suppression of the atypical bile acids and improvement in serum biochemistry parameters, and careful titration of the dose was necessary to avoid side effects from CDCA.CONCLUSION The primary bile acid CDCA is effective in treating AKR1 D1 deficiency but the therapeutic dose requires individualized optimization. UDCA is not recommended for long-term management.
文摘Dihydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxy-dihydroflavonol and （±）-3,5,7-trihydroxy-4′-methoxy-dihydroflavonol were found in many medicinal plants, here we describe a concise synthesis route by selective protection, aldol-condensation, 30% H2O2 epoxidation, cyclization and deprotection from 2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophone and anisaldehyde.
