Extreme rain event highlights the lack of governance to face climate change in the Southeastern coast of Brazil

New rainfall records were registered in the southeastern region of Brazil during February 2023.The amount of rain in the north coast region of the State of São Paulo was more than 650 mm in less than two days.Landslides and tragedies with a socioeconomically vulnerable population marked this climatic extreme.The country has a regulatory system that suggests the elaboration and implementation of municipal public policies aimed at territorial organization,environmental conservation,and the prevention of disasters induced by natural hazards.In addition,both federal and state funds earmarked for such hazard's prevention have been underutilized over the last decade.In addition to this current devastating climate episode,other events were registered in this decade,reinforcing that financial governance is a key challenge to face the climate crisis in Brazil.The predicted future extreme events in different regions of Brazil will require a different governance system to minimize social inequality,seek sustainable alternatives for urban environments and manage to adapt cities for the challenges posed by climate change.

Mapping Climate Services for Disaster Risk Management: A Systematic Review and Research Gaps from a Policy Process Perspective

Climate services (CS) are crucial for mitigating and managing the impacts and risks associated with climate-induced disasters. While evidence over the past decade underscores their effectiveness across various domains, particularly agriculture, to maximize their potential, it is crucial to identify emerging priority areas and existing research gaps for future research agendas. As a contribution to this effort, this paper employs the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology to review the state-of-the-art in the field of climate services for disaster risk management. A comprehensive search across five literature databases combined with a snowball search method using ResearchRabbit was conducted and yielded 242 peer-reviewed articles, book sections, and reports over 2013-2023 after the screening process. The analysis revealed flood, drought, and food insecurity as major climate-related disasters addressed in the reviewed literature. Major climate services addressed included early warning systems, (sub)seasonal forecasts and impact-based warnings. Grounded in the policy processes’ theoretical perspective, the main focus identified and discussed three prevailing policy-oriented priority areas: 1) development of climate services, 2) use-adoption-uptake, and 3) evaluation of climate services. In response to the limitations of the prevalent supply-driven and top-down approach to climate services promotion, co-production emerges as a cross-cutting critical aspect of the identified priority areas. Despite the extensive research in the field, more attention is needed, particularly pronounced in the science-policy interface perspective, which in practice bridges scientific knowledge and policy decisions for effective policy processes. This perspective offers a valuable analytical lens as an entry point for further investigation. Hence, future research agendas would generate insightful evidence by scrutinizing this critical aspect given its importance to institutions and climate services capacity, to better understand intricate facets of the development and the integration of climate services into disaster risk management.

Autonomous Eyewitness Identification by Employing Linguistic Rules forDisaster Events

Social networking platforms provide a vital source for disseminating information across the globe,particularly in case of disaster.These platforms are great mean to find out the real account of the disaster.Twitter is an example of such platform,which has been extensively utilized by scientific community due to its unidirectional model.It is considered a challenging task to identify eyewitness tweets about the incident from the millions of tweets shared by twitter users.Research community has proposed diverse sets of techniques to identify eyewitness account.A recent state-of-the-art approach has proposed a comprehensive set of features to identify eyewitness account.However,this approach suffers some limitation.Firstly,automatically extracting the feature-words remains a perplexing task against each feature identified by the approach.Secondly,all identified features were not incorporated in the implementation.This paper has utilized the language structure,linguistics,and word relation to achieve automatic extraction of feature-words by creating grammar rules.Additionally,all identified features were implemented which were left out by the state-of-the-art model.A generic approach is taken to cover different types of disaster such as earthquakes,floods,hurricanes,and wildfires.The proposed approach was then evaluated for all disaster-types,including earthquakes,floods,hurricanes,and fire.Based on the static dictionary,the Zahra et al.approach was able to produce an F-Score value of 0.92 for Eyewitness identification in the earthquake category.The proposed approach secured F-Score values of 0.81 in the same category.This score can be considered as a significant score without using a static dictionary.

Analyzing Disaster Mitigation Policies in Japan and China from an Eco-DRR Perspective:A Comparative Study of Shanghai and Tokyo

Global climate change-induced natural disasters require international efforts and the adoption of Eco-Disaster Risk Reduction(Eco-DRR)policies for sustainable development.This study examines the status of Eco-DRR in disaster prevention policies through word cloud analysis,providing insights for policymakers to enhance disaster prevention amid increasing climate-related challenges.Tokyo and Japan prioritize soft aspects,while Shanghai and China emphasize engineering for flood prevention,revealing a gap in Eco-DRR application.Despite these differing approaches,the shared focus on water-related disasters indicates a shift towards urban resilience.Future research should assess policy effectiveness and the impact of Eco-DRR on disaster risk reduction and ecosystem protection.

Impact of Mandatory Provisions on the Validity of Juristic Acts: A Path for Legal Policy Analysis

Contrary to the approach in judicial practice,Paragraph 1,Article 153,of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China,as a rule of invalidity for violating mandatory provisions,does not adopt a dichotomy towards mandatory provisions with effectiveness and administrative characteristics,yet it maintains the legislative philosophy of differentiation.It leaves unspecified whether mandatory provisions that do not explicitly render a juristic act invalid impact the act’s validity,entrusting this determination to the discretion of judges on a case-by-case basis.When judges,under the authority of Paragraph 1,Article 153 of the Civil Code,explore the normative intent of mandatory provisions to assess their effect on the validity of juristic acts,they should engage in legal policy analysis centered on consequence-based argumentation to overcome the limitations of norm typological analysis.This analysis employs a reasoning model predicated on the normative purpose,utilizing a consequencefocused interpretative approach for formulating and arguing propositions of rules applicable to pending cases,thereby arriving at case-specific conclusions.Since the invalidation of juristic acts serves as an auxiliary regulatory tool for the state economy and society,a consequence-oriented interpretation needs to be based on the idea of mutual instrumentalization of public and private laws.This entails predicting the outcomes of negating the validity of a juristic act in industrial regulatory scenarios and assessing these outcomes within the framework of public and private regulatory instruments.

IN THE GREEN CLASSROOM-TAX POLICY OF ENVIRONMENTAL TAX RULES AND INCENTIVES:NEW DIRECTIONS IN TEACHING AND RESEARCH

There is no shortage of tax rules that address energy and natural resources in some manner.There are taxes on most types of fuel,tax credits for energy saving devices,and various tax incentives to encourage specified activities such as use of LED lighting or energy efficient heaters.In addition,numerous proposals are offered annually by lawmakers at the federal,state and local levels that also address conservation,energy and innovation in conservation and energy-efficiencies.How do we know if existing rules and proposals are appropriate for a tax system?Principles of good tax policy can be applied to them to identify strengths,weaknesses and how to improve the rules and proposals.This article explains the principles of good tax policy,provides an example of their application and makes several sugges-tions of how this type of analysis can be incorporated into any classroom learning on green building topics.This exercise is not only for students with tax knowledge,but also engineers,scientists,architects,environmentalists,as well as everyone in our roles of citizen and voter.

Subsidy Policy System for Agricultural Natural Disasters in China

From theories and cases,this paper analyzed current situation of subsidy policy system for agricultural natural disasters in China.Improvement and perfection of subsidy policies for agricultural natural disasters need clear classification and additional special subsidy plan.It is recommended to improve and perfect subsidy policy system for agricultural natural disasters through attaching importance to scientific studies on reduction and prevention of agricultural disasters and gradually supplementing agricultural disaster reduction and prevention system.

Monetary policy rules：Forward-looking and backward-looking in an overlapping generations model

In the framework of an overlapping generations model, forward-looking monetary policy roles and backward-looking monetary policy rules were investigated. It is shown that the monetary steady state is more likely to be indeterminate under an active forwardlooking rule than under the corresponding backward-looking rule. It is also shown that backward-looking roles can render the monetary steady state unstable.

A Survey of the Field of Hazard and Disaster Studies

This paper examines trends in the impacts of disasters at the world scale and proposes explanations for them. It is concluded that statistics on natural hazards are questionable, in that changes in recording methods have artificially inflated the number of disasters and the seriousness of their impacts. Next, the paper examines the symbolic interpretation of disasters at various scales of analysis in terms of human cultures. It further applies this approach to the analysis of natural hazards using information technology methods such as GIS （Geographic Information Systems）. Returning to the global scale, deficiencies and inequalities in the world disaster relief system are considered. Thereafter, the paper investigates how global economic imbalances are thrown into sharp relief by catastrophes, with examples from the record of past earthquakes, landslides and floods. Finally, it considers the prospects for a major change in the direction of world policy on disasters and concludes that this will only occur if the international financial system is forced to adjust to a ＂super-disaster＂ event, which could possibly be seismic, volcanic or nuclear in origin.

Explaining the Rule of Translation Based on the Cross-cultural Thinking

The emphasis of translation is faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance, which is based on understanding of the two kinds of ethnic cultural background achieved. Language as a product of society, as the crystallization of human history and culture, which is the combination of all the characteristics of the entire nation＇s social consciousness, customs, history and culture of human society. In this paper, starting from the Central American countries of different cultural perspectives, pointed out that cultural issues should be noted that in the process of translation. In terms of history, geography, traditional thinking, cognitive systems, text analysis of the causes of the Sino-US cultural differences. Translation and culture has a secret, regardless of the contact. Cultural commonalities translation becomes possible, but the personality of their language and culture gave an obstacle translation activities. Due to differences in national history, social system, habits, there is a great difference between the Chinese Han culture and the American culture, this difference is caused by the different ways of thinking, embodied in both Chinese and English language performance including words understanding and the use of different meaning connotation of associative meaning, and sentence structure. For this reason, the analysis of the theoretical principles of sentences by reference to further explore and propose solutions on certain aspects is essential. And in today＇s globalized increasingly competitive situation, how to be more accurate English translation closer to the two languages, culture, and then discuss the worth of the majority of English learners.

加入WTO后我国农业发展的对策

本文对ＷＴＯ规则限制和允许（或鼓励）使用的政策进行了简要介绍，对我国现行的农业政策状况进行了分析。对加入ＷＴＯ后，我国农业政策调整的对策作了较为详细的考察，认为短期内应加强建立我国优势农产品出口生产基地，加强农产品的标准化研究并尽快制定农产品标准，充分利用ＷＴＯ规则的国内支持空间进行保护等。长远来看，我国农业发展政策的重点应建立在科技进步之上．

WTO体制下加工贸易的发展与产业结构优化

随着ＷＴＯ规则的实施和全球生产转移效应的日益显现，高新技术产业加工贸易蔚然兴起，加工贸易对发展中国家产业升级的促进作用相应增强。如何利用加工贸易政策性较强的特性，采用积极而又适宜的贸易政策，充分发挥其对产业结构的优化作用，培育起动态化的比较优势，是值得我们深入探讨的问题。

条约必须遵守——作为WTO成员的中国实践

中国加入WTO前后,在全国开展法律法规清理,使得经贸法律法规与WTO规则一致。正式成为WTO成员后,贸易政策合规成为中国政府工作的常规事项,并且为此专门制定了合规制度。与此同时,中国积极参与WTO争端解决,按照WTO规则解决与其他成员的争议,并且认真执行裁决,调整涉案措施,包括修改法律。中国通过“实施型”“预防型”和“纠正型”等三种方式履行WTO义务,使得“条约必须遵守”名副其实。

美国“黄箱”补贴政策调整适应WTO 规则的做法与启示

通过分析美国"黄箱"补贴政策的调整方式及其支持水平与结构的变化,总结了美国在WTO规则约束下"黄箱"政策调整的特征。研究表明,1996年以来美国"黄箱"政策先后经历了削减价格支持、挂钩收入补贴为主导和政策性农业保险为主导3个阶段;"黄箱"综合支持量显著下降,微量允许水平快速增加;特定产品支持手段逐渐转向非市场价格支持,重点支持具有比较优势的农产品;非特定产品支持措施种类丰富。借鉴美国经验,中国应坚定市场化方向,渐进式推进"黄箱"政策调整,优化政策支持品种结构,依据WTO规则创新补贴手段,充分利用非特定产品支持空间。

加入WTO后我国吸引FDI的政策选择

FDI在各国的经济发展中起到了重要的作用 ,因此各国政府为吸引FDI的竞争日趋激烈。该竞争包括基于优惠的政策竞争和基于规则的政策竞争。由于基于优惠的竞争易导致“囚徒困境” ,加上加入WTO后中国所面临的国际国内环境发生了变化 ,中国FDI政策的调整是不可避免的。

支持RSVP安全性的Policy系统的研究与实现

由于宽带和多媒体技术的不断发展,基于Policy系统实现对网络服务质量的监管,得到越来越多的研究与应用;但是它对服务质量的安全性的监管还不能令人满意,这也对其进一步应用与实施提出了严峻挑战。在支持RSVP的Policy系统基础上,本文提出通过增加支持RSVP安全性的规则实现其安全性,并且详细给出其设计原则以及这类规则的结构和内容,并论述了其在Policy系统中关键性设备——PEP、PDP的具体实现。

论我国政策性种植收入保险产品方案的完善——基于美、日收入保险WTO规则适应性经验

收入保险并非天然是WTO绿箱政策,部分国家在设计收入保险产品时就已经考虑到WTO规则的适应性,其中美国和日本部分经验值得借鉴。从我国试点情况看,我国政策性种植收入保险属于黄箱政策,未来扩大覆盖面可能会增加特定品种支持量超标风险。为了更好地适应农业国内支持政策优化,有必要对我国种植收入保险产品方案进一步完善,以增强WTO规则适应性:政策上修订相关规定,取消保险标的特定品种限制,奠定黄箱支持转绿箱支持基础;产品上推广标准合同,增强产品条款灵活性,降低特定品种黄箱支持量;补贴方式上补贴保险公司运营费用,降低保险费率,实现部分黄箱支持变绿箱支持。

加入WTO后中国民办高等教育政策调整与转变的趋势

2003年9月《民办教育促进法》付诸实施,这是中国民办高等教育发展的一个里程碑。中国加入WTO的现实背景,显然将引发新的办学实践,需要与之相应的新理念、新政策、新措施。

调整财税政策适应WTO运行规则

我国加入ＷＴＯ后的财税政策，尚有许多不适应世贸组织条款要求的问题。因此，作为国家经济调控手段的财税政策，要遵循国际经贸准则，尽快从财税制度立法、政府宏观经济调控、提高市场开放程度和创造国内外企业平等竞争的环境等方面进行调整，以期达到符合ＷＴＯ运行机制的要求，促进国家对外贸易的正常运转和注意与世界经济一体化的内容接轨。

WTO与我国公共政策的范式转换

加入WTO对中国既是机遇又是挑战。就挑战而言,最突出和迫切的是对政府行为的挑战。因而,对作为政府行为主要载体的公共政策进行研究便是不无必要的了。怎样才能建立起既与政策的公共属性,又与市场经济的市场属性,以及WTO体系下的国际属性相契合的新型公共政策范式,应是现阶段我国公共政策学者的主要课题。