Study on Functions and Countermeasures of Disaster Prevention and Reduction of Urban Green Land

From the advanced experiences at home and abroad,according to the requirements of emergency evacuation at earthquake disaster,then strategies and methods to disaster prevention and reduction functions of urban green land construction were put forward.

Integrated Disaster Prevention and Reduction for Areas along the Belt and Road during the 14th Five-Year Plan Period:Global Disaster Reduction and Key Issues for Major Areas

Disaster prevention and mitigation,as the greatest common divisor of people s interests in the construction of the Belt and Road,can not only guarantee the safety of Chinese enterprises going abroad and China s foreign investment but also promote the sustainable development in countries and regions along the route,which is conducive to the realization of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals for 2030.On the eve of China s disaster prevention and reduction plan during the 13th Five-Year Plan period,this paper studies the key issues in integrated disaster prevention and reduction for major areas along the Belt and Road.First of all,it analyzes the importance and urgency of integrated disaster prevention and mitigation for areas along the Belt and Road.Secondly,from a global perspective,it analyzes the measures for the construction and innovation of disaster prevention and reduction technical system,the key issues in the disaster risk management and the focuses of disaster prevention and reduction international cooperation mechanism along the Belt and Road.At last,from the strategic level,it analyzes systematically the major areas and key fields for research and practice of integrated disaster prevention and reduction along the Belt and Road,including research and practice on disaster prevention and reduction of Silk Road Economic Belt,research and practice on disaster prevention and reduction of Maritime Silk Road,research and practice on disaster prevention and reduction in the construction of major protects,research and practice on disaster prevention and reduction in the construction of the six economic corridors,research and practice on the construction of disaster prevention and reduction information platform and research and practice on the building of cross-border and cross-regional rescue capability.

Overview on Mangrove Forest Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Functions

This paper provides a comprehensive overview on coastal protection and hazard mitigation by mangroves.Previous stud-ies have made great strides to understand the mechanisms and influencing factors of mangroves’protection function,including wave energy dissipation,storm surge damping,tsunami mitigation,adjustment to sea level rise and wind speed reduction,which are sys-tematically summarized in this study.Moreover,the study analyzes the extensive physical models,based on indoor flume experi-ments and numerical models,that consider the interaction between mangroves and hydrodynamics,to help our understanding of mangrove-hydrodynamic interactions.Additionally,quantitative approaches for valuing coastal protection services provided by man-groves,including index-based and process-resolving approaches,are introduced in detail.Finally,we point out the limitations of previous studies,indicating that efforts are still required for obtaining more long-term field observations during extreme weather events,to create more real mangrove models for physical experiments,and to develop numerical models that consider the flexible properties of mangroves to better predict wave propagation in mangroves having complex morphology and structures.

RESEARCH ON SYSTEM OF FLOOD DISASTER CONTROL AND REDUCTION SUPPORTED BY GIS IN MEDIUM AND SMALL BASINS

Southeast China coastal areas belong to subtropical monsoon climatic zone, thus easily affected by floods resulted from typhoons and rainstorms. Since the areas of river basins are small, rivers flood regulation capacities are low, and therefore flood hazard is grave. In this paper, taking the Yongjiang basin in southeast China as an example, the approaches and methods of geographic information system(GIS) applied to flood disaster control and reduction research on small basin are explored. On GIS help the rainfall runoff calculation model and the river channel flood routing model are developed. And the evaluating flood submerged area and the damage assessment models are built supported by digit elevation models. Lastly the decision support system on GIS supported for flood control in research basin has been set up. This greatly improves flood proofing decision making capacities in river basin, and provides valuable information and a mode for flood prevention and reduction in the medium and small basin. Meanwhile, the research indicates that technologies of GIS provide a powerful tool for flood disaster control.

Preparing Youth for Disasters: The Need for a Contextualised Disaster Risk Reduction Curriculum in Schools

This study draws from detailed qualitative case studies of three schools that practise disaster risk reduction (DRR) education initiatives in their curriculum in Nepal. Using curriculum mapping and discourse analysis, it aims to elaborate the significance of relevant disaster risk reduction (DRR) content in school curriculum to prepare youths for disaster response and recovery. It elaborates the nature of the current DRR content covered in curricula and textbooks and provides suggestions to address the identified disaster-related issues in the school curriculum. It further elaborates that incorporation of local and contextualised DRR content in school curricula contributes to the establishment of the “culture of resilience” in disaster prone context like Nepal. It concludes that more organised and holistic approach is essential to develop disaster and management knowledge, skills and attitudes to youths.

Status quo and Existing Problems of Seismic Prevention Planning in Counties and Districts——a Case Study of Hongsibao District, Wuzhong City,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

This paper introduced domestic and overseas status, the historical evolution and the development history of earthquake disaster reduction planning. The urgencies and realistic significance were analyzed to carry out earthquake disaster reduction planning for districts or countries in the northwest. With Hongsibao District in Wuzhong City, Ningxia Province as an example, this article analyzed in detail the present situation and the special problems of earthquake disaster reduction planning in Northwest China. The relevant solving measures were put forward in order to offer a reference for the scientific establishment and effective implementation of earth- quake disaster reduction planning in Northwest China. The foundation of earthquake disaster reduction in the Hongsibao District is still very weak, there is a single earthquake monitoring means, the emergency rescue system is not complete, the working mechanism is not perfect, and the lack of funding for the work of earthquake disaster reduction.

Analysis of Main Climatic Disasters in Rice Production in Changsha and its Strategies

According to the meteorological data from National Basic Meteorological Station in Changsha in recent 43 years and statistics of occurrence time and intensity of main meteorological disasters for rice in Changsha in recent 13 years,a comparison was conducted to the meteorological situations between the first 30 years and the last 13 years.Results indicated that the main meteorological disasters in rice production in Changsha showed an increasing occurrence tendency of high temperature damage,drought and cold-dew wind,but a decreasing occurrence tendency of low temperature,late spring cold,dry and hot wind,gale,hail,flood,cloudy and drizzly day.In the end,some corresponding strategies for preventing and reducing meteorological disasters in rice production were put forward.

The Role of Knowledge in Disaster Risk Reduction

Disaster risk reduction policy and practice require knowledge for informed decision making and coordinated action. Although the knowledge production and implementation processes are critical for disaster risk reduction, these issues are seldom systematically addressed in-depth in disaster studies and policy programs. While efforts and improvements have been made with regard to data and information, only limited resources are committed to improving knowledge management structures and integrating knowledge systems at different spatial levels. The recently adopted Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 addresses knowledge-related issues and provides the opportunity to highlight the critical role of knowledge in disaster risk reduction. This article presents insights into potential conceptualizations of knowledge that would advance disaster research and policy. We use cases from France to illustrate challenges of and pathways to disaster risk reduction. We suggest to further strengthen efforts that improve our understanding of the connections between disaster risk, knowledge, and learning. A better integration of multiple scales, different societal actors,various knowledge sources, and diverse disciplines into disaster risk research will increase its relevance for decision-makers in policy and practice. Well-targeted incentives and political backing will improve the coherence,coordination, and sharing of knowledge among various actors and arenas.

城市生态防减灾中人工智能技术应用的进展与逻辑框架

在全球气候变化影响下,传统工程防灾难以解决自然灾害风险的不确定性问题。生态防减灾(Eco-DRR)作为国际韧性城市的前沿理论,对我国韧性城市发展有重要参考价值,人工智能(AI)技术可以很好地解决城市生态防减灾的不确定性问题,然而当前Eco-DRR理论研究与AI技术的实践应用存在断层。该文使用PRISMA2020框架调查城市Eco-DRR中AI技术应用的实践案例,通过质性研究总结城市Eco-DRR中AI技术的应用场景,从生态系统灾害调节服务评估、自然灾害风险评估、Eco-DRR方案决策以及Eco-DRR实施监测与后评估4个阶段剖析城市Eco-DRR中AI技术应用的典型案例。最后基于案例研究提出城市Eco-DRR领域AI技术应用的逻辑框架,总结其在应用过程中工具选择和数据准备的实践经验,探讨城市防灾中Eco-DRR的智能实现途径,为我国城市综合防灾和韧性城市建设提供借鉴。

河南郑州市防洪“五预”系统建设及应用

当前大数据、云计算、数字孪生等新兴技术在防洪工作中的应用,极大提高了洪水预报预警能力,为新时代防汛减灾提供了新的思路。为响应河南省政府防洪“五预”(预报、预判、预警、预案、预演)措施建设的号召,落实郑州市委、市政府“7·20”特大暴雨灾害调查报告整改和灾后重建工作专题会上的指示精神,针对郑州市河流众多、水系复杂的特点,开展郑州市防洪“五预”系统建设。基于“五预”理念,从监测感知和支撑平台方面梳理了郑州市防洪“五预”系统的总体架构,介绍了防洪预报、预判、预警、预演、预案“五预”模块的主要功能。该系统的建成对提高郑州市灾害预防和预警能力、增强郑州市对突发性洪水灾害的反应能力、有效降低灾害损失、保障社会经济正常运行和社会安定有重要意义,也为大型城市智慧水利建设提供了参考和借鉴。

基于CDIO的工科类学生创新能力培养探索与实践

在行业智能化建设及创新人才需求的背景下,开展了基于CDIO的学生创新能力培养探索与实践研究。首先,从发展趋势的角度,分析了人才培养现状和未来需求转变;其次,确定创新人才培养的定位,构建了基于CDIO的创新人才培养模式与体系;最后,从实践探索、科创驱动等方面初步探索了工科类学生创新能力培养模式。经过多年的教学实施与验证,该模式在一定程度提升了工科类学生的创新能力,符合新时期工科类人才培养要求。

广东电网遭台风泰利侵袭的输配电设备受损分析及评估

近年来致灾台风频率呈增加趋势,以2023年影响广东电网约百万用户的第4号台风“泰利”为例,分析广东电网遭台风侵袭受灾情况,建立输配电杆塔受损预测模型,识别关键特征变量与因素,为电网防灾减灾提供支持。首先,分析台风“泰利”气象特征,具有“台前对流活跃,风力强度大,降水范围广”等特点,对输配电设备均产生一定程度破坏。其次,利用随机森林、支持向量机、梯度决策树、神经网络等4种机器学习算法建立输配电杆塔受损预测模型,并对比部分算法针对不平衡样本优化前后模型表现。算例表明,随机森林优化后提升最大,综合考虑时间指标及预测质量指标,梯度决策树为最优算法。最后,基于shapley additive explanations法等对最优模型解释性进行评估,分析表明最大风速、温度、杆塔数量等对预测结果有显著影响。所得结论有助于深入理解台风对广东电网的影响机制,为提升区域电网抵御复杂自然灾害能力提供参考。

城市避难场所防震减灾韧性评价体系研究——以上海市区为例

为增强城市的防震减灾能力,韧性理念提供了一种新的解决思路。从避难场所韧性的吸收能力、恢复能力和适应能力出发,选取24个指标构建避难场所的防震减灾韧性评价指标体系,并以地处我国南方港口且经济发达的上海市为例,分析市区31个避难场所的防震减灾韧性水平。结果表明:上海市区的避难场所大部分处于中等韧性水平,该评价体系可以有效发现避难场所应对地震灾害时存在的薄弱之处,从而提出针对性的措施,可以为我国城市避难场所的韧性规划提供借鉴。

基于创新能力培养的3S技术及应用综合实验设计与实践——以地表沉陷InSAR数据处理为例

为提升实验课程效果、培养学生的创新能力,结合新时期防灾减灾专业人才需求,开展了3S技术及应用综合实验设计与实践研究。首先,明确了3S技术及应用综合实验课的目标,提出了相应的实验内容及实践步骤。其次,以地表沉陷专题为例,设计了以InSAR数据处理为主线的实验方案,包括具体的实验环节和实验过程。该实验充分融合3S技术及应用课程内容,有效结合课堂理论、学生科创、科研实践等,有助于提高学生的学习热情、增强学生的综合能力和创新意识。

我国防震减灾文化建设研究

为推进我国防震减灾文化建设,厚植全社会防震减灾文化氛围,在辨析防震减灾文化主体、要素、定位和目标的基础上,提出了防震减灾文化的定义、分类和特性。通过分析防震减灾文化建设的意义、方法和内容,基于“地震-文化”的互动逻辑,提出了构建地震灾害记忆体系和激发文化防震减灾作用3个方面的措施建议。

全域科普背景下天津地震科普发展对策研究

全域科普的蓬勃发展为地震科普带来了新的机遇和挑战。在总结分析全域科普背景下地震科普工作面临的新形势和新矛盾的基础上,重点围绕推进社会化机制建设、市场化机制建设、全媒体平台建设和服务供给侧改革4个方面提出相应对策建议,旨在推进天津地震科普工作高质量发展,助力全域科普落地见效。

北京地区农村民居抗震性能调查分析

房屋倒塌是地震中财产损失和人员伤亡的主要原因。为开展北京韧性城市建设,摸清北京地区农村民居抗震性能底数,提升城乡防震减灾综合能力,抽样调查了北京市昌平区、怀柔区、延庆区、平谷区、朝阳区共7518栋农村民居。通过对农居结构类型、不同结构类型年代分布、抗震构造与结构布局、建筑材料与选址设计施工4个方面的分析,指出北京地区农居存在抗震设防不达标、选址和设计施工不规范、使用和维护管理不合理的抗震薄弱环节,并提出提高农村民居抗震性能的相关措施,如全面开展农居安全鉴定和加固工程,规范新建房屋、加强科学指导服务,提高农民的防震减灾意识。