Breeding and Application Techniques of a New Rice Variety Liliang-you 3822 with High Yield and Disease Resistance

Liliangyou 3822 is a novel indica hybrid rice variety that exhibits disease resistance,high yield,lodging resistance,and late maturity.It employs a self-selected two-line sterile line,Li 38S,and a self-selected restorer line,R22.This variety was subjected to a regional test of indica late-maturing groups in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in 2020.The results demonstrated that the average yield of the variety was 9.95 t/hm 2,which was 10.67%higher than that of the control Fengliangyou 4,indicating a highly significant yield increase.In the continuous test in 2021,the average yield was 9.74 t/hm 2,representing a 6.52%increase over the control,which also exhibited a significant increase.Finally,the average yield of the two years regional test was 9.84 t/hm 2,which was 8.58%higher than that of the control.In the 2021 production test,the average yield of the variety was 9.32 t/hm 2,which was 12.19%higher than that of the control,indicating a remarkably significant yield increase.In 2022,the variety was validated by the National Crop Variety Approval Committee(GSD 20220143).

Identification and Evaluation of Insect and Disease Resistance in Transgenic Cry1Ab13-1 and NPR1 Maize

PCR detection,quantitative real-time PCR(q-RTPCR),outdoor insect resistance,and disease resistance identification were carried out for the detection of genetic stability and disease resistance through generations(T2,T3,and T4)in transgenic maize germplasms(S3002 and 349)containing the bivalent genes(insect resistance gene Cry1Ab13-1 and disease resistance gene NPR1)and their corresponding wild type.Results indicated that the target genes Cry1Ab13-1 and NPR1 were successfully transferred into both germplasms through tested generations;q-PCR confirmed the expression of Cry1Ab13-1 and NPR1 genes in roots,stems,and leaves of tested maize plants.In addition,S3002 and 349 bivalent gene-transformed lines exhibited resistance to large leaf spots and corn borer in the field evaluation compared to the wild type.Our study confirmed that Cry1Ab13-1 and NPR1 bivalent genes enhanced the resistance against maize borer and large leaf spot disease and can stably inherit.These findings could be exploited for improving other cultivated maize varieties.

Increasing Fusarium verticillioides resistance in maize by genomicsassisted breeding:Methods,progress,and prospects

Maize(Zea mays L.)is an indispensable crop worldwide for food,feed,and bioenergy production.Fusarium verticillioides(F.verticillioides)is a widely distributed phytopathogen and incites multiple destructive diseases in maize:seedling blight,stalk rot,ear rot,and seed rot.As a soil-,seed-,and airborne pathogen,F.verticillioides can survive in soil or plant residue and systemically infect maize via roots,contaminated seed,silks,or external wounds,posing a severe threat to maize production and quality.Infection triggers complex immune responses:induction of defense-response genes,changes in reactive oxygen species,plant hormone levels and oxylipins,and alterations in secondary metabolites such as flavonoids,phenylpropanoids,phenolic compounds,and benzoxazinoid defense compounds.Breeding resistant maize cultivars is the preferred approach to reducing F.verticillioides infection and mycotoxin contamination.Reliable phenotyping systems are prerequisites for elucidating the genetic structure and molecular mechanism of maize resistance to F.verticillioides.Although many F.verticillioides resistance genes have been identified by genome-wide association study,linkage analysis,bulkedsegregant analysis,and various omics technologies,few have been functionally validated and applied in molecular breeding.This review summarizes research progress on the infection cycle of F.verticillioides in maize,phenotyping evaluation systems for F.verticillioides resistance,quantitative trait loci and genes associated with F.verticillioides resistance,and molecular mechanisms underlying maize defense against F.verticillioides,and discusses potential avenues for molecular design breeding to improve maize resistance to F.verticillioides.

Breeding of High Yield,High Quality and Disease-Resistant Hybrid Cotton Varieties Hanza 160 and Hanza 1692

The hybrid cotton varieties of Hanza 160 and Hanza 1692 were bred by reciprocal crosses between Han 5158 and Han 333 in Hainan and Hebei for several years. Both varieties had the characters of high yield, high quality and disease resistance. Hanza 160 and Hanza 1692 were approved by Hebei Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2013 and 2016, respectively.

Immunogenomics for identification of disease resistance genes in pigs: a review focusing on Gram-negative bacilli

Over the past years, infectious disease has caused enormous economic loss in pig industry. Among the pathogens, gram negative bacteria not only cause inflammation, but also cause different diseases and make the pigs more susceptible to virus infection. Vaccination, medication and elimination of sick pigs are major strategies of controlling disease. Genetic methods, such as selection of disease resistance in the pig, have not been widely used. Recently, the completion of the porcine whole genome sequencing has provided powerful tools to identify the genome regions that harboring genes controlling disease or immunity. Immunogenornics, which combines DNA variations, transcriptorne, immune response, and QTL mapping data to illustrate the interactions between pathogen and host immune system, will be an effective genomics tool for identification of disease resistance genes in pigs. These genes will be potential targets for disease resistance in breeding programs. This paper reviewed the progress of disease resistance study in the pig focusing on Gram-negative bacilli. Major porcine Gram-negative bacilli and diseases, suggested candidate genes/pathways against porcine Gram-negative bacilli, and distributions of QTLs for immune capacity on pig chromosomes were summarized. Some tools for immunogenomics research were described. We conclude that integration of sequencing, whole genome associations, functional genomics studies, and immune response information is necessary to illustrate molecular mechanisms and key genes in disease resistance.

Studies on Cotton Breeding Resistant to Fusarium and Verticillium wilt Diseases

Both Fusarium and Verticillium wilts are important soil-borne diseases,which can not be effectively controlled by chemical fungicides.The two diseases,especially Verticillium wilt,have

Advances in Cotton Breeding for Resistance to Fusarium and Verticillium Wilt in the Last Fifty Years in China

This review summarizes the main advances in cotton breeding for resistance to fusarium and verticillium wilt in the last fifty years in China. The topics discussed include main achievements, experiences, problems and countermeasures for solving.

Advances in Research on Rape Sclerotia and Resistance Breeding

Rapeseed is an important oil crop with high economic value.It can be used not only as edible oil and livestock feed,but also in medicine,industry and tourism.Sclerotium sclerotiorum is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen that harms the yield and quality of rape.This article mainly summarizes the research status of S.sclerotiorum from three aspects:the biological characteristics,infection mode,process and disease resistance breeding of S.sclerotiorum,and summarizes the future research directions of antibacterial sclerotium on rape,to provide reference for future research on sclerotinia.

Research Progresses of Eggplant Phomopsis Rot and Its Resistance Breeding

Eggplant phomopsis rot was summarized from the aspects of distribution and damage, pathogen identification and pathogenicity differentiation, and disease-resistant breeding. Furthermore, some existing problems and research directions in future was also discussed.

Marker-Assisted Introgression of Quantitative Resistance Gene pi21 Confers Broad Spectrum Resistance to Rice Blast

The quantitative resistance gene pi21 from Sensho was introgressed to an indica breeding line IR63307-4B-13-2,a pyramiding line IRBB4/5/13/21,and a tropical japonica line Kinandang Patong by marker-assisted backcrossing.A total of 192 improved lines at the BC4F3 and BC4F4 generations were developed and confirmed to have the gene introgression via genotyping using a pi21-specific InDel marker.Thirteen randomly selected improved lines,representing all the three genetic backgrounds,demonstrated resistance against leaf blast composites in the field and a broader spectrum resistance against individual isolates compared to the recurrent parents in the glasshouse.Specifically,the tested lines exhibited pi21-acquired resistance against 11 leaf blast isolates that elicited susceptible reactions from the recurrent parents.All the tested lines maintained a comparative heading date,and similar or improved panicle length,number of primary branches per panicle and number of total grains per panicle relative to the recurrent parents.The physical grain characteristics of the recurrent parents were also maintained in the 13 lines tested,although variability in the amylose content and chalkiness degree was observed.The successful marker-assisted introgression of pi21 in diverse genetic backgrounds and the resulting broader spectrum resistance of improved lines against leaf blast indicate the potential of pi21 for deployment in cultivars grown across other rice growing regions in Asia.

Pathogen-informed breeding for crop disease resistance

The development of durable and broad-spectrum resistance is an economical and eco-friendly approach to control crop diseases for sustainable agricultural production. Emerging knowledge of the molecular basis of pathogenesis and plant–pathogen interactions has contributed to the development of novel pathogen-informed breeding strategies beyond the limits imposed by conventional breeding. Here,we review the current status of pathogen-assisted resistance-related gene cloning. We also describe how pathogen effector proteins can be used to identify resistance resources and to inform cultivar deployment. Finally, we summarize the main approaches for pathogen-directed plant improvement,including transgenesis and genome editing. Thus, we describe the emerging role of pathogen-related studies in the breeding of disease-resistant varieties, and propose innovative pathogen-informed strategies for future applications.

Research progress on the breeding of japonica super rice varieties in Jiangsu Province,China

In this study we report the results of a decade-long breeding program for japonica super rice made by Nanjing Branch of Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement in Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences. We concluded that selection of parents with good comprehensive traits and complementary advantages and disadvantages of both parents in the hybrid combination, and early selection of high heritability traits in earlier segregating generations could significantly improve the breeding efficiency. The use of closely-linked functional markers in pyramiding of multiple genes could greatly increase breeding efficiency, avoiding time-consuming and laborious steps that were used in traditional breeding program. It is also important to coordinate the yield components with variety characteristics such as yield stability, wide adaptability, lodging resistance, and an attractive grain appearance during late growth stage of rice.

Research advances in genetics and breeding of Populus davidiana Dode in China

In this paper a general introduction is given to research advances in genetics improvement and breeding of Chinese aspen (Populus davidiana Dode) in China. This introduction includes natural distribution and collection, conservation, gene diversity, provenance trial, crossing breeding, vegetative propagation and disease resistant etc. Based on the current situation of forest tree breeding in China, some strategic suggestions concerning the future development of Chinese aspen genetics improvement in China are presented, taking into consideration the existing domestic demands of forestry production and international trends in forest tree breeding.

Development of high yield and tomato yellow leaf curl virus(TYLCV)resistance using conventional and molecular approaches:A review

Tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.)belonging to the family Solanaceae is the second most consumed and cultivated vegetable globally.Since the ancient time of its domestication,thousands of cultivated tomato varieties have been developed targeting an array of aspects.Among which breeding for yield and yield-related traits are mostly focused.Cultivated tomato is extremely genetically poor and hence it is a victim for several biotic and abiotic stresses.Among the biotic stresses,the impact of viral diseases is critical all over tomato cultivating areas.Improvement of tomato still largely rely on conventional methods worldwide while molecular approaches,particularly Marker Assisted Selection(MAS)has become popular across the globe as a fast,low cost and precise tool which is essential in present day plant breeding.In this review paper,breeding tomato for high yield and viral disease resistance,particularly to tomato yellow leaf curl virus disease(TYLCVD)using conventional and molecular approaches will be discussed.Lining up of this set of information will be useful to those who are interested in tomato variety development with high yielding and TYLCVD resistance.

抗枯萎病宝岛蕉早花突变体的筛选与鉴定

【目的】筛选鉴定抗枯萎病香蕉品种宝岛蕉的早花突变体,为进一步利用突变体株系选育适应性更广的香蕉新品种提供参考依据。【方法】利用多代组织培养繁育结合田间种植对比试验,依据生育期短、抗病性强、株高矮、株产高和遗传稳定筛选目标,从宝岛蕉早花突变后代中筛选优良株系,以宝岛蕉为对照,按照香蕉种质资源描述规范对优良突变株系的形态特征和生物学特性等进行观察鉴定,测定分析植株球茎生长点部位碳、氮营养累积以及成花相关激素吲哚乙酸(IAA)、玉米素(ZR)、赤霉素(GA)和脱落酸(ABA)含量差异,通过ISSR分子标记检测突变体及其野生型之间的遗传变异和亲缘关系。以宝岛蕉和主栽品种(桂蕉6号及巴西蕉)为对照,利用伤根浸菌法进行苗期抗病性鉴定,并在广西和海南开展区域种植试验及田间抗病性鉴定。【结果】筛选获得优良突变株系0523(简称0523),其新植蕉平均株高280.0 cm,假茎基围80.5 cm、中围60.0 cm,较宝岛蕉分别减小14.0%、5.8%和11.8%,新抽总叶片数26~29片;果实营养品质和单株产量与宝岛蕉无显著差异(P>0.05,下同)。0523球茎生长点碳氮比较宝岛蕉显著提高19.0%(P<0.05,下同),GA和IAA含量显著降低24.8%和22.6%,ABA和ZR含量与宝岛蕉相比略有增加,差异不显著。抗病性苗期鉴定结果显示0523为中抗且偏强,抗性水平与宝岛蕉相比略有提高,桂蕉6号为高感。突变株系0523与宝岛蕉的多态性比率为8.8%,遗传相似系数为0.95,二者存在差异。0523在广西和海南各试验点第1、2造蕉平均发病率分别为4.5%和3.5%,较主栽品种降低87.8%和94.1%,各试验点发病率均显著低于主栽品种。0523第1、2造蕉的生育期较宝岛蕉显著缩短,与主栽品种无显著差异。【结论】突变株系0523具有抗枯萎病、早熟、矮化、适应性广等优良性状,可用来培育大面积推广的香蕉新品种,或作为亲本育种材料应用于香蕉育种研究。

绵羊肺炎支原体研究进展

【现状】绵羊肺炎支原体(Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae)是引起绵羊和山羊呼吸系统疾病的主要病原之一,病羊以咳嗽、气喘、流鼻液、消瘦等为主要临床症状。【问题】由于该病原具有广泛的寄主范围,病程长,体外培养困难,对抗菌药物的敏感性难以测定,致使临床选药困难,用药依从性差。因此,目前该病防控缺乏便捷且行之有效的措施,具有较高的病死率,一旦发病对羊产业造成巨大经济损失。【对策】目前有效防控措施为疫苗免疫,但缺乏针对性强的商业化市售疫苗。根据目前抗病育种研究,可以针对绵羊肺炎支原体培育新抗病绵羊品种。【结论】疫苗防控是快速有效的防控措施之一,但由于流行病原无交叉保护性,且成本较高,无法满足新疆羊产业发展需要,因此,培育抗绵羊肺炎支原体的绵羊新品种十分必要且意义深远。

小麦黄花叶病抗性研究及育种应用进展

小麦黄花叶病是一种全球性的土传病毒病,严重时会导致小麦产量大幅下降。小麦黄花叶病毒(WYMV)是主要的病原体之一,属于马铃薯Y病毒科(Potyviridae)大麦黄花叶病毒属(Bymovirus),以禾谷多黏菌(Polymyxa graminis)为媒介感染小麦。目前已鉴定出14个抗WYMV的基因位点,图位克隆了1个抗病基因,证实了3个基因具有抗病性调控功能,已育成多个抗病小麦品种(系)。本文从小麦黄花叶病毒的病原体特性、病害分布、小麦抗性遗传和抗病育种等方面,综述了WYMV及小麦抗病性的研究进展,并对WYMV抗性基因挖掘和小麦抗病育种应用进行了展望。

坛紫菜抗细菌病害品系的筛选

为建立坛紫菜抗细菌性病害品系的筛选指标,以ZD-1、GS-1、MF-2等10个坛紫菜(Neoporphyra haitanensis)品系为材料,以病原菌Vibrio mediterranei 117-T6和Phaeobacter sp. JN-W1作为感染源,根据紫菜叶状体的病烂率、病烂程度及病情指数构建病情评价体系,并确定紫菜的抗病等级。利用群体选择法获得候选的抗性品系GS-1和易感品系YS-W-01,进一步分析感染前后坛紫菜藻体抗氧化酶活性、可溶性蛋白、相关基因以及光合色素含量等生理生化指标的变化。结果显示,在感染组中,藻体的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性先增加后减少,其中抗性品系GS-1的SOD、POD活性峰值显著高于易感品系(P<0.05),可溶性蛋白(SP)的含量则随感染时间的延长而下降。两个品系的游离脯氨酸(游离Pro)含量在达到峰值后下降,而丙二醛(MDA)含量保持在较高水平,其中抗性品系游离Pro峰值显著高于易感品系(P<0.05),MDA则无差异。此外,藻胆蛋白与叶绿素a(Chl a)含量在短暂上升后,随感染时间的延长均持续下降。统计结果表明,Chl a、游离Pro、SP含量、SOD、POD活性以及Mn-sod相对表达量等与藻体的抗病性呈显著或极显著正相关,初步认为这些参数可作为筛选抗病品系的有效指标。本研究结果可为坛紫菜抗细菌性病害品系的良种筛选提供参考依据。

绵羊布鲁氏菌病抗病育种研究进展

布鲁氏菌病(brucellosis)是一种由布鲁氏菌(Brucella)感染引起的全球性人畜共患病,不仅给绵羊养殖业造成巨大的经济损失,还对公共卫生带来重大的安全隐患。布鲁氏菌具有胞内寄生和免疫逃避的能力,因此疫苗接种等常规措施难以有效防控布鲁氏菌的感染。开展绵羊布鲁氏菌病抗病新品种的选育工作,能从动物源头切断布鲁氏菌病的传播途径。本文简要阐述了布鲁氏菌依赖于毒力因子的免疫逃避机制,系统回顾了国内外布鲁氏菌病抗病育种的研究进展,包括家系群体选育、基因工程选育和标记辅助选育,并按炎症和免疫反应的发生发展阶段对候选抗病基因作了详细的梳理,以期为布鲁氏菌病的致病机制研究、抗病基因挖掘和抗病绵羊培育提供理论依据。

江苏太湖地区粳稻稻瘟病抗性基因(Pi2、Pita、Pib)的分布及抗病效应

为分析稻瘟病抗性基因Pi2、Pita、Pib在江苏太湖地区粳稻稻瘟病抗性育种中的作用,利用五引物扩增受阻突变体系(PARMS)检测技术,检测水稻稻瘟病抗性基因Pi2、Pita、Pib在江苏太湖地区农业科学研究所筛选培育的799份高世代稳定试验材料中的分布情况,并结合穗颈瘟人工接种鉴定结果分析基因型与抗性的关系。结果表明,在799份供试水稻品种中,以抗性基因Pib的分布频率最高,抗性基因Pita的分布频率也相对较高,抗性基因Pi2分布频率较低,多数材料携带2个抗性基因;在抗性基因组合中,Pita+Pib组合检出率较高,为44.81%(358/799)。田间抗病性鉴定结果表明,当供试材料中只存在单一抗病基因时,中抗级别以上材料占比为33.60%(86/256),当供试材料中存在复合基因型时,中抗级别以上材料占比为61.02%(299/490),表明抗性基因共存可以有效增强植株对稻瘟病的抗性。本研究结果为江苏太湖地区粳稻稻瘟病抗性基因聚合育种的选择提供了理论支持。