Laboratory Implementation of Direct Torque Controller based Speed Loop Pseudo Derivative Feedforward Controller for PMSM Drive

This paper,evaluate the effectiveness of a proposed speed loop pseudo derivative feedforward(PDFF)controller-based direct torque controller(DTC)for a PMSM drive against the performance of existing PI speed controller-based DTC and hysteresis current controller(HCC).The proposed PDFF-based speed regulator effectively reduces oscillation and overshoot associated with rotor angular speed,electromagnetic torque,and stator current.Two case studies,one using forward-to-reverse motoring operation and the other involving reverse-to-forward braking operation,has been validated to show the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.The proposed controller's superior performance is demonstrated through experimental verification utilizing an FPGA controller for a 1.5 kW PMSM drive laboratory prototype.

Application of neural networks for permanent magnet synchronous motor direct torque control

Neural networks require a lot of training to understand the model of a plant or a process. Issues such as learning speed, stability, and weight convergence remain as areas of research and comparison of many training algorithms. The application of neural networks to control interior permanent magnet synchronous motor using direct torque control （DTC） is discussed. A neural network is used to emulate the state selector of the DTC. The neural networks used are the back-propagation and radial basis function. To reduce the training patterns and increase the execution speed of the training process, the inputs of switching table are converted to digital signals, i.e., one bit represent the flux error, one bit the torque error, and three bits the region of stator flux. Computer simulations of the motor and neural-network system using the two approaches are presented and compared. Discussions about the back-propagation and radial basis function as the most promising training techniques are presented, giving its advantages and disadvantages. The system using back-propagation and radial basis function networks controller has quick parallel speed and high torque response.

Model Predictive Control-Based Direct Torque Control for Matrix Converter-Fed Induction Motor with Reduced Torque Ripple

To reduce the torque ripple in motors resulting from the use of conventional direct torque control(DTC),a model predictive control(MPC)-based DTC strategy for a direct matrix converter-fed induction motor is proposed in this paper.Two new look-up tables are proposed,these are derived on the basis of the control of the electromagnetic torque and stator flux using all the feasible voltage vectors and their associated switching states.Finite control set model predictive control(FCS-MPC)has then been adopted to select the optimal switching state that minimizes the cost function related to the electromagnetic torque.Finally,the experimental results are shown to verify the reduced torque ripple performance of the proposed MPC-based DTC method.

A Novel Fuzzy Direct Torque Control System for Three-level Inverter-fed Induction Machine

Diode clamped multi-level inverter （DCMLI） has a wide application prospect in high-voltage and adjustable speed drive systems due to its low stress on switching devices, low harmonic output, and simple structure. However, the problem of complexity of selecting vectors and capacitor voltage unbalance needs to be solved when the algorithm of direct torque control （DTC） is implemented on DCMLI. In this paper, a fuzzy DTC system of an induction machine fed by a three-level neutral-point-clamped （NPC） inverter is proposed. After introducing fuzzy logic, optimal selecting switching state is realized by applying various strategies which can distinguish the grade of the errors of stator flux linkage, torque, the neutral-point potential, and the position of stator flux linkage. Consequently, the neutral-point potential unbalance, the dr/dr of output voltage and the switching loss are restrained effectively, and desirable dynamic and steady-state performances of induction machines can be obtained for the DTC scheme. A design method of the fuzzy controller is introduced in detail, and the relevant simulation and experimental results have verified the feasibility of the proposed control algorithm.

Simplified EKF Based Sensorless Direct Torque Control of Permanent Magnet Brushless AC Drives

A simplified extended Kalman filter (EKF) based sensorless direct torque control technique for a permanent magnet brushless AC drive is proposed. Its performance is compared with that obtained with other sensorless methods for estimating the rotor speed and position from a stator flux-linkage. Since the EKF has an inherently adaptive filtering capability and does not introduce phase delay, the technique provides better speed estimates. In addition, the technique is easy to implement and requires minimal computation.

Research on Direct Torque Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for New Energy Vehicles

This article introduces the control principle,technical status and two commonly used motor control schemes of permanent magnet synchronous motors for new energy vehicles.Direct torque control is selected as the research object,and its advantages and disadvantages with vector control are analyzed.A Simulink simulation model was established according to the control principle.

Novel torque ripple minimization algorithm for direct torque control of induction motor drive

To elucidate the principles of notable torque and flux ripple during the steady state of the conventional direct torque control （DTC） of induction machines, the factors of influence torque variation are examined. A new torque ripple minimization algorithm is proposed. The novel method eradicated the torque ripple by imposing the required stator voltage vector in each control cycle. The M and T axial components of the stator voltage are accomplished by measuring the stator flux error and the expected incremental value of the torque at every sampling time. The maximum angle rotation allowed is obtained. Experimental results showed that the proposed method combined with the space vector pulse width modulation （SVPWM） could be implemented in most existing digital drive controllers, offering high performance in both steady and transient states of the induction drives at full speed range. The result of the present work implies that torque fluctuation could be eliminated by imposing proper stator voltage, and the proposed scheme could not only maintain constant switching frequency for the inverter, but also solve the heating problem and current harmonics in traditional induction motor drives.

Model Predictive Direct Torque Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) with Online Parameter Estimation Based on Extended Kalman Filter

Aiming at the torque and flux ripples in the direct torque control and the time-varying parameters for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), a model predictive direct torque control with online parameter estimation based on the extended Kalman filter for PMSM is designed. By predicting the errors of torque and flux based on the model and the current states of the system, the optimal voltage vector is selected to minimize the error of torque and flux. The stator resistance and inductance are estimated online via EKF to reduce the effect of model error and the current estimation can reduce the error caused by measurement noise. The stability of the EKF is proved in theory. The simulation experiment results show the method can estimate the motor parameters, reduce the torque, and flux ripples and improve the performance of direct torque control for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM).

A Novel Multilevel Inverter Circuit for the Performance Enhancement of Direct Torque Controlled Induction Motor

Induction motor is the most sought after motor in the industry for excellent performance characteristics and robustness. Developments in the Power Electronic circuitry have revolutionised the induction motor industry leading to the developments in various control strategies and circuits for motor control. Direct Torque Control (DTC) is one of the excellent control strategies preferred by industries for controlling the torque and flux in an induction machine. The main drawback of DTC is the presence of torque ripple which is slightly more than the acceptable limit. There are various parameters that introduce ripples in the electromagnetic torque, one of them being the type of inverter circuit. There are various types of inverter circuits available and the effect of each of them in the production of torque ripple is different. This work is an attempt to identify the influence of various multilevel inverter circuits on the torque ripple level and to propose the best inverter circuit. The influence of multilevel diode clamped inverter and cascaded H bridge inverter circuits on torque ripple minimization, is analysed using simulation studies for identifying the most suitable multilevel inverter circuit which gives minimum torque ripple. The results obtained from the simulation studies are validated by hardware implementation on 0.75 kW induction motor.

Modified Sliding Mode Observer-based Direct Torque Control of Six-phase Asymmetric Induction Motor Drive

In this study,a six-phase induction asymmetric induction motor(SPAIM)was examined,whose performance surpasses that of its three-phase counterpart,with regard to the torque density,torque pulsation,fault tolerance,power rating per inverter lag,and noise characteristics.Speed-encoder-less direct torque control(DTC)for SPAIM with virtual voltage vectors(VVVs)and a modified sliding mode observer(MSMO)are described.The SPAIM model was developed using a stationaryα-βframe for DTC.The conventional DTC of the SPAIM drive is a simple extension of DTC for a 3-Φmotor drive that yields higher distortion in the stator currents.To mitigate the large amount of distortion in the stator current,VVVs were used to significantly reduce the harmonic content in the stator currents.Furthermore,to overcome the large amount of chattering observed in the case of a traditional sliding mode observer,particularly under low-speed operation,the MSMO was employed to reduce chattering even under low-speed operation.The performance of the proposed observer was verified under all the operating conditions suitable for the propulsion mode of an electric vehicle using Matlab/Simulink,and the results were experimentally validated.

Sensorless direct torque control for salient-pole PMSM based on extended Kalman filter fed by AC/DC/AC converter

In this paper, a new sensorless interior permanent magnet synchronous motor （IPMSM） drives method with extended Kalman filter （EKF） for speed, rotor position and load torque estimation is proposed. The direct torque control （DTC） technique for permanem magnet synchronous motor （PMSM） is receiving increasing attention due to the important advantages of the low dependence on motor parameters when compared with other motor control techniques. The Kalman filter is an observer for linear and non-linear systems and is based on the stochastic intromission, in others words, noise. The PMSM is fed by an indirect power electronic converter which is controlled by a sliding mode technique. The simulation tests performed for different operating condi- tions have confirmed the robustness of the overall system; and it is shown that the sliding mode technique has successfully minimized the different harmonics introduced by the line converter.

Field-Oriented Control and Direct Torque Control for a Five-Phase Fault-Tolerant Flux-Switching Permanent-Magnet Motor

This paper presents a comparative performance analysis of a new five-phase fault-tolerant flux-switching permanent-magnet(FT-FSPM)motor for high-reliability applications under the two most popular control schemes,namely,field-oriented control(FOC)and direct torque control(DTC)based on stator-flux orientation.Firstly,the new motor topology and structural characteristics are briefly presented.Secondly,the d-and q-axis for the FT-FSPM motor are defined,which is crucial to the mathematical model and control scheme,and the mathematical models are derived.Then,two control schemes,i.e.,FOC and DTC,and the main system are proposed.The operational principles of the two control schemes are presented,and space vector pulse width modulation(SVPWM)based on four neighboring vectors is adopted to reduce current harmonics and torque ripples.Finally,the simulated and experimental results are given,and performance analysis of the two control schemes are compared and discussed.The results reveal that FOC scheme has the sinusoidal phase current and low torque ripples,while the DTC scheme has fast dynamic response,verifying the effectiveness of the two proposed control schemes.This paper is a primary investigation for more possible improvements in the control schemes of the five-phase FS-FTPM motor.

Comparative study of various artificial intelligence approaches applied to direct torque control of induction motor drives

In this paper, three intelligent approaches were proposed, applied to direct torque control （DTC） of induction motor drive to replace conventional hysteresis comparators and selection table, namely fuzzy logic, artificial neural network and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system （ANFIS）. The simulated results obtained demonstrate the feasibility of the adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system based direct torque control （ANFIS-DTC）. Compared with the classical direct torque control, fuzzy logic based direct torque control （FL-DTC）, and neural networks based direct torque control （NN- DTC）, the proposed ANFIS-based scheme optimizes the electromagnetic torque and stator flux ripples, and incurs much shorter execution times and hence the errors caused by control time delays are minimized. The validity of the proposed methods is confirmed by simulation results.

Performance Comparison of Field-oriented Control,Direct Torque Control,and Model-predictive Control for SynRMs

Simulation studies of three synchronous reluctance motor(SynRM)control strategies are presented:field-oriented control(FOC),direct torque control(DTC),and finite-set model-predictive control(FS-MPC).FOC uses linear controllers and pulse-width modulation to control the fundamental components of the load voltages vectors.In contrast,DTC and FS-MPC are nonlinear strategies wherein the voltage vectors are directly generated in the absence of a modulator.Theoretical operating principles and control structures of these control strategies are presented.Moreover,a comparative analysis of the static and dynamic performance of the control strategies is conducted using Matlab/Simulink to identify their advantages and limitations.It is confirmed that each of the control strategies has merits and that all three of them satisfy the requirements of modern high-performance drives.

Sliding mode approach applied to sensorless direct torque control of cage asynchronous motor via multi-level inverter

To improve the robustness and performance of the dynamic response of a cage asynchronous motor,a direct torque control(DTC)based on sliding mode control(SMC)is adopted to replace traditional proportional-integral(PI)and hysteresis comparators.The combination of the proposed strategy with sinusoidal pulse width modulation(SPWM)applied to a three-level neutral point clamped(NPC)inverter brings many advantages such as a reduction in harmonics,and precise and rapid tracking of the references.Simulations are performed for a three-level inverter with SM-DTC,a two-level inverter with SM-DTC and the three-level inverter with PI-DTC-SPWM.The results show that the SM-DTC method achieves better performance in terms of reference tracking,while adoption of the threelevel inverter topology can effectively reduce the ripples.Applying the SM-DTC to the three-level inverter presents the best solution for achieving efficient and robust control.In addition,the use of a sliding mode speed estimator eliminates the mechanical sensor and this increases the reliability of the system.

Robust SVM-direct torque control of induction motor based on sliding mode controller and sliding mode observer

This paper proposes a design of control and estimation strategy for induction motor based on the variable structure approach.It describes a coupling of sliding mode direct torque control(DTC)with sliding mode flux and speed observer.This algorithm uses direct torque control basics and the sliding mode approach.A robust electromagnetic torque and flux controllers are designed to overcome the conventional SVM-DTC draw・backs and to ensure fast response and full reference tracking with desired dynamic behavior and low ripple level.The sliding mode controller is used to generate reference voltages in stationary frame and give them to the controlled motor after modulation by a space vector modulation(SVM)inverter.The second aim of this paper is to design a sliding mode speed/flux observer which can improve the control performances by using a sensorless algorithm to get an accurate estimation,and consequently,increase the reliability of the system and decrease the cost of using sensors.The effectiveness of the whole composed control algorithm is investigated in different robustness tests with simulation using Matlab/Simulink and verified by real time experimental implementation based on dS pace 1104 board.

The use of feld programmable gate array(FPGA)in direct torque control of induction motor

In this paper, the feasibility of embedding the direct torque control （DTC） of an induction machine into field programmable gate arrays （FPGA） is investigated. DTC of an induction machine is simulated in a MATLAB/Simulink environment using a Xilinx system generator. The resulting design has a flexible and modular structure where the designer can customize the hardware blocks by changing the number of inputs, outputs, and algorithm when it is compared to the designs implemented using classical microcontrollers and digital signal processors. With its flexibility, other control algorithms can easily be programmed and embedded into the FPGA. The above system has been implemented on Xilinx Spartan 3A DSP FPGA controller. Simulation and experimentation have been performed to prove the validity of the proposed methodology.

Direct torque control of doubly fed induction motor using three-level NPC inverter

This article presents the direct torque control (DTC) strategy for the doubly fed induction motor (DFIM) connected to two three-level voltage source inverters (3LVSIs) with neutral point clamped (NPC) structure. This control method allows to reduce the torque and flux ripples as well as to optimize the total harmonic distortion (THD) of motor currents. The use of 3LVSI increases the number of generated voltage, which allows improving the quality of its waveform and thus improves the DTC strategy. The system modeling and control are implemented in Matlab/Simulink environment. The analysis of simulation results shows the better performances of this control, especially in terms of torque and flux behavior, compared to conventional DTC.

Research on a direct torque control for an electrically excited synchronous motor drive with low ripple in flux and torque

The electrically excited synchronous motor(ESM)has typically small synchronous inductance values and quite low transient values because of the damper windings mounted on the rotor.Therefore,the torque and stator flux linkage ripples are high in the direct torque control(DTC)drive of the ESM with a torque and flux linkage hysteresis controller(basic DTC).A DTC scheme with space vector modulation(SVM)for the ESM was investigated in this paper.It is based on the compensation of the stator flux link-age vector error using the space vector modulation in order to decrease the torque and flux linkage ripples and produce fixed switching frequency under the principle that the torque is controlled by the torque angle in the ESM.Compared with the basic DTC,the results of the simulation and experiment show that the torque and flux linkage ripples are reduced,the maximum current value is decreased during the startup,and the current distortion is much smaller in the steady-state under the SVM-DTC.The field-weakening control is incorporated with the SVM-DTC successfully.

Modern improvement techniques of direct torque control for induction motor drives - a review

Conventional direct torque control (DTC) is one of the excellent control strategies available to control the torque of the induction machine (IM). However, the low switching frequency of the DTC causes high ripples in the flux and torque that leads to an acoustic noise which degrades the control performances, especially at low speeds. Many direct torque control techniques were appeared to remedy these problems by focusing specifically on the torque and flux. In this paper, a state of the art review of various modern techniques for improving the performance of DTC control is presented. The objective is to make a critical analysis of these methods in terms of ripples reduction, tracking speed, switching loss, algorithm complexity and parameter sensitivity. Further, it is envisaged that the information presented in this review paper will be a valuable gathering of information for academic and industrial researchers.